one with the how much was going to really get we still have time to work on doing flux, this subscriber for moving is like the disagree in fields in southern italy could have super volcano sooner. rob tier, the ground is rising alarmingly. now the ground is increased all one number, the fence and to meet this. and the same though, because this book, so an ancient roman plaza in the city of pot, slowly traces of marine. how'd you show that the earth here has risen and fallen over the centuries? sun shifts have been such as in front of my store one morning opening everything

up when suddenly the earth dropped by 10 or 15 centimeters. this boss, it was a pretty dizzy experience. kind of like someone pulled the ground from beneath my feet. okay, notice that's the focus this week on tomorrow to day dw science program. welcome to the ship. 2 thirds at the delivery and fields are under water around a 3rd remain above the waves. parts of all the is at the center of the account era . the area covers around 150 square kilometers, and all the region is viewed as what's called a super volcano. that's not a scientific term, but is accepted by the research community, interruption known as the company and ignoring practiced behind the designation. so think of elizabeth regional d these great dr. cool. the not ill says in 1000 was plus, you know,

he says so particularly of the company and the idea was the destroyer. but these by just that option. so it was a very easy for us to hit option in the label for, for us to classify. volcano is researchers look at factors like how much material they jacked and how high, what's known as the volcanic exclusivity index rates. then between 0 and paid on that scale, the company and ignoring pride is thought to have been a 7, a massive volcanic eruption. and the pacific helps illustrate just what that means . it was only rated a 5 or 6 in january of 2020 to an island in the south pacific came close to being wiped off the map. when a volcano exploded right underneath that disruption is the highest intensity of rupture. and we've ever recorded them of instruments. it's one of the highest claims. we've got a recorded night 55 kilometers punching right through our structure itself. and so the last of the honest mechanisms by which we've never seen,

it's the 1st time we've ever had a country get absolutely dogs in the long run. this is where and how in the archipelago of islands that make up the kingdom of tongue for the 1st time on record interruption unleashed through nami, in 2 different oceans. 2 people died in the route as a result of about to know me. it really showed that you can have interruption the other side of the well. and that shortwave was recorded in every single country. via accompanying sonic boom was heard over 9000 kilometers away in alaska, while the gigantic plume of ash was visible from outer space. when it descended, it devastated homes, roads, bridges, and fields and contaminated drinking water. satellite images show how neighboring islands were covered in a carpet of volcanic ash. and this really made us realize that we well prepared for

these kind of be even launcher apple construction. so which will contend, or even a 100 times the original problem times launcher that home to tongue. mike cast and he is a vocal knowledge just at the university of birmingham in britain. his specialty is the causes of a russians for him and fellow research are law romani from cambridge university direction and from the was a wakeup call for the entire field of book analogy. they wrote an article urging their peers not to underestimate the risks they. we believe that the risk of knowledge might need to direction is around one in 6 this century, which is the role of the di volcanoes. often, former tectonic plates converge, their common in the ring of fire that rims the pacific around one and 10 people live in danger zone surrounding active volcanoes. a risk that's greater than many think, an asteroid impact is far less likely. but is the kind of danger that gets a lot more media coverage after immediate exploded over the russian city of tell

yeah, being skin 2013 nasa and other space agencies pumped a further wave of money into planetary defense systems. the dark mission alone costs around $320000000.00 us dollars. yes. okay, now is this not the same pin to the right estimate? so if i think label monitoring kind of system would cost around $370000000.00. and if you think we, for that sum of money, the very small sum of money, we could have the global monitoring system. ok. nice it kind of back to the question why hasn't already happened in 2010, the russian of iceland a us yala yoga was relatively weak, but its reverberations were felt around the world. as ejected lava was chilled by the ice around the crater. it fragmented and a tiny, sharp particles. the resulting cloud of ash post such a danger that europe's air space was close. so in total,

over $100000.00 flights were canceled almost half of global air traffic. this was really interesting. it was significant enough in its scale in size to cause real life well, disruption type thing you really want to do, and not let's see a catastrophic impacts to just in time supply chains the, you know, a mechanical pieces of imperishable goods. um, yeah, the global economic impacts are with the largest type of record is that last time around the 5 billions of the global economy. so anything that stops global trade, unvil kind of corruptions, can do that. but could spell kind of wide capital street and lots of different sectors. the uninhabited island of hunger tonga, hung to hockey, was itself only a few years old, formed in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption. the explosion in 2022 also shredded and under c cable. separate communications between tonga and the rest of the world for over a month. all that remains of the island now are too small. tom and

tories. we shouldn't be looking at something like, oh well thank god that wasn't was, it should be like actually somebody was really bad and we shouldn't be seeing anything like them. certain shouldn't be saying the impacts on us go again and ask for the wider impact of that cloud of volcanic ash. there's plenty of work ahead for climate scientists to let us read right now to your questions. if you have something you want to know from the world of science, just send us a video text or voice mail. if we feature your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. this week's question, of course on volcanoes comes from new amy rosa. right, boy, you're franco in mexico. where does

carbon dioxide in volcanic eruptions come from port billions of years? volcanoes were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide the c o. 2 emissions from volcanoes probably prevented the earth from permanent the turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside the shell structure, rivers added center is a solid iron corner with a liquid outer layer. above. this is the, are expand, jolaine, which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the depths. volcanoes are found on the earth's outer shell, the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plate that float and move on the viscous mantle. where in oceanic place meets a continental one carbon which sediment, terry rock from the ocean floor, sinks into the crevices where it is heated. inside the ears,

the pressure and temperature are so high. that volatile substances such as c o 2, dissolved into the liquid rock bound in hoc magma this dissolved c. o. 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the event, the pressure decreases. and the cast is found in the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides, water vapor and c, o 2 volcanos also emit other gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and methane via mountain mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the maxima. researchers have studied c o 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them. how

which c o 2 about quino releases into the air depends not only on the volume of objected mac by. there are layers of rock underground with a mental is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising maxima with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance. it blows 9000 tons of c, o 2 into the air every day. about 10 percent of the emissions of all volcanos worldwide, a much larger amount of c o 2, then can be dissolved and it's molten rock. how this happens exactly, is still unclear the kilo way in hawaii on the other end. use 4 times more magma to the surface, but it only releases a 3rd is much carbon dioxide. meaning it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir underground like mount etna and easily the, the threat of,

of potentially huge or rupture. and then this, like green fields is making headlines, bulk and ologist are alarmed by the changes in the areas, emissions, chemistry, and temperature. this is the reason for which most scientists talking about the diesel. ok? no, because it does not list the indices of induce volcano because it does this closely use a lot, jennifer fraser. so the country is a very high one challenge for researchers is recognizing dangerous volcanic activity. at an early stage. we looked at a project in germany to see what they watch out for the, the greatest risk of a whole kind of corruption in germany slumbers. here, things have been explosive a lot like before. in some ways, like the hung a tongue eruption. about 13000 years ago, the art spewed forth, it was

a 6, and the volcanic exclusivity index. myself. okay, and thought it was a really powerful eruption uncomfortable to the younger tongue, corruption in january of 2020, to find sponsors craters filled with boiling lava. there are no active volcanoes like this in germany, but there are volcanic fields, large areas prone to seismic activity. the east eiffel region sits on one with loc, like it, it's the center. the iphone is white and the apple region is still not really monitored. although there is the possibility that directions will occur here again, of course, it would make sense to do more with the techniques we have today. we have to better monitor volcanoes globally, and also in specific regions sets of insights into past eruptions can be gained by looking at the chemical composition of volcanic rocks. lock lake is surrounded by a ring wall of rock debris for earlier researchers, proof of what's called

a marvel aquino, where explosions form a kind of funnel shaped indentation that then fills with water. but because loc lake is very large for this type of formation, recent research tends to classify it is a called darrell. for a long time, the volcano is considered extinct with future eruptions deemed unlikely or impossible. but is its peaceful face no more than a mask. the scientists are now taking a closer look at the eiffel region. lessons here from i'm on. those could be to, since this is a special area here, it shows what's called distributed volcanism with country. that means the volcanic hazard should be assessed quite differently. thorsten dogs team wants to uncover volcanic activity by examining this cave. the eruption 13000 years ago, left behind but solved lava. the volcanic rock proved to be a desirable building material and was mind here for centuries. what remains as a human out seller like space is concerning. the mind is

also a great place for research for a different reason. the combined small, it's very quiet. there's no disturbing ambient noise, such a street noise or rain that makes it ideal for eaves dropping. and what's going on below the surface table incline step. we want to measure minute earthquake signals and that's best done when you're on bed rock such as here on the old, the salt. hello. i thought it was another possible sign and will canada activity comes from vents called offense, does the carbon dioxide and then come from new rising magma? in addition to volcanic quakes, to the current great depths, most vets are also indicators of molten rock. deep beneath the surface

as this is an indication that we really do have molten rock here in the iphone, in the upper mantle. the exciting question is, of course, whether this molten rock will escape kind of penetrate the crust. maybe even reach the surface. because the for like 12 percent to find out a network of 350 measuring stations has been set up in the region. the eruptions like that of hunger tongue, are a reminder that volcanoes are still not well understood. data from the measurement campaign and the eiffel region can lead us to per found new insights. today for instance, we know it's on, there isn't just one single magma chamber. it's spread over many levels. die it's, it's not uncommon. smells like this. i'm no longer easy to say whether it's active or not, the included so that the area's a greater depth or maybe multiple while the upper areas may have hardened but could be reactivated. we assume that we may have a good example of such

a system here. and then it could provide an example for how to study one another device. these of us, allison calling on remind us open does open con 1st. however, the measurement data from the campaign and the eiffel region have to be evaluated for greenfield sits on top of and especially large magnet chambers that also feeds nearby mount vesuvius. the chamber is around 10 kilometers. beneath the surface, magnet is largely made up of silicates gases and suspended crystals, depending on its makeup and surrounding pressure gradient, the molten rock and heat up to between $71250.00 degrees celsius. one lab is studying magma dynamics using an unconventional model. lorenzo ment alone, he is cooking something up at the german research center for geosciences and post them. it's a volcano, meat of gelatin and closed oil. it'd be the cook is also part of the research here

. i never mind that being both fully enjoyed cooking and these notes to satisfy and actually enjoy looking like it's things to beats use quite speaking, lorenzo direct liquid gelatin into a transparent container in the fridge. wearable firm up into a model for volcanic activity. lorenzo will then use the gelatin volcano to study pads that magnet can take beneath the earth when that's when should i think of rest in the fridge for 20 hours. and this is enough for a 2. so if i add this up alone, these black paper dots help visualize how the gelatin substrate rises as magnate pushes through it. i am measuring a quantity for ometer that gives the idea of how much pressure you have to ex, search on the did i think to obtain

a certain deformation of the genetic but friends or mental moni has added clove oil to the gelatin that leads to the formation of a lens shaped magna chamber in the model. magna can't be observed or tracked in real time and little is known about as movement center ground. but this transparent model, at least provides a glimpse of how molten rock can make its way to the surface. what is going to happen now is that i am going to inject some, here we with this needle, we air bubbles, imitate new magma rising from the depths. what? what you see up there is a mega machine per. so there was already some maxima down there, or maybe it's cooling down, and it's been there for a long time. but somehow, for some reason, a new batch of mamma is rising up from the dental. and it's feeding that my chamber . at 1st, the magnet chamber just swells, causing the gelatin,

which represents the earth around it to be formed until the pressure rises high enough. it has to be released to something that is happening on one side, the inputs and the other options. as of course, the rocks tremors hold what you see on the surface. the gelatin shaking. those are analogs for quakes by measuring how the surface deforms before interruption. the research team hopes to reduce where underground magnet chambers are located in the real world. after the model interruption, lorenzo pumps in water containing red died. its distribution reveals the whole system of tunnels and magnet chambers. the gelatin volcanoes architecture. so the

stress field within the kidney is going to dictates the pathway of incoming my mac, my dikes we call them dikes, is our dance, this being the but, but through the spray dollars, correct? and so this is quite important because we, if we have a model that can, you know, we predict the trajectory that one will take for the crossed. then we do have a way to forecast where future options for the core. and we are striving to find a so if you will, skills that will allow us to predict where the spot wasteful and off the surface. in the real world maxima would have to push through different layers of rock. but the gelatin models helps researchers better understand its movements in the ground beneath our feet. except for green fields do erupt in a big way. there are evacuation scenarios for the population,

but they're largely based on, on, tried plans for me. oh, what these like? what can we can improve? so to present, but the people, because people as to know what to do in case on that option. another active volcano is the very kind shooting. it's erupt at around 50 times in the last 500 years. because the volcano erupt, the animals in nature always noticed 1st they start to war. i'm a yeah, my father taught me that it's a warning video. the code 1971, a powerful the russian that the had or long code of the indigenous not put j people can still remember in his village vegas, scorched the earth and left its mark. nevertheless, manuel segundo chink or live pion remains here at the foot of the volcano.

so that was the most at then. during the 1971, a russian, the volcano exploded at midnight. it melted a lot of snow and a lot of water came pouring down in our direction. we got to the next day in the early morning hours. rocks also started coming down. so you know, a handle of the violent mud flow is called lars set in motion by the volcano, one of the greatest hazards they can trigger the horse for him when hot lava and gas as milk. the snow with the crater sparking an avalanche of mud and debris, with temperatures of up to $100.00 grease celsius and speeds of up to 180 kilometers per hour, a horse thunder down into lower elevations and can cover great distances. they can destroy the villages in a matter of minutes. jose luis pioneer wants to detect le hers earlier to warn people who live at the foot of the more quickly. he does this by recording the sounds the volcano makes to do so. he's installed a station, measuring in for

a sound at an altitude of around 1400 meters. well, it's in nevada, is a little bit of this is a good place to install the sensors. because we are in a forest. and it helps us to filter out ambient noise and we're going to be glad it was, especially the wind office will know below good enough to minimize the wind and noise . we placed the sensors above the ground, if it will normally, but not too high end of that. so the forest here is an additional natural filter. they'll say something to the then the sounds. jose records are low frequency, about one her this of the or detectable to the human ear, but jose's microphones can detect to them. but so what does it start with a network of 3 microphones so far the researcher has listened to how the mag, my inside the volcano behaves and can tell when it's on the bubbling in the lake of lava inside the cold era. but he's also recorded the

sounds of lars. when the recording is sped up, the volcanoes sound also grows audible. the, as i say, for most of the big battle, we said this way and we can detect all of our as close to their source as they emerge when i saw it. and we can also estimate their speed. not allows us to give an earlier warning. you don't, we are able to send an alarm, i'm signal and plenty of time, i think one and potentially before the heart reaches a populated area, i don't wanna sign up on that. however, no one can predict exactly how much love do you have eco, we'll spew or weather much slides or hot gas clouds will come racing down it slopes . ok now is don't seem to follow any rules on the so and also to and what we thought historically russians of the rico always occurred in

different ways or so. and then the last one back in 2015 was different than the ones that happened in 84 or, and 85. and they were different from the one in 1971. it went through caught the on. that's what the indigenous my puts a call, the theater eco volcano. house of the spirit their own traditional houses are called root cause jo legitimately on the other level, i get up at night with them. but midnight or one to look at the volcano. i can see it well from one of our windows when the sky is clear and some nights. i see it spitting fire. oh yes i and then what kind of what the you know is a really great thing because it's the rest of the earth. a hot breath and no one can predict v as he goes next. great acceleration. the

time to wrap up this week, special episode of tamora today on volcanic research. but if you still have a question about the field or the science involved, make sure to drop us a line. thanks for watching. and don't forget to stay curious, bye for now, the

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