start we ask why? because education makes the world make up your own mind. made for mines the maybe you're familiar with the saying necessity is the mother of all invention around the world right now, but the subsidy is quite high as countries by climate change. and the inventions they're coming take for example, geothermal heat. iceland has been relying on it for years think so it's volcanic activity. but we're gonna look at how even germany is now trying to tap into

geothermal. but drilling deep into the earth surface. in fact, you could say the drilling deep is the focus of this week's made. it's a search for solutions. welcome to our show. here's what else is coming. we'll look at how the ocean could work as a giant sheet pump. in theory, at least, we'll hear from a chinese researcher about his experiences here in germany. and we'll look at a flexible solar film the could change the way that we think about solar panels. if you're like me, you've never visited the earth's core. but scientists tell us it's thousands of degrees. what if we could take just a little bit of that one for our needs here on the surface? that's the idea, at least behind deep geothermal energy, which drills far deeper than traditional projects. and like all forms of geothermal energy, it's almost emissions free. germany's 1st geothermal plant is now under construction . let's take a look of this thrill has reached a depth of 1800 meters. the drilling water gradually starts steaming. we want to go

where it's all at this drilling rig in southern germany. the crew are in sterling for oil. they're aiming to penetrate hot rock. it's to be one of the 1st power plants in the world to tap thermal energy from a depth of 4000 meters. hot water will supply electricity and districts heating so far. the most common types of renewable energy i've been solar power and wind power. deep thermal energy become the 3rd major renewable energy and the potential game changer. 50 kilometers south of munich. the crew may have reached the depth of 1800 meters, but they still need to go more than twice that the the team is international. most of them hail from the oil and shell gas sectors.

here in germany, there drilling for hot rock. we have a huge variation of wells between a 100 meters and 8000 meters. that yeah, we're, we're activities picking up. and a lot of the technology that we're using and geothermal is very similar to the technology we're using. and shell gas, the price is for shale gas drilling have dropped. that's why geothermal technology company ever can afford to drill wells for deep geothermal plans. the projects managing director, danielle meg, says it's the 1st plant of its kind in the world. right now we are on the journey to 4500 meters steps where we go so deep because this attempt to john the rocks, if we want to use. i wonder if reached our target steps information. then we start

splitting up the was andrew many, many different letters to get to a very large red da to and the sub surface. once they reach the target steps, they will start drilling a further 4000 meters at an angle with multiple laterals. here the rock is 160 degrees celsius. the girls are flexible and locate each other. if you have magnetic signals. the installation will essentially be a network of radiators filled with water. closed loop system for districts heating, practically 0 cost. they drill into the rock with a pressure of 10 to 20 tons. the diamond drill bits have water nozzles for flushing cuttings away from the bit. we want to drill $22.00, so 2 meters per hour. with this through a bit of clothes in between. we will take some time to clean the whole and to complete the whole. we plan to be a 2400 meters and about 4 days as they drove them deeper hot sandstone,

sorry, is out to once they reach the target that the water use theory will be boiling hot plate or the underground for holes will be inflated with pipes like these it will take 3 years in all to complete the underground heat exchangers. it's a huge operation with up to $200.00 workers on the site. there are 2 towers for the 2 bar holes. neighboring farm provides accommodation for the engineers. at the same time, they're planning the construction of a power plant, which is due to be ready. and just over a year's time we up to the us it. so would be a combined as your thermal reading process. we football plan. you're also going to provide the heat into the city. a power generator is to provide electricity or for $10000.00 households. the plant will then generate districts heating for up

to 80000 more household. deep geothermal energy is a stable source of continuous power. unlike solar and wind energy that depend on the weather, so couldn't replace them. we want to be part of that we can reduce your readings every so many days. so when the wind is blowing, an increase of production, when we have no windows available, it becomes highly complimentary. so what's the difference between deep geothermal energy and other kinds of geothermal? heat pumps only reach a depth of up to about 100 meters. hydrothermal energy draws on hot groundwater at depth of a 1000 meters and more deep geothermal energy use of hot rock layers. at

depths of over 4000 meters ever says it's already got most of the 202350 1000000 euro investment needed. germany is an important market because of the many districts heating networks. here we have 4 sol, strategic investors to see the potential for technology and for the future business or to support our growth, such as a, b, p, o, v, a or b, h, b being or large mining companies, gas district, eating from fossil fuel power plants is no longer in demand from 2026, the company will be providing green districts heating to munich. and in 2 years time, they're due to start a new bore hole in northern germany to provide geothermal energy to another major city. was not just deep in the earth where researchers are looking for new energy

solutions. also in the seas like the coast of scotland, where generators are using wave power to make electricity. here's another possibility. in theory, differences in water temperature mean that the world's oceans could actually work like a massive heat exchanger producing carbon free energy. but again, that's the theory, the reality. and especially the business case for such technology that's much trickier. there is a way to turn the ocean and then on limits. it pauses all, you need a something like this plus really warm and cold water. now you can produce renewable energy of round the clock. and the basic principle has been around for more than a 100 years. can this really satisfy off the us for more and oval energy? this seemingly miraculous technology is called oceans thermal energy conduction or oh, tech. and so i don't mean it takes advantage of the temperature difference between

gold and cold water. when you look at the surface of the ocean, the water can be wides won't because it's keeps it up by the sun in tropical water that can be around $26.00 degrees celsius. but the deeper you go and everyone who swims and a lake or dives and an ocean experience is that the kona, the water gets at 1000 meters deep. the temperature reaches roughly 4 degree celsius. and this difference in temperature is what ocean thermal energy conversion utilizes. so housing generate energy from that, it's quite simple. you need a heat exchange of the warm surface. what's the heat's of fluid that has a lot of boiling point? that fluid evaporates create a thing, is theme, and that steam runs a turbine generating electricity similar to a regular steam engine. then the steam gets cooled by the deep sea water back into it, liquids and the cycle repeat. well, see what i itself doesn't boy like here with this thing,

my hands on now basically the same one so which now heats up the fluids inside. and as it can see, it goes up a and that will say a tom on and that it was spent. this process can run 247. i'm like the renewable energy the ground work for this technology was late in 1881 by french because this is chuck. i've seen dice on his student george cloth and actually build the 1st book on successful tech plant in 1930 late the interest the no tech peak when oil prices exploded during the oil crisis. in 1980 us president jimmy carter assigned the law a to insure the production of 10000 megawatts of electricity from low tech and the next 2 decades. the problem is that you need to get that co deep sea water up to the surface on show where the heat exchanger has ever had the name of science. well we

have all of us last hold, hold, get thing to see what was that to the surface. it's done with pipes that i'm more than 2 kilometers long. well, and here's the best of luck to kind of thing a success. currently, the 2 on shall research plants, one on the island of coolant and japan, with a 100 kilowatts and the other one in hawaii with a 105 kilowatts french developers, was set to launch a 16 megawatt plans in mont scenic in 2020. but the project has reportedly been shelves due to technical difficulties. the other research projects as well, but non last very long. this also means that there is little to no continues energy production from tech until now. and just for comparison, the $100.00 kilowatt pilot plants that we talked about earlier,

one offshore wind turbine is a 100 times bigger when it comes to capacity. so even though it's not a new idea, this technology is still very much in its infancy. most of the pilot plans with sets up on shore to make a tech commercially viable. at that a large scale, you need to go off sharp. this is harm on coupla from a kite ocean engineering. the company has been developing opec pods in hawaii since 1979. you know, the size and amount of price that you need for your, your cold water and even for your return, your discharge pipeline as well. and the amount of trenching in shore line crossing for commercial scale plants would just be infeasible stemmed cost for him to as well going off shore makes it possible to install multiple opec palms next to each other. similar to offshore wind parks, but currently costs are still more than double the price of the renewables. the

tricky construction of the deep sea water pipes, our tunnel from major investors. but before we get into that, let's look at where this technology can be used. the major limits, in fact, is that we need a big temperature difference between the surface and the deep sea water. warm surface water is available all year round in the tropical equitorial zone. so o tech would will bring more renewable energy to tropical islands. many of them still rely on diesel generators. studies even suggest that if you disregard practical and financial pedals, oh, tech could power the in high. yeah, well hypothetically. but before i would say i can even produce a fraction of a tow. i need to overcome major huddled potentially shoes and how to calculate price pec being number one. today, estimates $400.00 megawatt tech plants can range from $718000000.00 to

$1500000000.00 us dollars. and there is another big unknown called water fight and a bicycle slide. these days, hot plastic pipes up to 3 meters in diameter on no problem before a 100 megawatt plant unique pipes almost 4 times that size and pipes that big haven't been developed yet. it is complex because the pipe needs to be stable and flexible at the same time to not break apart when it gets hit by waves or current. it's proven to be so tricky that an indian opec plant never went online because the deep sea water pipe failed. and even if an old tech ponds, what's what it could be destroyed by a storm. that's what's happened to one of the 1st pilot plants in 1930. this on substance, he has driven away companies with more than $40000000000.00 us dollars in revenue. lockheed martin was set to build the biggest tech plant to date in china,

but dropped the project due to its costs. but it's possible that costs could be costs, for example, in the heat exchange it to give you a bit of perspective. the heat exchangers on a commercial scale of tech plants are about a 3rd of the entire project cost. so the, the reason that these are so expensive for commercial attack is the up to you. titanium deep seawater is very corrosive. we've developed what we call the pin foiled heat exchanger, and as the name implies, we're using bin foils. and the purpose of that is basically we're trying to reduce the amount of material and also the size. another big question mark is the actual effect on the environment because you're moving insane amounts of water. we're talking about 4300000000 liters of one more time and $2200000000.00 litters of cold water per day for small plots that are a lot of question marks about our tech, the economics, the environmental side effects, the cold water pipe,

and today's blogs i just way too tiny to figure anything of that out and in the last 10 years, not much. this happened. so without serious investment outtake won't be taking over any time soon. he's an intellectual star in china, here in germany where he lives. and researches is rather anonymous. shelby all is director of the max planck institute for us, the logical research. his work focuses on migration and its effect on the state society work, even population demographics. we asked him about his personal experiences with migration and his thoughts on a life and career split between cultures. my name is young jones. i was born in 1972 and when joe china for been trying, as accounting as color was almost inevitable for me given the cultural fever in 19 a much i know at that time a lot in the west in philosophies were introduced at the time as

a high school students, i was interested in these topics i was calling to check on that date to 70 to see what thing without show me. see if i can make sure i can chose to work in sociology and answer apology because they don't approach things from the viewpoint of big ideas. they focus on concrete behaviors. and i came to the max planck institute with a very important goal my most so it was, don't ask what we can do for anthropology. last quarter anthropology can do for us, for our wills today when nature and then go to a woman, will mention condition. so i will go shop with my impression of german society, comes mainly from my work go with what impresses me most is designed to innovate.

there's a trying to experiment, which even if we might file the tone for 4 or so and you've got ship, i've seen the sheet to bill for 2. she gemini, public interest in academic and social issues is greater than elsewhere. in other words, the german public likes to the bank to argue the answer to said to call can come in when i talk to. and i'd like to give it one to the shop with your shake line to more than me. and i'm a complete stranger here, but jim in society is still interested in what i have to say. hire somebody when i have a different opinion, they're interested in what i have to say to somebody who comes. i appreciate that's a lot to so and i'm grateful for that this jim and ask that you gives me the sense that our research has public value. attach it

for chair, the don't quote me anything. i think that when you compare young people in china to young people in other countries like germany, they have a loss in common sense. so you know, especially when it comes to how they perceive other people and what they perceive as stressful beef, i'm sure. uh yeah, i should say it was good to me for commission thing, but i do feel that china is not an easy place for them, especially for young people companies at the time and especially the new university graduates who are entering society at a time when the economy using decline. so when i sent a request for and when china is relationship with the world has become more complicated and send that to me, your find this out. so its hung up with the mission they to young people in china. so what they had relatively clearances and goals for football and they don't believe that anymore. through the june, they might not feeling secure as such. but they constantly in

a situation where they full hilton competes. how's it down? and they feel that they have to work hard for them and if they don't, they won't succeed. but even with hardwood success isn't always in reach. so they have to work even harder. and that's where the sense of precariousness comes in your life. so why one of the biggest problems facing china is the lack of social resilience in grand street society. typically, how can the basic ethics about daily life, a human thickness see to mutual castle one another, be protected and preserved with especially in the face of all the shocks and disruptions, china res, facing today by saying that there's an issue. i believe it's time to move the perspective of traditional anthropology is the discipline of questions they ask, are still good and useful, but we need to pay more attention to the situation of young people today that will

also help answer apology become more relevant off and to bring a fresh perspective into play in the long runs, the expand or i from a great minds of great potential solar energy will play a bigger role in the coming decades. but only if we could expand its coverage around the world. and that's not easy. traditional solar modules are quite heavy and rigid. they don't fit on unconventional roofs or on curve surfaces. but all that could be changing. the german firm has now developed a flexible solar panel, but if things go right, could actually drapes solar cells on all kinds of new surfaces. take a look of this film generates electricity. it's less than 2 millimeters, thick, flexible, and durable. it's also 10 times lighter than conventional solar panels that can be applied almost anywhere on the sides, proves silos. wind turbines,

even on glass panes, antenna physics professor carl lee. i was one of the leading researchers on our cannick solar cells. he co founded the company clearly of tech 2000000 square meters of solar film comes off its production line every year. the dressed in this company is a global market leader. its customers include, samsung, eon, logistics, and retail groups. the movers that we can install solar sales in places where they haven't seen any till now that everyone's talking about energy and self sufficient buildings long ago. but many results of windows and facade aren't being utilized right now. and on the suited to traditional solar cell. and when vince elk on this looks profit the solar film is made from hydrocarbons. the organic molecules are 1st synthesized and then applied to the carrier film using vapor

deposition. healey, a tech doesn't allow the process to be filmed in order to protect the patented technology. it's the reason why the company doesn't have to rely on suppliers from china or russia. yeah, but it was kind of, we don't use any gas ramp metals and we don't use any toxic materials. i had me in a lid by there's a virtually endless supply of the resources we employ, you know, technology by the altogether. bulio tech already has some $450.00 patents on its technology. currently its panels convert about 8 percent of the energy and sunlight into electricity. that's still quite a bit lower than conventional solar modules at about 20 percent efficiency. but healey, a tech is hoping to catch up within just a few years. efficiently spending funds that guy on we want to manage that seem to 2020 again, but by the 20 thirty's we definitely want to be competitive on efficiency and price . other than that, and given the advantages our product provides,

we expect that conventional solar cell technology will gradually be replaced by what we're doing here with arrow garrick photovoltaics. our analysts expect that the market for again x solar cells will continue to grow a 2020 of the global organic solar cells market was valued at some $97000000.00 by 2031. it's expected to be $807000000.00 in good part because the film is silver. so tile, it can be applied practically anywhere. like on this bicycle garage, which can charge for e bikes a day. the organs of what the panics, photo voltaic, can be, easily incorporated into roofing film. so in the future, we'll be able to cover roots with a film that comes ready made with integrated solar cells. and these are lots of the products intake of this for lighter and more flexible, and more sustainable that could help give the technology an edge over conventional silicon base solar modules. necessarily,

the can production isn't particularly eco friendly in several respects. how do i say you also get a photo of old tags? have some key advantages in that respect of on demand for julia tek solar film is high higher than the company can meet at the moment. they only supplies selected commercial customers. but celia tech is planning to build 10 new factories that private customers will also have access to the organic solar found the power from the sun from deep underneath the earth, even from the sea. clever ideas are everywhere, and reality matches promise. they could actually provide us with solutions for carbon free energy. so all are part of that greater effort finding a more sustainable way to live and making money in the process. and that's it for this episode of me will see against the

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this is the good news live from the, of a 5000 did in libya influx to dance the stuff, the torrential brains destroying much of the city of dana. thousands of people are still unaccounted for. the country split, the government is complicating relief efforts. also coming up can jump on, arrives in russia for talks with letting me put and saying that visit highlights. the strategic importance for license with most of us once came against striking and i'm still with the russian president of.