the lightest textile waste gets stranded here. all about the final stuff in a global fashion industry. fast fashion. watch now on youtube. the disagree in fields in southern italy could a super volcano sooner. rough tear, the ground is rising alarmingly. now the ground is increased all one number, the 10 centimeters. and the same though, because this is an ancient roman plaza in the city of pots, slowly traces of marine. how'd you show that the earth here has risen and fallen over the centuries. sun shifts have been sudden i was in front of my store one

morning opening everything up. when suddenly the earth dropped by 10 or 15 centimeters. this boss, it was a pretty dizzy experience. kind of like someone pulled the ground from beneath my feet. okay, notice that's the focus this week on tomorrow. today dw science program. welcome to the ship. 2 thirds of disagreeing fields are under water around a 3rd remain above the waves pumps of all it is at the center of the account era. the area covers around 150 square kilometers and all the region is viewed as what's called a super volcano. that's not a scientific term, but is accepted by the research community interruption known as the company and ignoring probably it is behind the designation to think of elizabeth regional di these great tactical, whether they're not ill says in the housing rules plus you don't need this. so

particularly of the company or not, yes, was destroyed but these by you said option 2 is a very impressed to hit option label for, for us to classify volcanoes, researchers look at factors like how much material they jacked and how high what's known as the volcanic exclusivity index rates then between 0 and page on that scale, the company and ignoring brightest thought to have been a 7, a massive volcanic eruption in the pacific helps illustrate just what that means. it was only rated a 5 or 6 in january of 2020 to an island in the south pacific came close to being wiped off the map. when a volcano exploded right underneath it. disruption is the highest intensity eruption we've ever recorded them of instruments. it's one of the highest claims we've got a recorded night 55 kilometers punching right through our structure itself. and so the off the layers of the honest

a mechanism by which we've never seen. it's the 1st time we've ever had a country. good. absolutely. don't. russian, this is where and how in the archipelago of islands that make up the kingdom of tongue for the 1st time on record interruption unleashed. so nami, in 2 different oceans, 2 people died in the room. uh so as a result of that, so you know me, it really showed that you can have interruption the other side of the well. and that shortwave was recorded in every single country. the accompanying sonic boon was heard over 9000 kilometers away in alaska. while the gigantic plume of ash was visible from outer space, when it descended, it devastated homes, roads, bridges, and fields, and contaminated drinking water. satellite images show how neighboring islands were covered in a carpet of volcanic ash. and this really made us realize is that we well propensities

kind of the even launcher of all kind of corruption. so which will contend, or even a 100 times or even a 1000 times launch on that home to tongue. mike cassidy is a vulcan ologist at the university of birmingham in britain. his specialty is the causes of a rupture for him and fellow research are law romani from cambridge university direction and from the was a wake up call for the entire field of book analogy. they wrote an article urging their peers not to underestimate the risks they. we believe that the risk of knowledge might make you directions around one in 6 this century, which is the role of the di volcanoes, often form or tectonic plates converge. their comment in the ring of fire that rims the pacific around one and 10 people live in danger zone surrounding active volcanoes. a risk that's greater than many think an asteroid impact is far less likely. but is the kind of danger that gets a lot more media coverage. after immediate exploded over the russian city of tell

you, i've been in 2013 nasa and other space agencies pumped a further wave of money into planetary defense systems. the dark mission alone costs around $320000000.00 us dollars. um yeah. okay. now is this not the same pin to the right estimate? so if i think the label monitoring kind of system would cost around $370000000.00. and if you think we, for the sum of money, the very small sum of money, we could have the global monitoring system. ok. nice it kind of back to the question why has not already happened in 2010, the russian of iceland, a, c, r u was relatively weak, but its reverberations were felt around the world. as ejected lava was chilled by the ice around the crater, it fragmented into tiny chart particles. the resulting cloud of ash posts such a danger that europe's air space was closed. in total,

over $100000.00 flights were cancelled almost half of global air traffic. this was really interesting, it was significant enough in its scale in size to cause real label destruction to everything you really want to do and not let's see a catastrophic impacts to just in time supply chains the, you know, a mechanical pieces and perishable goods. um, yeah, the global economic impacts. so with the largest type of record is that the time around the 5 billions of the global economy. so anything that stops global trade and vote kind of corruptions can do that. but could spell kind of wide capital street and lots of different sectors. the uninhabited island of hunger tonga, hung hoppey, was itself only a few years old formed in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption. the explosion in 2022, also shredded and undersea cable separate communications between tonka and the rest of the world for over a month. all that remains of the island now are too small. tom and

tories. we shouldn't be looking at total good like oh well thank god that wasn't was, it should be like actually told it was really bad and we shouldn't be seeing anything like that. i'm certain it shouldn't be saying the impacts on that scale again. and that's for the wider impact of that cloud of volcanic ash. there's plenty of work ahead for climate scientists to let us read right now to your questions. if you have something you want to know from the world of science, just send us a video text or voice mail. if we feature your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. this week's question, of course on volcanoes comes from new amy rosa. right, boy, you're franco in mexico. where does

carbon dioxide in volcanic eruptions come from port billions of years? volcanoes were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide the c o. 2 emissions from volcano, it probably prevented the earth from permanent the turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside the shell structure, rivers added center is a solid iron corner with a liquid outer layer. above. this is the, are expand, jolaine, which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the depths. volcanoes are found on the earth's outer shell, the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plates that float and move on the viscous mantle. where in oceanic place meets a continental one carbon which sediment, terry rock from the ocean floor, sinks into the crevices where it is heated. inside the earth,

the pressure and temperature are so high that volatile substances such as c o 2, dissolved into the liquid rock bound in hot magma. this dissolved c o 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the event, the pressure decreases. and the cast is bound and the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides water vapor and c o 2 volcanoes also with mit, other gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydro, clark, acid, and methane. the amount and mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the maxima. researchers have studied c o, 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them.

how much c o 2 of quino releases into the air depends not only on the volume of objected mac by there are layers of rock underground with a mental is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising back of my with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance, it blows 9000 tons of c o 2 into the air every day, about 10 percent of the emissions of all volcanoes worldwide. a much larger amount of c o 2 then can be dissolved and it's molten rock. how this happens exactly is still unclear the q way in hawaii on the other end, spews 4 times more magma to the surface. but it only releases a 3rd is much carbon dioxide, meaning it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir underground like mount edna and easily the, the threat of,

of potentially huge or rupture. and then this luxury in fields is making headlines, bulk, and all logistics are alarmed by the changes in the areas, emissions, chemistry, and temperature. this is the reason for which most scientists talking about the diesel. ok? no, because it is not like the indices induce volcano because it is this policy is a lot jennifer fraser, so the country has a very high one challenge for researchers is recognizing dangerous volcanic activity. at an early stage. we looked at a project in germany to see what they watch out for the, the greatest risk of a whole kind of corruption in germany slumbers. here, things have been explosive a lot like before. in some ways, like the hung a tongue eruption. about 13000 years ago, the art spewed forth, it was

a 6 and the volcanic explosive of the index. that sounds like it hadn't stopped. it was a really powerful interruption, uncomfortable to the hung a tongue rupture. and in january of 2022 finds one's craters filled with boiling lava. there are no active volcanoes like this in germany. but there are volcanic fields, large areas prone to seismic activity. the east eiffel region sits on one with loc leggett center. the iphone is why didn't the apple region is still not really monitored, or although there is the possibility that a russians will occur here again, when of course, it would make sense to do more with the techniques we have to day to better monitor volcanoes globally. and also in specific regions sets of insights in the past, the russians can be gained by looking at the chemical composition of volcanic rocks . loc lake is surrounded by a ring wall of rock debris earlier researchers proof of what's called

a marvel aquino, where explosions form a kind of funnel shaped indentation that then fills with water. but because loc lake is very large for this type of formation, recent research tends to classify it is a called darrell. for a long time, the volcano was considered extinct with future eruptions deemed unlikely or impossible to, but it is its peaceful face no more than a mask. scientists are now taking a closer look at the eiffel region. let's hear from and it's on those computers since this is a special area here, it shows what's called distributed volcanism for the country. that means the volcanic hazard should be assessed quite differently. thorsten dogs team wants to uncover volcanic activity by examining this cave. the eruption 13000 years ago, left behind but solved lava. volcanic rock proved to be a desirable building material and was mind here for centuries. what remains as a human out seller like space. ok. so mine is

also a great place for research for a different reason. the classical mind smaller, it's very quiet. there's no disturbing ambient noise, such a street noise or rain that makes it ideal for eaves dropping. and what's going on below the surface people incline stay. we want to measure my nude earthquake signals and that's best done when you're on bed rock, such as here on the old, the salt flow, that's how the plus another possible sign it will. canada activity comes from vents called more offense. does the carbon dioxide in them come from new rising magma? in addition to volcanic quakes, to the current great depths, most thoughts are also indicators of molten rock deep beneath the surface

as the leaves. and so this is an indication that we really do have molten rock here in the i full in the upper mantle. the exciting question is, of course, whether this molten rock will escape this kind of penetrate the crust. maybe even reach the surface because the for like 12 percent to find out a network of 350 measuring stations has been set up in the region. the directions like that of hunger tongue, a r, a reminder that volcanoes are still not well understood. data from the measurement campaign of the eiffel region can lead us to per found new insights. today, for instance, we know that there isn't just one single magnet chamber. it's spread over many levels. size has done gone. this man's life is no longer easy to say whether it's active or not, the included so that the area's greater depth may be multiple while the upper areas may have hardened but could be reactivated. we assume that we may have

a good example of such a system here. and then it could provide an example for how to study one that advice these of us obviously, and kind of remind us how does open con 1st. however, the measurement data from the campaign and the eiffel region have to be evaluated, disagree and sealed sits on top of and especially large magnet chambers that also feeds nearby mount vesuvius. the chambers around 10 kilometers beneath the surface, magnet is largely made up of silicates gases and suspended crystals, depending on its makeup and surrounding pressure gradient, the molten rock and heat up to between 71250 degrees celsius. one lab is studying magma dynamics using an unconventional model. lorenzo ment alone, he is cooking something up at the sermon, research center for geosciences and post them. it's a volcano made of gelatin and closed oil. it'd be the cook is also part of

the research here. i never mind that being both fully enjoyed cooking and these notes will satisfy actually gelatine like it's things to beats is quite speaking. lorenzo direct liquid gelatin into a transparent container in the fridge. where will firm up into a model for volcanic activity? lorenzo will then use the gelatin volcano to study pads that magna can take beneath the earth. when i try to think of rest in the fridge for 20 hours. and is this enough for a 2? so if i add this up alone, these black paper dots help visualize how the gelatin substrate rises as mag not pushes through it. i am missourians a quantity for ometer that gives the idea of how much pressure you have to ex, search on the grid. i think to obtain a certain deformation,

pulled the genetic brands or mental moni has added clove oil to the gelatin that leads to the formation of a lens shaped magna chamber in the model. magma can't be observed to attract in real time, and little is known about as movement center ground. but this transparent model, at least provides a glimpse of how molten rock can make its way to the surface. what is going to happen now is that i am going to inject some, here. we with this new deal with air bubbles, imitate new mag my rising from the depths. what you see up there is a mega machine per. so there was already some maxima down there, or maybe it's cooling down, and it's been there for a long time. but somehow, for some reason, a new batch of mamma is rising up from the dental a penny. it's feeding the chamber. at 1st, the magnet chamber just swells,

causing the gelatin, which represents the earth around it to be formed until the pressure rises high enough. it has to be released to something that is happening on one side the eruption just. of course, the rocks tremulous, what you see on the surface, the dividends taking those are analogs for quakes by measuring how the surface deforms before interruption. the research team hopes to deduce where underground magnet chambers are located in the real world. after the model interruption, lorenzo pumps in water containing red died. its distribution reveals the whole system of tunnels and magnet chambers. the gelatin volcanoes, architecture,

so distress field, and within the gelatine he is going to dictate the pathway of incoming met magma. dikes we call them dikes, these are these things that but, but through the spray dollars, correct. and so these is quite important because we, if we have a model that can, in a way, predicts the trajectory that my phone will take for the crust. then we do have a way to forecast where future reactions for the core and we are striving to find a or if you will, pills that will allow us to predict where the spot wasteful and off the surface in the real world maximum would have to push through different layers of rock, but the gelatin model helps researchers better understand its movements in the ground beneath our feet. except for green fields do erupt in a big way. there are evacuation scenarios for the population,

but they are largely based on, on, tried plans for me. oh, what these like, what can we can improve? so to present back to people because people as to as to know what to do in case on that option. another active volcano is the very kind shooting it's erupt at around 50 times in the last 500 years. because the volcano erupt, the animals in nature always noticed 1st. they start to roar. i'm is, yeah, my father taught me that it's a warning video. thank god, 1971, a powerful erupt, sion that they had or long co of the indigenous not put j people can still remember in his village vegas, scorched the earth and left its mark. nevertheless, manuel segundo chink, or live pion remains here at the foot of the volcano. so that was the most at then,

you know, during the 1971, a russian, the volcano exploded at midnight. it melted a lot of snow and a lot of water came pouring down in our direction. we got to the next day in the early morning hours. rocks also started coming down. so you know a 100 that'd be a violent much blow as cold lars set in motion by the volcano, one of the greatest hazards they can trigger the horse for him when hot lava and gas as milk. the snow with the crater sparking an avalanche of mud and debris, with temperatures of up to $100.00 grease celsius and speeds of up to 180 kilometers per hour, a horse thunder down into lower elevations and can cover great distances. they can destroy the villages in a matter of minutes. jose luis pint once to detect the law hers earlier to warn people who live at the foot of the creek more quickly. he does this by recording the sounds the volcano makes to do so. he's installed a station, measuring in for

a sound at an altitude of around 1400 meters. well, you've got a se, so we'll look at it. this is a good place to install the sensors, because we are in a forest. and it helps us to filter out ambient noise and boom, boom stuff. but thinking that it was especially the wind office, local local to minimize the wind and noise, replaced the sensors above the ground if it was normally, but not too high end of that. so the forest here is an additional natural filter. they'll say something to the, to the sounds. jose records are low frequency, about one her this if they are detectable to the human ear, but jose's microphones can detect them. so what are your thoughts with a network of 3 microphones so far the researcher has listened to how the mag, my inside the volcano behaves and can tell when it's on the bubbling in the lake of lava inside the cold era. but he's also recorded the

sounds of lars. when the recording is sped up, the volcanoes sound also grows audible. the, as i say, for most of the big battle, we go this way and we can detect the heart as close to their source as they emerge when i sold it. and we can also estimate their speed, but i know that's not it allows us to give an earlier warning. you don't think we are able to send an alarm signal and plenty of time, i think one and potentially before the heart reaches a populated area, i don't wanna sign up on that. however, no one can predict exactly how much longer do you agree go will spew, or whether mudslides or hot gas clouds will come racing down. it's slopes. ok now is don't seem to follow any rules on the so and also travel because historically russian severe rico always occurred in different ways or so. and then

the last one back in 2015 was different than the ones that happened and 84 or, and 85. and they were different from the one in 1971 who caught the on. that's what the indigenous, my put a call, the viet eco volcano. house of the spirit their own traditional houses are called root. you'll see the level i get up at night with them, but midnight or one to look at that. okay, now i can see it. well, from one of our windows, when this guy is clear in some nights, i see it spitting fire. oh yes. the, the, the, you know is a really great thing because it's the rest of the earth. a hot brass and no one can predict via it goes next. great acceleration the

time to wrap up this week, special episode of tamora today on volcanic research. but if you still have a question about the field or the science involved, make sure to drop us a line. thanks for watching. and don't forget to stay curious, bye for now. the

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