thus far in a race against time, they are peers and rivals with one daring gold to help smart nature. the more likes watching on youtube dw documentary, desolate green fields and southern italy could a super volcano sooner, rob tier, the ground is rising alarmingly. now the ground is to increase all one number, the fence and to meet us and descend though because of the disposal and an ancient roman plaza in the city of pots, slowly traces of marine. how'd you show that the earth here has risen and fallen over the centuries? sun shifts have been such. i was in front of my store one morning opening

everything up. when suddenly the earth dropped by 10 or 15 centimeters. this boss, it was a pretty busy experience, kind of like someone pulled the ground from beneath my feet. okay, notice that's the focus this week on tomorrow. today dw science program. welcome to the ship. 2 thirds of disagreeing fields are under water around a 3rd remain above the waves. parts of all the is at the center of the account era . the area covers around 150 square kilometers, and all the region is viewed as what's called a super volcano. that's not a scientific term, but is accepted by the research community interruption known as the company and ignoring practiced behind the designation to think of going to the regional d these great dr. cool. the novel says in thousands was plus, you know,

he says so particularly of the company and the idea was destroyed, but these by just that option. so it was a very impressed to hit option in the label for, for us to classify volcanoes, researchers look at factors like how much material they jacked and how high, what's known as the volcanic exclusivity index rates. then between 0 and paid on that scale. the company and ignoring pride is thought to have been a 7, a massive volcanic eruption and the pacific helps illustrate just what that means. it was only rated a 5 or 6 in january of 2020 to an island in the south pacific came close to being wiped off the map. when a volcano exploded right underneath it. disruption is the highest intensity eruption we've ever recorded them of instruments. it's one of the highest claims we've got a recorded night 55 kilometers punching right through our structure itself. and so the off the list of the honest mechanisms by which we've never seen. it's the 1st

time we've ever had a country. good, absolutely. dog. in the long run, this is where and how in the archipelago of islands that make up the kingdom of tongue for the 1st time on record interruption unleashed. so nom, east in 2 different oceans, 2 people died in the room. so as a result about so you know me, it really showed that you can have interruption the other side of the well. and that shortwave was recorded in every single country. the accompanying sonic boon was heard over 9000 kilometers away in alaska. while the gigantic plume of ash was visible from outer space. when it descended, it devastated homes, roads, bridges, and fields and contaminated drinking water. satellite images show how neighboring islands were covered in a carpet of volcanic ash. and this really made us realize that we,

the propensities kind of the even larger boat kind of drops. and so, which will contend, or even a 100 times, or even a 1000 times launch on that home to tongue. got my caps in a is a vulcan ologist at the university of birmingham in britain. his specialty is the causes of a russians for him and fellow research are law romani from cambridge university, the rupture name from the was a wake up call for the entire field of book analogy. they wrote an article urging their peers not to underestimate the risks they, we believe the risk of knowledge might make you directions around one into 6 this century, which is the role of the di volcanoes, often form or tectonic plates converge. their comment in the ring of fire that rims the pacific around one and 10 people live in danger zone surrounding active volcanoes. a risk that's greater than many think an asteroid impact is far less likely. but is the kind of danger that gets a lot more media coverage. the faster immediate exploded over the russian city of

tell you, i've been in 2013 nasa and other space agencies pumped a further wave of money into planetary defense systems. the dark mission alone costs around $320000000.00 us dollars and yeah, okay, nice. it's not the same pin to the right estimates of. i think label monitoring kind of system would cost around $370000000.00. and if you think we, for that sum of money, the very small sum of money, we could have the global monitoring system. ok. nice. it kind of back to the question why has not already happened in 2010, the russian of iceland a us yala yoga was relatively weak, but it's reparations were felt around the world as ejected lava was chilled by the ice around the crater. it fragmented into tiny short particles. the resulting cloud of ash posts such a danger that europe's air space was close. so in total,

over $100000.00 flights were canceled almost half of global air traffic. this was really interesting. it was significant enough in its scale and size to cause real label disruption to everything you really want to do. and not let's see, you know, catastrophic impacts to just in time supply chains, the united mechanical pieces and perishable goods. i'm, i'm, yeah, the global economic impacts are with the largest have record of the time around the 5 billions of the global economy. so anything that stops global trade and volcanic eruptions can do that, but can spell kind of wide capital street and lots of different sectors. the uninhabited island of hunger tonga, hung the hockey was itself only a few years old, formed in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption. the explosion in 2022 also shredded and under c. cable severing communications between tonga and the rest of the world for over a month. all that remains of the island now are too small. tom and

tories. we shouldn't be looking at total. glad, cool. well, thank god, that wasn't was, it should be like actually somebody was really bad and we shouldn't be seeing anything like them. certain shouldn't be seeing the impacts on that scale again. and that's for the wider impact of that cloud of volcanic ash. there's plenty of work ahead for climate scientists to read right now to your questions. if you have something you want to know from the world of science, just send us a video text or voice mail. if we feature your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as the thank you. this week's question, of course on volcanoes comes from new amy rosa, right, boy, your franco in mexico. where does

carbon dioxide involved kind of the russians come from port billions of years. volcanoes were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. the c o. 2 emissions from volcanoes probably prevented the earth from permanent. the turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside the shell structure, rivers added center is a solid iron corner with a liquid outer layer above. this is the span till then which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the depths. volcanoes are found on the earth out to show the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plate that float and move on the viscous mantle. where in oceanic place meets a continental one carbon which settlement, terry rock from the ocean floor sinks into the crevices where it is heated. inside

the years, the pressure and temperature are so high that volatiles substances such as c o 2, dissolved into the liquid rock bound, getting hot magma. this dissolved c o 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the event, the pressure decreases. and the gas is bound and the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides, water vapor and c o 2 volcanoes also a mit other gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and methane via mountain mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the maxima. researchers have studied c o 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them. how

which c o 2 about quino releases into the air depends not only on the volume of objected mac, but there are layers of rock underground with the mental is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising magma with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance, it blows 9000 tons of c o 2 into the air every day, about 10 percent of the emissions of all volcanos, worldwide, a much larger amount of c o. 2, then can be dissolved and it's molten rock. how this happens exactly is still unclear. the key the way in hawaii, on the other end, spews 4 times more magma to the surface. but it only releases a 3rd is much carbon dioxide. meaning it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir underground like mount edna and easily the, the threat of,

of potentially huge or rupture. and then this, like re and fields is making headlines. bulk in all logistics are alarmed by the changes in the areas, emissions, chemistry, and temperature. this is the reason for which most scientists took and developed a diesel. ok, no. because if he's not list the indices of induce volcano, because it discloses the fuselage in for fraser, so the country is a very high one challenge for researchers is recognizing dangerous volcanic activity. at an early stage. we looked at a project in germany to see what they watch out for the, the greatest risk of a whole cannick eruption in germany slumbers. here, things have been explosive a lot like before. in some ways, like the hung a tongue eruption. about 13000 years ago, the art spewed force, it was

a 6 and the volcanic exclusivity index. that's not okay and thought it was a really powerful interruption uncomfortable to the younger tongue russian in january of 2022 finds one craters filled with boiling lava. there are no active volcanoes like this in germany, but there are volcanic fields, large areas prone to seismic activity. the east eiffel region sits on one with loc lake at its center. the iphone is heightened because the apple region is still not really monitored or although there is the possibility of interruptions will occur here again. when of course, it would make sense to do more with the techniques we have today. we have to better monitor volcanoes globally. and also in specific regions such as insights in the past, eruptions can be gained by looking at the chemical composition of volcanic rocks. loc lake is surrounded by a ring wall of rock debris earlier researchers proof of what's called

a marvel aquino, where explosions form a kind of funnel shaped indentation that then goes with water. but because loc lake is very large for this type of formation, recent research tends to classify it is a called darrell. for a long time, the volcano is considered extinct with future eruptions deemed unlikely or impossible. but is its peaceful face no more than a mask. scientists are now taking a closer look at the eiffel region. thus here from, i'm on those computers. since this is a special area here, it shows what's called distributed volcanism for the country. that means the volcanic hazard should be assessed quite differently. thorsten dogs team wants to uncover volcanic activity by examining this cave. the eruption 13000 years ago, left behind but solved lava. the volcanic rock proved to be a desirable building material and was mind here for centuries. what remains as a human out seller likes space offices comes from new york. so mine is

also a great place for research for a different reason. the box combines small, it's very quiet. there's no disturbing ambient noise, such a street noise or rain. that makes it ideal for eaves dropping. and what's going on below the surface, yvonne clients that we want to measure minute earthquake signals and that's best done when you're on bed rock such as here on the old, the salt flow. that's how the plus another possible sign it will. canada activity comes from vents called more offense, does the carbon dioxide and then come from new rising magma? in addition to volcanic quakes, that occurring great depths, most thoughts are also indicators of molten rock deep beneath the surface.

as this is an indication that we really do have molten rock here in the i full in the upper mantle. the exciting question is, of course, whether this molten rock will escape, can it penetrate the crust? maybe even reach the surface because the, like the website. to find out a network of 350 measuring stations has been set up in the region. the eruptions like that of hunger tongue, a reminder that volcanoes are still not well understood. data from the measurement campaign of the eiffel region can lead us to per found new insights. today, for instance, we know some, there isn't just one single magma chamber. it's spread over many levels. dots has gotten, gotten smells like this. i no longer easy to say whether it's active or not. the increase of the areas a greater depth on may be multiple while the upper areas may have hardened but could be react divided. and we assume that we may have a good example of such

a system. here is a c, and then it could provide an example for how to study one and a divide visa of us. i was in kind on remind us how does open come 1st. however, the measurement data from the campaign and the eiffel region have to be evaluated. this agree and sealed sits on top of and especially large magnet chambers that also feeds nearby mount vesuvius. the chamber is around 10 kilometers beneath the surface. magnet is largely made up of silicates gases and suspended crystals, depending on its make up and surrounding pressure gradient, the molten rock and heat up to between $71250.00 degrees celsius. one lab is studying magma dynamics using an unconventional model. lorenzo meant alone, he is cooking something up at the german research center for geosciences and post them. it's a volcano made of gelatin,

and closed oil. it'd be the cook is also part of the research here. i never mind that being both full enjoy cooking and these notes. so satisfying, i actually enjoy looking like it's thing so beats, it's quite speaking lorenzo direct liquid gelatin into a transparent container in the fridge. wearable firm up into a model for volcanic activity. lorenzo will then use the gelatin volcano to study pads that magna can take beneath the earth when that's when should i think the rest in the fridge for 20 hours and is this enough to for a 2. so if i add this up alone, these black paper dots help visualize how the gelatin substrate rises as mag not pushes through it. i am measuring a quantity for ometer that gives the idea of how much pressure you have to ex, search on the grid. i think to obtain that

a certain deformation of the genetic lorenzo mental maloney has added clove oil to the gelatin that leads to the formation of a lens shaped magma chamber in the model. magnet can't be observed or tracked in real time. and little is known about as movement, centered ground. but this transparent model, at least provides a glimpse of how molten rock can make its way to the surface. what is going to happen now is that i am going to inject some here. we with this new deal, we air bubbles, imitate new magma rising from the depths. what you see up there is a mega machine per. so there was already some maxima down there, and maybe it's cooling down, and it's been there for a long time. but somehow, for some reason, a new batch of mamma is rising up from the dental. and it's feeding that my chamber at 1st to magnet chamber just swells, causing the gelatine,

which represents the earth around it to be formed until the pressure rises high enough. it has to be released to something that is happening on one side, the west and the other options, as of course, the rocks tremulous hold. what you see on the surface, the shaking as those are adults for quakes by measuring how the surface deforms before interruption. the research team hopes to reduce where underground magnet chambers are located in the real world. after the model interruption, lorenzo pumps in water containing red died. its distribution reveals the whole system of tunnels and magnet chambers. the gelatin volcanoes architecture. so the

stress field within the jealousy is going to dictates the pathway of incoming my mac, my dikes, we call them dikes. these are these things that but, but through the spray dollars, correct. and so these is quite important because we, if we have a model that can, you know, we predict the trajectory that one will take for the crossed. then we do have a way to forecast where future options for the core. and we are striving to find a so if you will, skills that will allow us to predict where the spot wasteful and off the surface. in the real world maxima would have to push through different layers of rock. but the gelatin models helps researchers better understand its movements in the ground beneath our feet. except for green fields do erupt in a big way. there are evacuation scenarios for the population,

but they're largely based on, on, tried plans for me. oh, what these like? what can we can improve? so to present back to people because people, as soon as i know what to do in case on that option. another active volcano is the very kind shooting. it's erupt at around 50 times in the last 500 years. because the volcano erupt, the animals in nature always noticed 1st they started war. i'm a yeah, my father taught me that it's a warning video rica, 19. 71. a powerful interruption that they had or long co, of the indigenous not put j people can still remember in his village vegas, scorched the earth and left its mark. nevertheless, manuel said gondo chink or live pion remains here at the foot of the volcano.

so that was the most that then you wouldn't during the 1971, erupt, sion, the volcano exploded at midnight, it melted a lot of snow and a lot of water came pouring down in our direction the next day in the early morning hours, rocks also started coming down so you know a 100 of the violent mud flows called lars set in motion by the volcano, one of the greatest hazards they can trigger a horse form when hot lava and gas as milk. the snow with the crater sparking an avalanche of mud and debris, with temperatures of up to $100.00 degrees celsius and speeds of up to 180 kilometers per hour, or horse thunder down into lower elevations and can cover a great distances. they can destroy the villages in a matter of minutes. jose luis pioneer wants to detect the law hers earlier to warn people who live at the foot of the creek on more quickly. he does this by recording the sounds the volcano makes to do so. he's installed a station, measuring in for

a sound at an altitude of around 1400 meters. well, it's an event, a se, so we'll look at it. this is a good place to install the sensors, because we are in a forest. and it helps us to filter out ambient noise and we, i'm going to be glad it was, especially the wind office local to minimize the wind and noise, replace the sensors above the ground normally, but not too high i that so the forest here is an additional natural filter, they'll say something to the then the sounds jose records are low frequency, about one her this if they are detectable to the human ear, but jose is microphones can detect to them. so what does it cost me with a network of 3 microphones so far the researcher has listened to how the mag, my inside the volcano behaves and can tell when it's on bubbling in the lake of law, the inside the called era. but he's also recorded the

sounds of lars. when the recording is sped up, the volcanoes sound also grows audible. the as i say, for most of the big battle, we said this way and we can detect, deliver as close to their source as they emerge. when i sold it and we can also estimate their speed, but i know it's not. it allows us to give an earlier warning. you don't think we are able to send in a lot, i'm signal and plenty of time. i think one and potentially before the heart reaches a populated area, i don't wanna sign up on that. however, no one can predict exactly how much longer do you agree, go will spew, or whether mudslides or hot gas clouds will come racing down it's slopes. volcano is, don't seem to follow any rules on top of that. so, and also to and what we thought historically, russian severe rico always occurred in different ways or so. and then the last one

back in 2015 was different than the ones that happened and 84 or, and 85. and they were different from the one and 1971 who caught the on. that's what the indigenous my put j called the viet eco volcano. house of the spirit their own traditional houses are called root. you'll see the level i get up at night with them, but midnight or one to look at the volcano. i can see it well from one of our windows when this guy is clear in some nights. i see it spitting fire. oh yes. and and what kind of a, what no, you know is a really great thing because it's the rest of the earth. a hot brass and no one can predict via eco's next great acceleration. the

time to wrap up this week special episode of tamora today on volcanic research. but if you still have a question about the field or the science involved, make sure to drop us a line. thanks for watching. and don't forget to stay curious, bye for now the

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