as well then progress pop costs for everyone who wants to know more about this topic that concern us about the stories the on the headline world in progress. the w talk costs the say bodies of built for flights today, that's all the only creatures with feathers. so they descended from dinosaurs, a few of which had feathers to stove beds with the 1st to use the feathers to flies . and they develop quite remarkable brains. find out how intelligent beds, uh and the extraordinary things they can do that in move, coming up, the hello and welcome to tomorrow today to dw science.

life begins here in a some penguins don't father building in this to have say yeah, they just rest of the eggs on their feet and cover them with a brood house. a fold of warm skin. in the eggs, the bed embryo, dependence, and little hot folds and starts to beat. but that only happens if the 1st and last eggs incubated to ensure it doesn't correct. and the pressure that acts up to 70 constructed the v 8. although nourishing as a food stuff, it was designed to be an intelligent incubation. so it's extremely robust. it takes real effort for chicks to hatch from the shell. the, the jobs were not bad. the not, well i didn't really is a wonder of nature,

but i and it's also important because actually the addict or the and shell is there to protect the chain or the him turns the ac several times a day and also sits on it. so it has to endure a lot. the egg is so stable that when a chick is ready to hatch, they need a special, a tube tvs to break open. michelle from the inside icon. i'm done front in the chalet. um, also the question of our eggs really that strong. and if so, how we set up a little experiment to find out for ourselves how easy it is to break an egg. is it possible to crush or roll a give me your hand. amazing . even big hands and strong muscles could not break even one of our viewers from brazil gave it his best shot without any success. okay.

how is that possible? the reason eggs are so stable is partly due to their shape. the curve shape distributes pressure even the across the shells surface. the the x structure also plays a role and it shows you normally 0.3 to 0.4 millimeters thick and consists of 90 percent calcium carbonate, making it very hard. it is made up of many tiny christalin pillars pet to tightly together. they form a stable structure. the many pores gives a show, a certainly less disappeared. but they are also responsible for air exchange. carbon dioxide is released, fresh oxygen is absorbed,

moisture is also absorbed. so that the a does not dry out. a cleverly designed protection for new life. the, which came 1st, the chicken, all the big chicken. i mean, that's what a glimpse inside an egg reveals. because all this eggs have an at pocket which supplies the embryos oxygen. but 1st, there has to be a chicken there to lay such a big egg with an f pocket. in the 1st place i have pockets might have been important in evolutionary tons. so this could develop a unique respiratory system that allows them to fly. fit in 3 beds mainly hung around the home to well migratory birds in bulk on long chinese separates migration patch and seem to be changing as a group of researches in switzerland is upsetting. nighttime over link geneva high up and this was out on the cold dish alone mountain pass. leo. now mama,

he is on his way to his nets. he catches migratory birds for research purposes. he founded this bird watching center 30 years ago when he was still a student to the the next are 9 to 20 meters high. the tallest in switzerland. still, we catch just the small fraction of the passing birds, maybe one out of every 1000 or 10000, depending on the species as best. though the wind conditions aren't ideal, normally checks the nets and finds a surprise that they're a bad that's a bit unexpected. so late in the fall, most bats don't migrate, but rather seek shelter at higher altitudes in winter. about 20 bad species can be found here at the cold as your mom pass. a moment he has been observing them for a while and has seen their numbers fall over the years. intensive agriculture is

threatening their food supply. this also is what the bats are protected, but they've suffered a lot due to pesticides which have greatly reduce the number of insects and they're not going to do that. second, less is that ongoing or have things stabilize to say um, clicking on their numbers, keep decreasing stuff up of him. you know, things don't look good for insect divorce, notably birds and baths and, and then the bet disappears into the night. meanwhile, the wind conditions have changed. most migratory birds flying at night. so at dawn, it's time to get to work. this is only possible thanks to the help of volunteers. like nikolai, the biologist has spent almost 3 months at the observation center. so that's one,

that's the one that you met during the 1st morning round. we catch lots of birds that were migrating at night. they take a break and come down to the ground to eat when you said flying to the net more because they fly lower than it naturally pre bucher on carefully. they remove the birds from the nets in october. there were lots of robins that were on the way to the mediterranean. besides, the birds are collected in cloths sags and hung up in order. the most sensitive creatures come 1st. then each bird is banded and examined its wing span, and the amount of fat under its feathers are checked before the bird is released. only certified inspectors may do this. let me tell me so i got to put any down. i got my bird bending permit last year. i mean, you need to train for it beforehand and forgive you. and as i've been doing this since i arrived, i've gotten the hang of it and stuff. i'm on our records, the data, which helps provide statistics on migratory birds. and even though few of them are

caught again, the number of spines provides an overview of the bird populations. on call dish a mom leo. now normal he has observed the impact of climate change for decades. that's what is made species like this ring was out a rare sight. fitness basically is how, hey, this is a species that's become rare, are due to global warming on the alpine population is moving to higher ground because they're being driven out by black birds, which themselves are moving to higher ground. so this north accept species is retreating more and more to northern europe. this northward retreat is a result of climate change. i don't know. yeah, they've gotten already the, there are winners and losers from the mediterranean species. are the winners, at least from a switched perspective. only we have species that weren't here before, but we've also noticed that they've disappeared from southern european countries

like portugal, and there's been a sort of northward shift that sounds like a lot of the know leona ma heat plants to keep monitoring these changes to better understand the plate of migratory birds on their journey south few species of bed stay home only around these magpies even keep the place tardy in this experiment by 20 way, special cabs snip up a treat every time. especially given the fact that books brains lack a new cortex folded, pause at the mammalian brain, responsible for permission and other complex behaviors gets the demonstrate astonishing cognitive within the once the explanation

for these researchers at roy university, both of them are looking for answers. the scientist here work with ravens. yes, this is athena. take the hassle head daily. training i leave works with a female, a you region cro. a sunbird from the raven family, raven so thought to be a specially intelligent but a scene is rather shy. it's better if we keep our distance. strange people are objects like our camera can distract the bird tends right. okay. a one very good. receiving another one. and faces me. it's

like a. just like always she brings a theme that into the testing area. you, the bird will pick it a monitor with its pete memorizing specific patterns and sequences in the process because we can want to seen it from above us, as we all know that she's working. now the most um do you think she's to pick the point on these 3 monitors? a pick, a black point of has and she wants to come over and respond. athena must also memorize the sequence in which she picks the points so that you can enter the exact same pattern into a 4th monitor. so she got that role in the see the one that says briefly, tons block to signal top to huh. let's see if she gets it right this time. lots of each location corresponds to an abstract symbol which doesn't appear there. the monitor above stands for camping. the monitor on the right stands for toilet,

and to left is ports of black point. just the only thing shown on the screen. i've seen the most confirmed the sequences on the control monitor using the correct symbols, scampering toilet support. she got it right here once again because it went so fast camping toilet port and her reward suffice. see if she knows this correctly, she gets food feed pellets, come out this automatic dispenser. then the next test to begin this trial. a little is known about how birds brings function. the neural scientist eunice, was, and his team hope such experiments will help them figure out how ravens retrieve info from short term memory. which could be a key to understanding birds intelligence. the system guns this to assess team. but

if it's an important system, as it forms the foundation of degrees of higher cognition and its characteristics make it attractive to studies, its capacity is limited and we can't recall endless numbers of things. and it's fragile. info gets lost when we're distracted. on the one this gives us a chance to see how it performs compared to other species. and this is how good is it cro compared to a monkey? for example, how much can they recall and see how flexibly can they work with these kinds of subjects and again with the bomb? in this experiment a cro is learning that only the tube on the range will help it raise the water level in the middle and bring the food closer when it throws in stones on the left and nothing happens. the amazing thing. it's learning from experience alone and even employing tools that points to complex thought pattern.

besides ravens hours and parents are also of interest to brain researchers, even pigeons. wait pigeons of course says bio psychologist, own or good. you can one of the world's foremost pitching in the searchers. she also works in both, and it's been examining the birds cognitive abilities for years. this is mike, does it to you? is he up? do you think i really liked these animals? does it not the super styles of learning? that's the crows and parents. but they have something really great, a kind of meticulous assistance in carrying out a given task life and then they work on it for hours. and that's ideal for scientists. as the mistakes they make and provide incredible insight into how the thought process functions, v dusting and from to near to as you mentioned, that's why they great research animals have dentist come. i love them. a busy

mammals. the brains cortex is responsible for a complex problem solving. it was assumed birds lacked such a cortex. but with the help of a laser, scientists found cortex like structures visible in the cross section of the birds brain. the typical horizontal and vertical strands that make complex thought possible with these kinds of vertical strands enable an extremely detailed analysis of everything. they perceive the horizontal ols. help them connect it all together . under a microscope, it becomes clear with the vertical and horizontal structures are capable of us using an item that we see our individual doc and nerve cells with the technology we've applied here. we can see when the dock and cells communicate with other in the of so. so in a way we're seeing who's communicating with whom to, to me today. and it's an astonishing discovery. no one expected

a birds brain could be as complex as a mammals of didn't. yes, black says glance, the brain seems so different, but you'd be able to further in, you go and the more carefully you look, the more you find the same basic principles. the closer you look in the most similar they are, all of you can show. in other words, brain structure is a decisive factor in determining an animal's cognitive abilities. the some features of the strains could already be seen in the full fathers, the dinosaurs. that's an indication of the close relationship between beds and dinosaurs, just like they gave genetic analysis shows, chickens and ostrich is a more closely related to the, to run the source rigs than any other living space. but one of the obvious

differences is the size adults that they're all to from mexico wants to know why didn't dinosaurs grow so big? giraffe, so the tallest land animals are live today, reaching heights of up to 6 meters. they tower over all other creatures. yet they are shrimps, compared to the dinosaurs. the largest ones were known as sorrow pods. these giant are boys 1st walk the earth some 230000000 years ago. 66000000 years ago they became extinct. findings of their bones reveal that some of these dinosaurs were more than 35 meters long, 17 meters tall, and weighed almost 70 tons. and that's about as heavy as a herd of elephants. there are several reasons why dinosaurs grew to be so large. one is likely because they chew their food, they tore off branches and leaves with their teeth and swallow them whole as the

simulation that a dinosaur park shows. so they could consume vast quantities of nutrients quickly. their bottlenecks also let them raise over large areas without needing to move around. the energy saved could then be used for growth. the another reason was the bird like respiratory systems. so real ponds, briefly using air, sex, distributed throughout their bodies, even between the cervical vertebrae. this made their next relatively light, which allowed them to become so very long. the researchers also believe that dinosaurs grew very quickly young dinosaurs just touched from an egg like this . we barely 10 kilos, but in just 30 years that we would increase 5000 fold. but

there are still many secrets to be discovered about several pods of largest animals ever to walk the earth, the if our blood is red. why do you have a question about science? send it to us as a video text, a voice message. if we onto it on the show, we'll send you a little surprised as a thank you to come on just on the now back to the defendants of the dinosaurs. but during mating season, many males struck their stuff and tried to impress the opposite sex. in many species, males even need to show potential positive fair enough. next many beds favorite dense undergrad till they breeding grounds. while others, b, c,

6 fell to in hatches, is safe place to raise young that catches called in to the we deal with off and pay that much attention. but these plans are actually very useful. hinges, protect us from noise and dust. and from the prying eyes of our neighbors. but that's not all. a new study shows the bushes and trumps also provide a secret weapons and climate protection hitches are mostly functional and they're fantastic carbon stores eyes. they store just as much carbon in their bio mass and in the soil per square meter, as far as i do, in fact, many times withheld from a chain. so researchers from the tune and institute in northern germany are collecting samples from various types of hedge to study how efficient they are as carbon stores. data of this kind has never been collected before that

they were surprised by the results having hedgerows and farmland provides exceptional climate protection in terms of carbon storage. the only thing better is marshland end up your muscle carpet stored in the bio mass of the head. so in the twigs branches en, route seca and in the soil under the hedge funds that, that's carbon that comes from the atmosphere a c o 2 via so the hedge who is contributing towards crime and protection that those, some key mess ups, 5, st. a newly planted hedge of 720 meters can store the same amount of c, o 2, that an average person in germany produces in 10 years. but in the last 70 years, almost half of all hedge rows have been removed. so the bigger agricultural machinery can be used this has resulted in empty landscapes and mono cultures. of the tells me the function name, logic,

thousands of kilometers of heads rows from the countryside. if you look at the land today that's used for intensive farming, everything was wide open or there were no dividing lines anymore and you might know strips of grass ghosts and what's missing. most of all are hedge roads in the hiccups, along with the use of pesticides on the fields, the lack of structures on farmland is one of the main reasons that species are becoming extinct. current studies have shown this job showing thursday. if i just don't taking the test, i, the destruction of hedge rose has led to the loss of many different types of plants that grow along the borders. i've been funded, but also many, many species of animals from insects, to reptiles, the, i'm phoebe, in the sense lizard, for example. and them, it'd be on site the common toad that seek shelter in hedges too. but it also affects birds and much more on the eyes of the malls and mammals like the door

mouse and rely on plants like hawthorn and hazelnut bushes for food and hospital styles. as now squint lago, hedgerows don't just provide food and shelter, which is especially important for endangered species. they also create car doors that connect the various bio tops that are spread across the land. another of the species are dying out, i guess, because they can't connect with other members anymore. you need there is no genetic exchange and the individual populations are becoming too small. and the hedge rows provide a link between the various populations, various islands, and even they were good examples of areas that do have lots of hedge rose ok. and when you look inside the hedges and you see that there's so much more like there just all these and just me, i notice hedge rose and dead would provide especially valuable habitat support. insects and other useful creatures. hedges also protect the soil. when they grow,

less water evaporates, and the wind speed drops. so less soil blows away the blanket side down the line for the good glove tech, new still new advice for a long time. farmers used to think pages were just a bit of a nuisance and was because they had to drive the machinery around the line for the d z. and they put lots of farmers are starting to see that they actually need hedges, especially during the dry spells like a dry summer lunch with the materials. and they have a cooling effect and they store water. so farmers actually get better use if they have hedge rose. this being all for the i take it that language has boots and researchers from austria have taken a closer look at how much the yield increases by planting hinges. they discovered that an 8 meter high hedge has an impact on the 80 meters of problem next to us. the yield of winter wheat increases by 9.5 percent. and sunflower yields

increased by almost 24 percent so they might not look much. but these plans harness a multitude of benefits whether they're in a field or in your own garden hedges are great for the environment. they store seo to provide shade and even decoration patches can also attract animals. if you choose the right ones, the native wild shrubs are best for that. especially ones that bear fruit, such as elder bearing in central europe or common barberry. and cornelia and cherry. they can transform ornamental gardens into useful ones. they're not only good for the soul, but also for the environment we live in the that's it for

this edition of tomorrow today, d w science program. thanks for watching and see you next time. until then stay curious by the the

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