of what secrets lie behind being discovered new adventures in 360 degrees and explore fascinating world heritage sites dw world heritage. 360 yeah. now this is adrienne fields in southern italy cut a super volcano sooner, rob tear the ground, is rising alarmingly. now the ground is as increase of one number, the 10 centimeters. and the same though, because this is an ancient roman plaza in the city of pots, slowly traces of marine. how'd you show that the earth here has risen and fallen over the centuries. sun shifts had been suddenly going through. i was in front of my store one morning opening everything up. when suddenly the earth dropped by 10

or 15 centimeters. it was a pretty busy experience. kind of like someone pulled the ground from beneath my feet. okay, no, that's the focus this week on tomorrow to day dw science program. welcome to the ship. 2 thirds of this will agree and fields are under water around a 3rd remain above the waves pumps of all the is at the center of the account era. the area covers around 150 square kilometers and all the region is viewed as what's called a super volcano. that's not a scientific term, but is accepted by the research community interruption known as the company and ignoring probably it is behind the designation to think of elizabeth regional the these great tactical, whether they're not ill says in thousands was plus, you know,

thesis. so particularly of the company and the idea was uh, destroyed but these by just that option. so it was a very easy for us to hit option in the label for, for us to classify volcano as researchers looked at factors like how much material they jacked and how high, what's known as the volcanic exclusivity index rates. then between 0 and page on that scale, the company and ignoring pride is thought to have been a 7, a massive volcanic eruption. and the pacific helps illustrate just what that means . it was only rated a 5 or 6 in january of 2020 to an island in the south pacific came close to being wiped off the map. when a volcano exploded right underneath that. disruption is the highest intensity eruption we've ever recorded them of instruments. it's one of the highest claims we've got a recorded note, 55 kilometers punching right through our structure itself. and so the last of the on this is a mechanism by which we've never seen. it's the 1st time we've ever had

a country get. absolutely don't rush this is where and how in the archipelago of islands that make up the kingdom of tonka for the 1st time on record interruption and least just so nomics into different oceans. 2 people died in the room as a result of that. so you know me, it really showed that you can have interruption the other side of the well. and that shockwave was recorded in every single country via accompanying sonic boom, was heard over 9000 kilometers away in alaska. while the gigantic plume of ash was visible from outer space, when it defended it, devastated homes, roads, bridges, and fields and contaminated drinking water. satellite images show how neighboring islands were covered in a carpet of volcanic ash. and this really made us realize that we were the

propensities kind of the even larger boat kind of corruption. so which will contend, or even a 100 times storage and a 1000 times launcher, that home to tongue got my caps. and he is a vocal knowledge just at the university of birmingham in britain. his specialty is the causes of a russians for him and fellow research are law romani from cambridge university direction and from the was a wakeup call for the entire field of elk knology. they wrote an article urging their peers not to underestimate the risks they, we believe the risk of knowledge and likely to directions around one in 6 this century, which is the role of the di volcanoes often form or tectonic plates converge. their common in the ring of fire that rims the pacific around one and 10 people live in danger zone surrounding active volcanoes. a risk that's greater than many think an asteroid impact is far less likely. but is the kind of danger that gets a lot more media coverage. after

a media exploded over the russian city of tell you a big screen 2013 nasa and other space agencies pump a further wave of money into planetary defense systems. the dark mission alone costs around $320000000.00 us dollars. um yeah. okay. now is this not the same pin to the right estimate? so if i think label monitoring kind of system would cost around $370000000.00. and if you think we, for the sum of money, the very small sum of money, we could have the global monitoring system. ok. nice it kind of back to the question, why hasn't not already happened in 2010 the russian of iceland a us yala. yo was relatively weak, but it's reverberations were felt around the world as ejected law but was chilled by the ice around the crater. it fragmented and a tiny short particles. the resulting cloud of ash posts such a danger that europe's air space was close. in total,

over $100000.00 flights were canceled almost half of global air traffic. this was really interesting. it was significant enough in its scale in size to cause real life will disruption type of thing you really want to do. and not, let's see, you know, catastrophic impacts to just in time supply chains the, you may mechanical pieces and perishable goods. and yeah, the global economic impact. so we're the largest ever recorded at that time, around 5 billions of the global economy. so anything that stops global trade, unvil kind of corruptions, can do that. and but could spell kind of wide capital street and lots of different sectors. the uninhabited island of hunger tonga, hung the hoppey, was itself only a few years old, formed in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption. the explosion in 2022 also shredded and under c. cable severing communications between tonga and the rest of the world for over a month. all that remains of the island now are too small. tom and

tories. we shouldn't be looking at to look like, oh well thank god that wasn't was, it should be like actually somebody was really bad and we shouldn't be seeing anything like that. i'm certainly shouldn't be saying the impacts on not go again and ask for the wider impact of that cloud of volcanic ash. there's plenty of work ahead for climate scientists to let us read right now to your questions. if you have something you want to know from the world of science, just send us a video text or voice mail. if we feature your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as that. thank you. this week's question, of course on volcanoes, comes from new amy rosa, right, boy, your franco in mexico where does

carbon dioxide involved kind of get russians come from port billions of years? volcanoes were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. the c o 2 emissions from volcanoes probably prevented the earth from permanent the turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside the shell structure, rivers added center is a solid iron corner with a liquid outer layer above. this is the are expand till then which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the depths. volcanoes are found on the earth's outer shell, the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plate that float and move on the viscous mantle. we're in the oceanic place meets a continental one carbon which sediment, terry rock from the ocean floor, sinks into the crevices where it is heated inside the earth. the pressure and

temperature are so high that volatiles substances such as c o 2, dissolved into the liquid rock bound in hot magma. this dissolved c o 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the vent, the pressure decreases. and the gas is bound and the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides, water vapor and c o 2 volcanoes also emit other gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydro, clark, acid, and methane via mountain mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the maxima. researchers have studied c o 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them which

c o 2 about quino releases into the air depends not only on the volume of objected mac by there are layers of rock under ground with a mental is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising maxima with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance. it blows 9000 tons of c, o 2 into the air every day, about 10 percent of the emissions of all volcanoes worldwide. a much larger amount of c o 2 then can be dissolved and it's molten rock. how this happens exactly is still unclear. the kilo way in hawaii on the other end, spews 4 times more mac but to the surface. but it only releases a 3rd is much carbon dioxide, meaning it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir underground like mount edna in easily the, the threat of,

of potentially huge or rupture. and then this will agree and feel to is making headlines, bulk and ologist are alarmed by the changes in the areas, emissions, chemistry, and temperature. this is the reason for which the most scientists took and developed a diesel k. no, because it does not list the indices, induce volcano because it to disclose it is a lot jennifer fraser, so the credit is very high. one challenge for researchers is recognizing dangerous volcanic activity. at an early stage. we looked at a project in germany to see what they watch out for the, the greatest risk of a whole kind of corruption in germany slumbers. here, things have been explosive a lot like before. in some ways, like the hung a tongue eruption. about 13000 years ago, the earth spewed force, it was

a 6 and the volcanic explosive of the index. that's not okay and thought it was a really powerful interruption uncomfortable to the hunger tongue corruption in january of 2020, to find sponsors. craters filled with boiling lava, there are no active volcanoes like this in germany, but there are volcanic fields, large areas prone to seismic activity. the east eiffel region sits on one with loc legged at the center. the iphone is white, the need for the i, for region is still not really monitored, although there is the possibility that a russians will occur here again, when of course, it would make sense to do more with the techniques we have to day to better monitor volcanoes globally, by and also in specific regions sense by insights in the past, the russians can be gained by looking at the chemical composition of volcanic rocks . loc lake is surrounded by a ring wall of rock debris earlier researchers proof of what's called

a marvel aquino, where explosions form a kind of funnel shaped indentation that then fills with water. but because loc lake is very large for this type of formation, recent research tends to classify it is a called darrell. for a long time the volcano was considered extinct was due to a russians deemed unlikely or impossible. but is its peaceful face no more than a mask. the scientists are now taking a closer look at the eiffel region. let's hear from and it's on. those could be to, since this is a special area here, it shows what's called distributed volcanism will come here. that means the volcanic hazard should be assessed quite differently. thorsten dumps team wants to uncover volcanic activity by examining this cave, the eruption 13000 years ago, left behind but solved lava. the volcanic rock proved to be a desirable building material and was mind here for centuries. what remains is a human out seller likes space. offices comes from new york. so mine is

also a great place for research for a different reason. the combined smaller, it's very quiet. there's no disturbing ambient noise, such a street noise or rain that makes it ideal for eaves dropping and what's going on below the surface people incline stuff. we want to measure my nude earthquake signals and that's best done when you're on bedrock is such as here on the old, the salt flow, that's how the plus another possible sign and will canada activity comes from vents called more offense, does the carbon dioxide in them come from new rising magma, in addition to volcanic quakes, to the current great depths, most vets are also indicators of molten rock deep beneath the surface.

as this is an indication that we really do have molten rock here in the iphone, in the upper mantle. the exciting question is, of course, whether this molten rock will escape this kind of penetrate the crust. maybe even reach the surface. the costa on for like 2 episodes. to find out a network of 350 measuring stations has been set up in the region. eruptions like that of hunger tongue are a reminder that volcanoes are still not well understood data from the measurement campaign. and the eiffel region can lead us to per found new insights. today, for instance, we know it's on, there isn't just one single magma chamber, it's spread over many levels. die it's has gotten kind of smells like there's no longer easy to say whether it's active or not, the included so that the areas a greater depth maybe multiple while the upper areas may have hardened but could be react divided. we assume that we may have a good example of such a system. here is

a theme and then it could provide an example poor how to study one that i divide a visa of us. i was in kind on remind us how does open come 1st. however, the measurement data from the campaign and the eiffel region have to be evaluated. this agree and sealed sits on top of and especially large magnet chambers that also feeds nearby mount vesuvius. the chamber is around 10 kilometers beneath the surface, magnet is largely made up of silicates gases and suspended crystals, depending on its makeup and surrounding pressure gradient, the molten rock and heat up to between 71250 degrees celsius. one lab is studying magma dynamics using an unconventional model. lorenzo meant alone, he is cooking something up at the german research center for geosciences and post them. it's a volcano, meat of gelatin,

and closed oil. it being the cook is also part of the research here. i never mind that being both fully enjoyed cooking and there's not so satisfying actually gelatine like it's things to beach is quite speaking. lorenzo direct liquid gelatin into a transparent container in the fridge. wearable firm up into a model for volcanic activity. lorenzo will then use the gelatin volcano to study pads that magna can take beneath the earth when that's when should i think of rest in the fridge for 20 hours. and this is enough for a to so it if i and the simple bomb, these black paper dots help visualize how the gelatin substrate rises as mag not pushes through it. i am measuring a quantity for ometer that gives the idea of how much pressure you have to ex, search on the did i think to obtain not

a certain deformation altogether. but friends of mental maloney has added clove oil to the gelatin that leads to the formation of a lens shaped magma chamber in the model. magma can't be observed are tracked in real time, and little is known about as movement center ground. but this transparent model at least provides a glimpse of how molten rock and make its way to the surface. what is going to happen now is that i am going to inject some here. we with this new deal, we air bubbles, imitate new magma rising from the depths. what you see up there is a mega machine per. so there was already some maxima down there, or maybe it's cooling down, and it's been there for a long time. but somehow, for some reason, a new batch of mamma is rising up from the dental. and it's feeding that my my chamber. at 1st, the magnet chamber just swells, causing the gelatin,

which represents the earth around it to be formed until the pressure rises high enough. it has to be released to something that is happening on one side, the west and there are options as of course, the rocks tremors. hold what you see on the surface. the gentleman shaking as those are adults for quakes by measuring how the surface deforms before interruption. the research team hopes to reduce where underground magnet chambers are located in the real world. after the model interruption, lorenzo pumps in water containing red died. its distribution reveals the whole system of tunnels and magnet chambers. the gelatin volcanoes architecture. so the

stress field within the kidney is going to dictates the pathway of incoming mess, magma, dikes, we call them dikes. these are against these things that but, but through spray dollars, correct. and so this is quite important because we, if we have a model that can, you know, we predict the trajectory that one will take for the crossed. then we do have a way to forecast where future options for the core. and we are striving to find a so if you will, pills that will allow us to predict where the spot wasteful and off the surface in the real world maximum would have to push through different layers of rock. but the gelatin model helps researchers better understand its movements in the ground beneath our feet. except for green fields do erupt in a big way. there are evacuation scenarios for the population,

but they're largely based on, on, tried plans for me. oh, what these like? what can we can improve? so to present back to people because people as to, as to know what to do in case on that option. another active volcano is the very kind shooting. it's erupt at around 50 times in the last 500 years. because the volcano erupt, the animals in nature always noticed 1st they start to war. i'm a yeah, my father taught me that it's a warning b, u z 1971, a powerful erupt, sion that they had or long co of the indigenous not put j people can still remember in his village vegas, scorched the earth and left its mark. nevertheless, manuel as a condo chink or live pion remains here at the foot of the volcano. so that was

the most of the human during the 1971, a russian, the volcano exploded at midnight. it melted a lot of snow and a lot of water came pouring down in our direction. we got to the next day in the early morning hours. rocks also started coming down. so you know a 100 i'll be a violent much slow is called lars set in motion by the volcano, one of the greatest hazards they can trigger the horse for him when hunt love and dance as mount the snow with the crater sparking an avalanche of mud and debris, with temperatures of up to $100.00 degrees celsius and speeds of up to 180 kilometers per hour, or horse thunder down into lower elevations and can cover a great distances. they can destroy the villages in a matter of minutes. jose luis pioneer wants to detect the law hers earlier to warn people who live at the foot of the creek more quickly. he does this by recording the sounds the volcano makes to do so. he's installed a station, measuring in for

a sound at an altitude of around 1400 meters. well the ac. so we'll get to this is a good place to install the sensors because we are in a forest. and it helps us to filter out ambient noise. i believe i'm going to be glad it was, especially the wind office local to minimize the wind and noise, replaced the sensors above the ground if it were normally, but not too high either with that. so the forest here is an additional natural filter. they'll say something to the, to the sounds. jose records are low frequency, about one her this if they are detectable to the human ear, but jose's microphones can detect to them. so what are your thoughts with a network of 3 microphones so far the researcher has listened to how the mag, my inside the volcano behaves and can tell when it's on the bubbling in the lake of lava inside the cold era. but he's also recorded the

sounds of lars. when the recording is set up, the volcanoes sound also grows audible. the as i say, for most of the big battle, we go this way and we can detect, deliver as close to their source as they emerge. when i sold it and we can also estimate their speed, but i know it's not. it allows us to give an earlier warning. you don't think we are able to send in the law. i'm signal and plenty of time i think one and potentially before the hard reach is a populated area. i don't wanna sign up on that. however, no one can predict exactly how much longer do you agree go will spew, or whether mudslides or hot gas clouds will come racing down it's slopes. volcano is, don't seem to follow any rules on the so and also to and what we thought historically, russian severe rico always occurred in different ways or so. and then the last one

back in 2015 was different than the ones that happened and 84 or, and 85. and they were different from the one to 1971 who caught the on. that's what the indigenous, my put a call the viet eco volcano. house of the spirit their own traditional houses are called and woke up you'll see on the other level i get up at night with them, but midnight or one to look at the volcano. i can see it well from one of our windows when this guy is clear in some nights. i see it spitting fire. oh yes. the the, the, you know is a really great thing because it's the rest of the earth. a hot brass and no one can predict via eco's next great acceleration. the

time to wrap up this week special episode of tamora today on volcanic research. but if you still have a question about the field or the science involved, make sure to drop us a line. thanks for watching and don't forget to stay curious, bye for now. the

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