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my name is and i've been a senior and i'm a philosopher. you can feel it everywhere. the vacuum created by society's greatest unanswered questions. how do we stop global warming? how can the world's growing population live together in peace? how do we behave responsibly in the digital age and control technologies that give us god like abilities? i ask myself, who bears the responsibility for our future? is it states big corporations? are we individually responsible to find answers? i'm going on a voyage of discovery along for the ride, monterey conte great thinker on the subject of responsibility. certainly ahead of his time. what is conte? have to tell us in the 21st century the

over 3 centuries ago, the age of enlightenment began, bringing with progress, reason and human rights. today, these achievements are at risk. do we need a new enlightenment? the 21st century? the for me, home is more than just a place. it's about shared values to i left the city of my birth, vienna edit, early age. as a university student, i went to paris and to london, new york and l. a. for work. today i live in zurich with my family. that's partly why i became a philosopher to question these values. and as a father, now more than ever. what i do now also affects a world far away from my own. the world of mice on that is future. considering all

this, how can i take responsibility and to act morally, but by the, by the most the public almost 250 years ago. a philosopher asked the same question. tunics book, 1794. for 45 am. it is time 70. i assessed to his mazda, always at the same time each day, using the same work. then at 5 o'clock shop, 2 cups of tea in his daily routine, a creature of habit in spirit, a revolutionary and enlightenment sink upon him on will accounts with the inspiration behind the un charger, the gentleman constitution and b u, the son of a honda snake, a count was born in 1724 is this,

i was as enlightenment shows as the way out about self include in maturity, we can think for ourselves, follow reason and act wisely. the what conte enlightenment, thinkers of the 18th century didn't foresee. this exit from a maturity, had unexpected consequences. it made humans the congress of nature, the climate change can be viewed as the natural conclusion of the intense fixing a logical and scientific exploitation of the will. which itself was a part of the vision that in life had for humanity. the expectation of the natural world making nature into something to be known and exploited. for the sake of human means comfort and well

the still, the question is not just about who bears responsibility for that, which we've already done, but also for our future, the, for the window stuff possible. so the stone position is the same also because it's ty, advisor, capacitance, people believe now we live in a trap of the present day. everything that will happen in the short term seems to be much more important than the long term. so the constitutional court ruling said, it's nice to set long term goals, but if you don't at now, it will be disproportionately difficult for further generations on to achieve those goals. i, it needs to be clear of who the responsible ones all over a long time period. our world today seems to need institutions to wrap our knuckles and make it clear. you can't simply pass the

responsibility on to future generations. according to con, it didn't have to come to this in the 18th century, much of the world was ruled by kings and improves the derived the power until 30 from god. those who were built against the faith had to contain the design, then come to destroy soul with a single revolutionary idea. it is not going to deliver his judgment for greece, and that is the ability to recognize universally valid principles and an act in accordance with the monsters of reason, make their own laws to live by humans. a creation by nature to be mature, to reason with free, yet responsible for all actions. the human zurich, the company that may is its money by assuming responsibility for others is with re

one of the world largest re insurers. they insure the insurance companies for things that are too risky. like damage caused by terrorist attacks or natural disasters. it's a business that rarely makes headlights get wheels great power. all sectors of the economy depend on it. what i find fascinating is that re ensures act like a barometer for the planets future. the world is changing. and when i think sustainability, climate change, as i know be as example um. we need to understand how or trying to understand how the world is changing. what that means for risk and the connection was re, insurance, is that we must fulfill that role of, of taking people's risk and covering them in case of extreme events. one of the main risk is going to be for people and companies in 10203050100 years. is it

tomorrow? uh, incentive to or an ethical incentive to say like, uh, we work with certain companies and we don't work with other companies. or is it a strictly economic one? it's price. we fundamentally believe that if we don't apply sustainability principles develop business that we will not be financially viable. the model of your is, um, i'll give you an example. we'll take a topic like so we'll call waste and speaking about climate change and, and exclude certain things from a business. and we, we do that with the full knowledge that, uh, we sacrifice probably some, some premium, some money when russia, would you say that this, this shift start is a critical trigger. moment in time was 2015 with the paras agreement. and that's when most countries signed up to, to commit to i buy 2050. this is low calvin world. and

we committed at the same time to do this. and there's really a wave of more or more insurers and rancher so to sticking away from covering several coal for example. one of the things that um, very much discussed in model through lots of fee, but also in political theories with a way of this change that is necessary that needs needs to occur in terms of uh, with regards to climate change, but also at the topics whether it's even doable within this economic system that is so much like focused on growth. what are the chances and what are the reasons to believe that this, this well will still be in trouble in the future and, and if it's doable within this economy system, i agree in this current system, the world is not behaving or acting sustainably with the future in mind, lee, i would say we need to uh, we need to revisit how we, how we measure success. this is my personal opinion and, and is gd,

pays this one measure of success appropriate is gross without limits. realistic as a biologist, i would say it isn't the so it's no longer just a question of whether it's morally right to do something about climate change. it's also a purely rational economic issue. then why do we find it so difficult to change our behavior? we don't want to change our lives step. i think the most important issue is we're still trying to seek solutions from a place of convenience. instead of conviction. the professor con, wouldn't let us get away with that. he'd give us

a stern look and quiz us about the categorical imperative. guidelines for proper conduct acts only according to that maximum by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. a complicated sentence, with an incredible reasoning behind it. people have very preferences and interests . so can they be judged using a uniform model, stand it comp, since they can, it looks like this. before you actually consider the 1st, would you go through the water required every one to behave this way? take climate change, for example, flying on holidays 3 times a year. sounds nice. but what i also wanted to become load that everyone must admit this much c o 2. that makes sense, which is why the categorical imperative clearly states. it would be a model for us to act this way. is

the for conte, the matter was clear, but the world of the 18th century was also a much more static dynamic process as like climate change, which in a matter of years can make places unlivable for centuries, were unknown back then. so what would constitute today? protest with grid of $200.00 right petitions to the un or found a tech started. well, i'm not against technology. what i'm against is believing technology is the silver bullet solution. you have to look at the philosophy of science. we have to question who owns technology, who controls it and to what use it is. the here in the unassuming foothills of the outs suisse,

inventors have built the equivalent of a huge vacuum cleaner to capture c o. 2 energy generated at a waste incineration plant drives the fans which help filter carbon dioxide out of the air. the c o 2 and then be stored under ground among the celtic rocks, where it turns to stone. or use in a greenhouse to make plants grow faster? sounds almost too good to be true. that's why how big it to you as well. there are 2 main ways to filter c o 2 from yeah. in by planting trees and direct the capture by comparing them now with the land area currently available to forest. we'd need 3 planets. we're to make time at target. we just on half that with this, we're about $400.00 times more efficient. that's why we voted for the solution and resisting, gave how many of these would we really need to make an impact on our climate problem? no problem this. yeah, that's what happened as or on, on, on the activities in current technology, or he'd probably need about

a 1000000 units of this size unless that's roughly the number of containers, the cost through shanghai, hot button 2 and a half weeks of pain on the inside. i bought some so technically an infrastructure wise is what gets doable in for support. says, must box, you're giving me the good file on the says, how do you deal with the risk that what you're doing could give some industries carte blanche to keep producing c o 2. and you don't find me knowing that they can just remove it later, pulled. it's in offer me the offer that able to see. and i have 2 answers for that . one is that it is gonna probably be always be more costly to get c o 2 houses. yeah. but not to admit it in the 1st place in some sectors such as ada shouldn't simply not possible to for any movie. so we absolutely need something like this album came up to, to meet the climate target. we know both by you this and if i get the one question keeps cropping up and worrying me is back conscious discipline. who can afford this . me see this awesome. what about the non industrialized countries seen in the northwest? so the, those were the victims of this climate change caused by industrialized nation. so

it was, i think we move on this some i'm so the power as agreement specifically mandates of the industrialized nations should lead to why? because they have the highest level of emissions per capita and historically, to store. so we must be the one that to pay the price the time me, i'm on my way to the us, the heartland of modern capitalism, and perhaps the country with the greatest faith in technology and progress. my 1st stop, new york city, the, the headquarters of the united nations can be found here. the organization of international cooperation. their problem, it can be seen in the paras agreement itself. ready the organization can't get the

ball rolling and force the issue. according to con, international cooperation only works it all parties are equal and already act morally on their own accord. exactly a 150 years before the founding is the u. n. cons published his philosophical sketch, perpetual peace. in 1795 in europe. how old was raging every way. at the end of the 18th century, french revolutionaries forth against the allied mona seas, austria, prussia, bruce and spain and the netherlands. in this grim setting, comp sketches, institution for world peace on board for a populace that incorporates all people into the costs of the product and the legal order. then as it would be today, utopia which laid the foundation for martin international and the un chelsor,

the iowa, iowa. molly is an ide, jerry and lawyer, poet and recipient of the u. s. peace messenger award. she follows an african philosophy of how we humans can live together in harmony. something that has quite a bit in common with con wow. the, i want to learn more. so i have arranged a video call with her from new york. hi, how are you? good to good to see you. can you hear me? hi, i'm a wonderful, you know i, i just checked because it's one of my favorite quotes cancel out of the crooked timber of humanity. no straight thing was ever made. you know, because he was,

he wasn't the way um, very optimistic about reason, but very pessimistic with regards to how he felt about humanity. you think it's just that we are simply not capable of acting responsible towards us. yeah, so it comes with this issue of 2 reasons because that's, that's what makes us very unique. yeah, well, we have too much property in the back. all right, and i do just want to know that she will she be responsible to one another? i respect you might need to because we don't understand that, but oh, i forgot if i wasn't get find them in, in south africa last year when i was talking and i told them that way you're able to wayne, we'll talk about what it means that you are as important as i am, so i'm not thinking of myself alone. i covey alone collaborates because we know we have connected is that into clinic, to meet that support, the who does what,

what do you mean the, the good. yes you talk of in like means technologies, science,

age of reasoning, mental pre dom and all that. good side of and 19 minutes. what about the downside? the alignment of to be should be in to it should be brother who should been know. it should be concerned non violence. that's why i said, i pointed out myself. and lets me see because we're fixing on violence because what's the aisle now? you're not a molly emphasizes an aspect underestimated by those of the enlightenment. the role of emotions, empathy, and equality. we know today is that people without emotions, for example, people who is venturing medial cortex has been injured by an accident and therefore, who is emotional brain, so to speak,

has been injured. we know that these people cannot really make rational decisions, showing that infective motion and reason need to be really closely integrated for us to make a rational decision. the emotions have also played a major role in my life decisions. they drove me to leave my birth place to be in a to set off in search of new experiences time. and again, this time they're taking me to l. a. the american dream for told in the us as the declaration of independence, as the unalienable right to the pursuit of happiness, sounds innocent enough, but it was something of a blueprint for modern us capitalism. because the pursuit of happiness is 1st and

foremost about the individual. not the common good some succeed while others fall by the wayside is not just the price of innovation and progress. con wouldn't have like that at all. all the bay area home to silicon valley, cradle of the digital revolution. unfortunately, big tech companies here aren't so interested in conte, in regards to their practices and the common good. it's all about growth, profit, and power. without regards to others, that's a feeling how it can lead to people limiting the possibilities of others to deliberately

keep those small. i'm done that you can also do that to make them dependent to a certain degree things cut reader, rama swami. he came to the us from india to work as a computer programmer. here he made one of the world's most profitable big tech friends, even richer. he spent 15 years at google eventually becoming the senior vice president of advertising and commerce department, which today generates more than $200000000000.00 a year and revenue. and then he quit and founded me buy a new search engine. why? with this, you have a particular office. uh, i have a spot. so this is my, this is my desk. i of course have to take a picture of the books to read drive. i read a lot. i'm a fine of history. yeah, fine of, uh tim will is now part of the vitamin government and he was a part of the reason big changes to anti trust that the vitamin administration

announced is the columbia professor with definitely have some talk about it. how groups work together? how do you motivate people? that's also one of their huge topic. we're off to 3 darts, favorite valley, get away from doing some sight, seeing along the way, go to take the next takes it. this is google line by the way, um, pretty much all of these buildings out on here on uh uh, you know, on our least our real soon beyond our leased by google. so this is apple of parkway . it is a, it is a giant circle on facebook is in front of us. this has been facebook headquarters for the longest time. they used to be in paulo alto before they moved here. i think more than 10 years ago, which one is mark, so i can fax. com. i wish i knew. so i mean, working at google and building up the most profitable departments you,

i'm sure your end well, so how come said and one find you felt like a unsatisfied or critical deposit company for much of the time? certainly the 1st 10 years, i was as much hungry about cold for the company. for myself, let's face it as everybody else. once i started name up because i wanted there to be a direct association between you as a customer and what the product that we don't do as we don't do affiliated links. and we don't sell the data to move on to our customers to pay for our product. the more people realize that what is free is not really free. they are indeed the product. the more i think people will be ready to as a personal dimension. but there's also call it a political one, the silicon valley for the most part, does not give them the any, any history. you know, they didn't learn the lessons of oppression data and learned that there were actually people with bad intent. they didn't learn the lessons of germany about how

information can be used as a weapon. and so in combination with a world view that was like one's nice. but uh, you know, with also access to literally billions of people was really these kinds of issues that made me question sort of what i was a part of. but that i wanted to continue being and mostly i left google because i wanted to reset button. and i wanted to 3 think how products could be created, the capitalist, and you believe that building invent thing, creating a better product. it has the capacity of changing the market. in general, it is only if governments continue to do their job as the rest of the florida data, respective, 80, and expecting companies to be responsible even especially then the address

sponsibility needs to happen after they hit a certain sites. i just don't think companies are capable of doing this, a company's done, spotted shareholders and it's employees with a vanishingly small number of people. the job of government is to create a playing field in which competition can price, even if that means breaking these companies off because they got too big or either . so why don't care about people worry about things like banking companies on i honestly do not understand why it's such a big deal. in fact, you know, breaking up a d n t lead to the modern mobile uh, you know, an internet data. good things happen. i think we have created an environment, especially in the united states or the last 50 years that we have finished the believe that uncontrolled capitalism will solve problems. i think we have a more divided society, more wealth and equality than ever before. the

so in light into the 21st century has to take into account 2 things. one is the power of capitalism. it's sinister ability to turn even good things and turn us of course, into commodities, and secondly, unleashing of technological power that in various ways has the power to harm us and harm the earth. a lot of things concept was. ringback one of the models was that one should dance to think so for human life meant was not a certain period of time, but it wasn't, it wasn't obligation to once present. would you say that the, the things you're doing or you, you're creating within this traditional source environment also in the sense of the

optimism you have for the future is i actually think that the silicon valley because of its shark memory in many ways, exemplifies stuff as we think certainly i think the best is ahead of me that is the optimistic side of silicon valley that innovation can make a difference that people can make a difference. and so i think from that perspective, i can totally relate to what you're saying about. for example, you know, the, i really felt a sense of optimism, but ultimately pushed the reset button once again. after our interview, his company was swallowed up in the a,

i boom that followed. the reader sold his company neva to a $5000000000.00 conglomerate and wrote, there is no longer a path towards creating a sustainable business and consumer search. the i'm on my way to meet a journalist who has followed the emergence of tech giants from the start. in critical articles for the washington post wall street journal and new york times. back when the bosses of tesla, facebook and youtube were still college kids. this is carol swisher. there's a reason silicon valley's tech building there, as are all a bit scared of her. these days she has their own pod cast to hi everyone. this is pivot from new york magazine and the box media podcast network on care swisher. how do they know tara swisher believes in the positive potential of technological progress? this company, a lot of it does that mean she's carrying on the legacy of the enlightenment. ready

nice mentioning that's just drunk driving, so i guess one of the main topics or one of your main interests, namely accountability. why since such an urgent issue, copies now with uh, with regards to tank or tech companies. right now, the people who are running these technologies are largely private companies, some of the richest people on the planet, in the history of the planet. and there's almost no account ability. they can't be fired, they can't, they can make whatever decision they want. and they're, they're what they make effects every body. and so it's critically important that we begin to make the links between what they're doing, the damage and the cause and the accountability we need to demand from the some people say that the problem is that the social networks are polarizing us, the but that's not all clear from the evidence or

research polarization was rising in america long before social networks were even invented. the others claimed that algorithms, the content that makes assigned readings looks good for business, but that's not accurate. why do you think people what they're doing? and there's a very famous french philosopher, let me read you. it's kind of interesting. i just was french philosopher the yes, by that your area of and it's my area of it's paul of really when you invent the ship, you also invent the ship wreck when you invent the play. and you also invent the plane crash when you invent electricity invent electrocution every technology carries its own negativity, which is invented at the same time as tech, technical progress. well, they didn't forgot about the shipwrecked part. they need to understand the shipwrecked part. and unfortunately, the been a lot of shipwrecks, right? when you see tech companies developing from here, you're kind of figure out how to make this

a more equitable society or more people have access to good information. or you're going to have to armor plate your tests. and if you tell these kind of things to take seals and the people that actually shape our youth impression that they because some of to me, you know, since since the case. yeah. right. um, do you think uh, do you have the impression that they base stop listening on other things? one of the more interesting interviews i had with marker, we have this back and forth where and i said, um, what do you, what do you, how do you feel about what happened in my, in mar, with the people, because you had such a shoddy system. there, there was killings and he said, you know what? i think we've got to put up our sleeves and fix the problem. and i was like, yeah, but like, how do we get here? well yeah, but i say, i'm an engineer as i get in there as well. engineers do get in there and find out what they did wrong. he was like, well, you know, i just want to, you know, i just want to figure it out and move forward and we all need to work together. now go community when, when it's a problem and they're all for themselves when it's not so nice. so you know what, i don't mean to be rude. if you're the arsonist, i want to know how you burned down the building. just tell me and then we can move

on. and you mentioned several times that is speaking about, i'm an engineer, i'm looking for solutions. there's a time for this that's called solution is that the 9th believe that the technology itself will solve it, right? whereas responsible position, we would always remind us with the historical examples, it is always a cultural, political, and social, as i mentioned on the technology being concerned with the consequences. that's what adults do. i'm not going to drink this entire bottle and in because i might die and it could hurt my children driving. this is what these people are like. they should be able to have drinking. and if you want to be able to drive the thing is just like it doesn't make any sense if you put it into any other context. and that's my problem. the, it's all too easy for tech companies to shift responsibility onto their users. cara swisher acts like a moral guide,

who keeps reminding us that the powerful tech bosses must not be allowed to shirk the responsibilities. technological progress can be a good thing. it all depends on what we make of it. and it makes advice. because technologies can also cause crises and reinforce our most negative qualities. today, technological progress means the consequences of our actions can be even more far reaching the increasing our responsibility. with one click, a photo is uploaded to social media. it takes just a 2nd. and then just as fast, we've lost control of it forever or take science where christopher cast 9 is ushering in a gene editing revolution. it's inventors were awarded the nobel prize in 2020. these genetics users can alter dna to potentially cure cancer. more creat designer people. the 1st crisper babies were born at china in 2018

at columbia university in new york. detroit actually conduct basic research on chris protest. 9. awesome. so here it is, is in this tiny ball. so in flushing here, you can hold it to show me the name. that's it for this client is this basic line is this, the liquid at the bottom is cast 9. that's 9 on this and it's made up of 2 times. i've done it. so this is the enzyme that cuts the dna on the top is the guide r n a. the guy down in this other part is the guy u r. n s 9 in the guide or any leads to the cast night enzyme to a very specific location in the t from these and spy. and then you take a little bit of each and mix them together. and then you've also summon here 5 minutes later. and just ready for injunctions i need that i to the nic and see all of these. i don't want an injection, but i'd like to see why it's me again. i am okay, great. let's do that as though us to the mineral oil. and then under the microscope

goes across cool, the most of the phone doesn't need to explain this. to me. in my philosopher, i can only do code letter and then actually on, let's just say, let's do this. here is the x is the, i'd say this is a nucleus. this is where the d, n e is us. that's where we want to make our account. because if this is the injection of, it goes into the x. so here for the injection is made how much that is not so easy to say. it all happens pretty quickly. smith, this is an eye condition despite so comp. it's actually not such a complicated process. the extraction by 2 and a half 2nd procedure. and hype 6 and it's sort of finds its way done. so it goes to things and that has consequences for generations. us have consequences back in about 200. yeah. yes indeed, the, that time these are klein procedure can have consequences. the last generations with positive preventing diseases and in a negative, if something unintentional,

what happens when the bus will take the machine? the must be a while we're doing here is quite different and only done in a few places or not. we are modifying human embryos in mind. it's not really clear what the consequences will be. so guns, which of course means raises sewage question is, do you see it could also frog and now from this and you had said that this conform theaters were now confronted with a situation where it's used as galloping ahead. and basic research can keep up with me. the fact contradicts our traditional understanding of science on one of these and shop sites of everyone is out of their deputies closet. and it's not so clear who was responsible for what to find for them and on the supplies. even on looking for strong, it's showing basic research is coming just about to late for fresh beth. it's partly because in general, variable size search was being done on human embryos. i'm mentioned can embryo say

it manufacturing enough to understand ourselves better? we really need to do this kind of research vision, visa versa, one bidding, welcome this close importance. yeah, great potential. it's more of the danger depending on how you look added as this kind of research in yourself is that it's not about preventing diseases and so on. but simply optimizing individual embryos over others on the surface of time. so it's not a competition among scientists about how best to prevent diseases, but rather how we can produce more productive, healthy or stronger smarter children and adults in the 1st place that came down on the box. and they've put see of naturally this raises big questions that are ethically socially and politically explosive research. bank of guns clar is, is nice. of course, the input is not our goal to optimize and we're drawing denisa is, is the most important reason. ice sees that humanity strength lies and it's great diversity. oh, well, it does kind of course the genome police a very big role there with this highest, that means we could make it possible to improve human health without limiting human

diversity. using other means, who in that is where the danger lie effect the kind of the main type. i mean here i see a great opportunity to turn that in on vend only. but how can you tell that the trying to get hard? here's the kind of gross a discussion about where these boundaries are, hasn't really taken place. you own must be all the she the same hope makes sense. miss vickery stuck, the boss, or the risk of seeing fault to tune. and sometimes that can also mean understanding wanting to know how to do is ask for dogs and buses, making info to, to con was also concerned with clarifying the limits of reason. today, we can set things in motion, who's consequences. we can neither control nor reverse. everything from climate change to digitalization to genetic research. ready ready with repercussions for the whole world and future generations. today, acting responsibly must also mean acting cautiously. if we don't wish to endanger

our very future count wasn't afraid of the future. he also didn't see death. the future, he surmised, is not a question of knowledge to this action. we cannot predict it, but we can shape it from february 12th, 18 or 4. amman will con, died peacefully in his bed at home, into an expense where else counts last words was sent to be, it is good. that's facing optimism was to him a kind of mo, obligation. this is something i also take from conte. if you have a situation in which you have no idea how the future is going to go, it's really impossible to predict give a moral obligation to hold on to the view that allows you to further the better. of course,

the for conte enlightenment was not a historical era that would, as it was a mission, formulate at the categorical imperative as a guideline for our actions for me and enlightenment of the 21st century means weighing the consequences of our actions more than ever before and just thinking about the future, all of us, not only individuals, but also as a society, share the responsibility to always think connect with others in mind. the,

the, the me in here as a cliff, as a 9 year is on the, i think every cliff has some news. in some degree a few. your people is con, changed the degree. we'll see it, none the less, the shift of it in the interior we, i do it. the ed team is changing the l g b to q i plus narrative through not only would movies the feel like it is taking the stones, despite the risks involved. a free max in 30 minutes on the w,

the kid is changing. 6 years ago we said it con, continue was 2, but it does guardians of truth. this time excel gen. this turned into our meet the voices of the 3 turkey author. as the ad one has history into exile to news, the police would search my house. courageous people are trying to stem the turkish governments all sort. tammy calls us so kids, but really it's a crime is addressed and the path of trying to takes responsibility for his action . what about the freedom of the price and freedom of expression? god use of choice starts october 28th on d w. the

. this is due to the news line from berlin. the death toll swords in israel and gaza. hundreds are now dead on both sides of the border after tax by the palestinian militant group of moss on southern israel, and israel's retaliatory strike. and german transel of schultz says attacks on israel can not be celebrated on the streets of germany. he says police will be stepping up security surrounding jewish institutions across the country. the.