just one week how much was going to really get we still have time to work on doing flux, this subscriber for moving. it was like the disagree in fields and southern italy could have super volcano sooner. rob tier, the ground is rising alarmingly. now the ground is increased all one number, the 10 centimeters in the center because this book, an ancient roman plaza in the city of pot, slowly traces of marine. how'd you show that the earth here has risen and fallen over the centuries. sun shifts have been such as in front of my store one

morning opening everything up when suddenly the earth dropped by 10 or 15 centimeters. this advice, it was a pretty dizzy experience. kind of like someone pulled the ground from beneath my feet tall. okay. no, that's the focus this week on tomorrow. today dw science program. welcome to the ship. 2 thirds of this'll agree and fields are underwater around a 3rd remain above the waves. parts of all the is at the center of the account era . the area covers around 150 square kilometers and all the region is viewed as what's called a super volcano. that's not a scientific term, but is accepted by the research community interruption known as the company and ignoring probably just behind the designation to think of going to the regional d. a. d is great. that's cool. the not ill says in the housing rules plus you don't

need this. so i think i own the company or not. yes. was destroyed, but these by just that option. so it was a very easy for us to hit option in the label for, for us to classify volcanoes, researchers look at factors like how much material they jacked and how high, what's known as the volcanic exclusivity index rates, than between 0 and paid on that scale. the company and ignoring pride is thought to have been a 7, a massive volcanic eruption and the pacific helps illustrate just what that means. it was only rated a 5 or 6 in january of 2020 to an island in the south pacific came close to being wiped off the map. when a volcano exploded right underneath that. disruption is the highest intensity of option we've ever recorded them of instruments. it's one of the highest themes. we've got a recorded night, 55 kilometers punching right through our structure itself. and so the last of the

honest mechanisms by which we've never seen, it's the 1st time we've ever had a country get absolutely done in the altima russian. this is where and how can the archipelago of islands that make up the kingdom of tongue for the 1st time on record interruption unleashed. so nomics in 2 different oceans, 2 people died in the room. so as a result of that, you know me, it really showed that you can have interruption the other side of the well. and that shortwave was recorded in every single country. the accompanying sonic boon was heard over 9000 kilometers away in alaska. while the gigantic plume of ash was visible from outer space. when it descended, it devastated homes, roads, bridges, and fields and contaminated drinking water. satellite images show how neighboring islands were covered in a carpet of volcanic ash. and this really made us realize is that we well

propensities kind of the even larger boat kind of corruption. so which will contend, or even a 100 times, or even a 1000 times larger than hunger tongue. mike cast and he is a vocal knowledge just at the university of birmingham in britain. his specialty is the causes of a rupture for him and fellow research are law romani from cambridge university direction and from the was a wakeup call for the entire field of elk analogy. they wrote an article urging their peers not to underestimate the risks they, we believe the risk of knowledge might need to directions around one into 6 this century, which is the role of the di volcanoes. often former tectonic plates converge, their comment in the ring of fire that rims the pacific around one and 10 people live in danger zone surrounding active volcanoes. a risk that is greater than many think an asteroid impact is far less likely. but is the kind of danger that gets a lot more media coverage. after immediate exploded over the russian city of tell

you, i've been in 2013 nasa and other space agencies pumped a further wave of money into planetary defense systems. the dark mission alone costs around $320000000.00 us dollars. um yeah. okay. now is this not the same print to the right estimate? since i think the label monitoring um kind of system would cost around $370000000.00. and if you think we, for the sum of money, the very small sum of money, we could have the global monitoring system. ok. nice it kind of back to the question why has not already happened in 2010, the russian of iceland a us your was relatively weak, but its reverberations were felt around the world as ejected law, but was chilled by the ice around the crater. it fragmented and a tiny short particles. the resulting cloud of ash posts such a danger that europe's air space was closed. in total, over $100000.00 flights,

were cancelled almost half of global air traffic. this was really interesting. it was significant enough in its scale in size to cause real label destruction to everything you really want to do, and not let's see a catastrophic impacts to just in time supply chains the, you know, a mechanical pieces and perishable goods. and the global economic impacts. so we're the largest have record of the time around the 5 billions of the global economy. so anything that stops global trade and volcanic eruptions can do that. and buckets spell kind of wide capital street and lots of different sectors. the uninhabited island of hunger tonga, hung the hoppey, was itself only a few years old, formed in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption. the explosion in 2022 also shredded and under c. cable severing communications between tonga and the rest of the world for over a month. all that remains of the island now are too small. tom and

tories. we shouldn't be looking at total. glad, cool. well, thank god, that wasn't was, it should be like actually target was really bad and we shouldn't be seeing anything like that. i'm certain, it shouldn't be saying the impacts on that scale again. and that's for the wider impact of that cloud of volcanic ash. there's plenty of work ahead for climate scientists to read right now to your questions. if you have something you want to know from the world of science, just send us a video text or voice mail. if we feature your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as the thank you. this week's question, of course on volcanoes comes from new amy rosa, right, boy, your franco in mexico. where does

carbon dioxide in volcanic eruptions come from port billions of years fault aquinos were among the largest sources of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide the c o. 2 emissions from volcanoes probably we prevented the earth from permanent. the turning into an ice planet. the carbon dioxide comes from inside the shell structure, rivers added center is a solid iron corner with a liquid outer layer above. this is the span jolaine which hot rock rises, cools and sinks back into the depths. volcanoes are found on the herbs outer shell, the so called crust. it does not form a rigid surface. instead, the crust consists of plate that float and move on the viscous mantle. where in oceanic place meets a continental one carbon which settlement, terry rock from the ocean floor sinks into the crevices where it is heated. inside

the years, the pressure and temperature are so high that volatile substances such as c o 2, dissolved into the liquid, rock bound and hot magma. this dissolved c. o 2 reaches volcanoes. when it rises through the event, the pressure decreases. and the gas is bound and the molten rock are released into the atmosphere. besides, water vapor and c o 2 volcanoes also emit other gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydro, clark, acid, and methane via mountain mixture of gases depends on the chemical elements and minerals that make up the maxima. researchers have studied c o 2 emissions from volcanoes around the world, and found big differences between them. how

much c o 2 of quino releases into the air depends not only on the volume of objected back, but there are layers of rock underground with a mental is heavily enriched with carbon. these reservoirs can also enrich rising magma with carbon dioxide. this happens at mount etna in italy, for instance, it blows 9000 tons of c o 2 into the air every day, about 10 percent of the emissions of old volcanoes worldwide. a much larger amount of c o 2 then can be dissolved and it's molten rock. how this happens exactly is still unclear. the key the way in hawaii on the other end, spews 4 times more, mag, much of the surface. but it only releases a 3rd is much carbon dioxide, meaning it probably does not have a carbon rich reservoir underground like mount edna and easily the, the threat of,

of potentially huge or rupture. and in this luxury and field is making headlines, bulk and all logistics are alarmed by the changes in the areas, emissions, chemistry, and temperature. this is the reason for which most scientists talking about the diesel. ok? no. because if he's not list the indices, induce volcano, because it to disclose it is a lot jennifer fraser. so the credit is a very high one challenge for researchers is recognizing dangerous volcanic activity at an early stage. we looked at a project in germany to see what they watch out for the, the greatest risk of a whole cannick eruption in germany slumbers. here, things have been explosive a lot like before. in some ways, like the hung a tongue eruption. about 13000 years ago, the art spewed forth, it was

a 6 and the volcanic explosive, the index. that sounds like it hadn't stopped. it was a really powerful interruption, uncomfortable to the hung a tongue rupture. and in january of 2022 finds one craters filled with boiling lava . there are no active volcanoes like this in germany. but there are volcanic fields, large areas prone to seismic activity. the east eiffel region sits on one with loc leggett center. the iphone is why didn't the apple region is still not really monitored, although there is the possibility that a russians will occur here again called of course, it would make sense to do more with the techniques we have today. i may have to better monitor volcanoes globally, and also in specific regions such insights in the past. eruptions can be gained by looking at the chemical composition of volcanic rocks. loc lake is surrounded by a ring wall of rock debris earlier researchers proof of what's called

a marvel aquino, where explosions form a kind of funnel shaped indentation that then fills with water. but because lock lake is very large for this type of formation, recent research tends to classify it is a called darrell. for a long time, the volcano is considered extinct with future eruptions deemed unlikely or impossible. but is its peaceful face no more than a mask. scientists are now taking a closer look at the eiffel region. let's hear from another good beetle since this is a special area here, it shows what's called distributed volcanism with country. that means the volcanic hazard should be assessed quite differently. thorsten dogs team wants to uncover volcanic activity by examining this cave. the eruption 13000 years ago, left behind but solved lava. the volcanic rock proved to be a desirable building material and was mind here for centuries. what remains as a human out seller like space is concerning. the mine is

also a great place for research for a different reason. the combined smaller, it's very quiet. there's no disturbing ambient noise, such a street noise or rain that makes it ideal for eaves dropping. and what's going on below the surface, yvonne clients that we want to measure minute earthquake signals and that's best done when you're on bed rock such as here on the old, the salt flow aside, plus another possible sign it will canada activity comes from vents called more offense does the carbon dioxide and then come from new rising magma. in addition to volcanic quakes that occur in great depths, most debts are also indicators of molten rock deep beneath the surface.

as this is an indication that we really do have molten rock here in the iphone in the upper mantle. the exciting question is, of course, whether this molten rock will escape, can't penetrate the crust. maybe even reach the surface because the, like the website to find out a network of 350 measuring stations has been set up in the region. eruptions like that of hunger tongue are a reminder that volcanoes are still not well understood. data from the measurement campaign and the eiffel region can lead us to per found new insights. today, for instance, we know that there isn't just one single magma chamber. it's spread over many levels. dice has gotten, gotten smells like there's no longer easy to say whether it's active or not to be included so that the areas a greater depth may be multiple things. while the upper areas may have hardened but could be reactivated. we assume that we may have a good example of such

a system here to see men. it could provide an example for how to study one that advice these of us allison kind of remind us how does open con 1st. however, measurement data from the campaign and the eiffel region have to be evaluated. for greenfield sits on top of and especially large magnet chambers that also feeds nearby mount vesuvius. the chamber is around 10 kilometers. beneath the surface, magnet is largely made up of silicates gases and suspended crystals, depending on its makeup and surrounding pressure gradient, the molten rock and heat up to between $71250.00 degrees celsius. one lab is studying magma dynamics using an unconventional model. lorenzo meant alone, he is cooking something up at the german research center for geosciences and post them. it's a volcano made of gelatin and closed oil. it'd be the cook is also part of the

research here. i never mind that being both full enjoy cooking and there's not so satisfying actually gelatine like it's things to beats. it's quite sticky. lorenzo direct liquid gelatin into a transparent container in the fridge. wearable firm up into a model for volcanic activity. lorenzo will then use the gelatin volcano to study pads that magna can take beneath the earth when that's when should i think the rest in the fridge for 20 hours and is this enough for a to so if i add a single bond, these block paper dots help visualize how the gelatin substrate rises as mag not pushes through it. i am measuring a quantity for ometer. that gives the idea of how much pressure you have to ex, search on the july thing to obtain a certain deformation,

voltage. the rental mental moni has added clove oil to the gelatin that leads to the formation of a lens shaped magna chamber. in the model magnet can't be observed or tracked in real time and little is known about as movement center ground. but this transparent model, at least provides a glimpse of how molten rock can make its way to the surface. what is going to happen now is that i am going to inject some air. as we do with this needle, we air bubbles imitate new magma rising from the depths. what you see up there is a mega machine per. so there was already some maxima down there, or maybe it's cooling down, and it's been there for a long time. but somehow, for some reason, a new batch of mamma is rising up from the dental. and it's feeding that my chamber . at 1st, the magnet chamber just swells, causing the gelatin,

which represents the earth around it to be formed until the pressure rises high enough. it has to be released to something that gets happening on one side, the your options as of course, the rocks tremors, hold what you see on the surface. the shaking as those are adults for quakes by measuring how the surface deforms before interruption. the research team hopes to reduce where underground magnet chambers are located in the real world. after the model interruption, lorenzo punched in water containing red died. its distribution reveals the whole system of tunnels and magnet chambers. the gelatin volcanoes architecture. so the

stress field within the kidney is going to dictates the pathway of incoming my mac, my dikes, we call them dikes. these are these things that but, but through spray dollars, correct. and so these is quite important because we, if we have a model that can, you know, we predict the trajectory that my phone will take for the crossed. then we do have a way to forecast where future options for the core. and we are striving to find a or if you will, pills that will allow us to predict where the spot wasteful and off the surface in the real world maximum would have to push through different layers of rock. but the gelatin model helps researchers better understand its movements in the ground beneath our feet. except for green fields do erupt in a big way. there are evacuation scenarios for the population,

but they're largely based on, on, tried plans for me. oh, what is like, what can we can improve? so to present back to people because people as to know what to do in case on that option. another active volcano is the very kind shooting. it's erupt at around 50 times in the last 500 years because the volcano erupt, the animals in nature always noticed 1st. they start to roar, i most. yeah. my father taught me that it's a warning. usually god, 1971, a powerful erupt, sion that they had or long co of the indigenous not put j people can still remember in his village vegas, scorched the earth and left its mark. nevertheless, manuel as a condo chink or live pion remains here at the foot of the volcano. so that was

the most at then, you know, during the 1971, a russian, the volcano exploded at midnight. it melted a lot of snow and a lot of water came pouring down in our direction. we got to the next day in the early morning hours. rocks also started coming down. so you know a 100 that'd be a violent much as low as cold lars set in motion by the volcano. one of the greatest hazards they can trigger the horse for him when hunt love and gas as milk . the snow with the crater sparking an avalanche of mud and debris, with temperatures of up to $100.00 grease celsius and speeds of up to 180 kilometers per hour, a horse thunder down into lower elevations and can cover great distances. they can destroy the villages in a matter of minutes. jose luis pint once to detect the law hers earlier to warn people who live at the foot of the street more quickly. he does this by recording the sounds the volcano makes to do so. he's installed a station, measuring in for

a sound at an altitude of around 1400 meters. well, it's an event, a se, so we'll look at it. this is a good place to install the sensors, because we are in a forest. and it helps us to filter out ambient noise and boom, boom stuff. but thinking that it was especially the wind office local to minimize the wind and noise, replaced the sensors above the ground if it was normally not too high end of that. so the forest here is an additional natural filter. they'll say something to the, to the sounds. jose records are low frequency, about one her this if they are detectable to the human ear, but jose's microphones can detect them. so what does it cost me with a network of 3 microphones so far the researcher has listened to how the mag, my inside the volcano behaves and can tell when it's on the bubbling in the lake of lava inside the cold era. but he's also recorded the

sounds of lars. when the recording is sped up, the volcanoes sound also grows audible. the as i say, for most of the battle, we said this way and we can detect the hard as close to their source as they emerge . when i sold it and we can also estimate their speed, but i know it's not allows us to give an earlier warning. you don't think we are able to send an alarm signal and plenty of time, i think one and potentially before the heart reaches a populated area, i don't wanna sign up on that. however, no one can predict exactly how much love of video rico will spew or weather much slides or hot gas clouds will come racing down it slopes. ok now is don't seem to follow any rules on the so and also try more because historically russian

severe rico always occurred in different ways or so on the last one back in 2015. and that was different than the ones that happened and 84 or, and 85. and they were different from the one to 1971 went through caught the on. that's what the indigenous, my put a call, the viet eco volcano. house of the spirit their own traditional houses are called root. you'll see on the other level, i get up at night with them, but midnight or one to look at that. okay, now i can see it well from one of our windows when this guy is clear. in some nights i see it spitting fire. oh yes. the, the, the, you know is a really great thing because it's the rest of the earth. a hot breath and no one can predict v as he goes next. great acceleration. the

time to wrap up this week, special episode of tamora today on volcanic research. but if you still have a question about the field or the science involved, make sure to drop us a line. thanks for watching. and don't forget to stay curious. bye for now the

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