and we've got some hot tips for your package. the romantic code is spots affinities. check on some great cultural memorials to boot dw, travel. we got the big bodies of built for flights today. that's all the only creatures with feathers . so they descended from dinosaurs, a few of which had service to stove beds with the 1st to use the feathers to flies . and they develop quite remarkable brains. find out how intelligent beds, uh and the extraordinary things they can do. that in move, coming up, the hello and welcome to tomorrow today to dw science.

life begins here in an a. some penguins don't follow the building and this to have say, yeah, they just rest the eggs on their feet and covered them with a brood house. a fold of room skin. in the eggs, the bed embryo defense and little hot folds and starts to beat. but that only happens if a 1st and last eggs incubated to ensure it doesn't correct under pressure that x of 70 constructed the v 8. although notion as a food stuff, it was designed to be an intelligent incubation. so it's extremely robust. it takes real effort for chicks to hatch from the shell. the, the jobs were not bad, but not what i did. it really is a wonder of nature,

but i and it's also important because actually the addict or the and shell is there to protect the chang or the him turns the ac several times a day and also sits on it. so it has to endure a lot. the egg is so stable that when a chick is ready to hatch, they need a special, a tooth to break open. michelle from the inside icon. i'm done front in the shallow, off supervision of our eggs. really that strong. and if so, how we set up a little experiment to find out for ourselves how easy it is to break in ag. is it possible to crush or roll egg in your hands? amazing, even big hands and strong muscles could not break even one of our viewers from brazil gave it his best shot without any success. okay.

how is that possible? the reason eggs are so stable is partly due to their shape. the curve shape distributes pressure even the across the shells surface. the the x structure also plays a role, and x shows normally 0.3 to 0.4 millimeters thick and consists of 90 percent calcium carbonate, making it very hard. it is made up of many tiny crystal and pillars touch tightly together. they form a stable structure. the many pores gives a show, a certainly less disappeared but they are also responsible for air exchange. carbon dioxide is released, fresh oxygen is absorbed,

moisture is also absorbed. so that the a does not dry out. a cleverly designed protection for new life. which came 1st, the chicken, all the big chicken. i mean, that's what a glimpse inside an egg reveals. because little bits, eggs have an ed pocket which supplies the embryos oxygen. but 1st, it has to be a chicken there today, such a big egg with an air pockets in the 1st place. i have pockets might have been important in evolutionary tons. so this could develop a unique respiratory system that allows them to fly, fit and treat beds mainly hung around the home test, while migratory birds in bulk on long journeys, separates migration pattern seemed to be changing as a group of researchers in switzerland as upsetting nighttime over link geneva high up and this was out on the cold is shamal mountain,

past leona and mama, he is on his way to his next. he catches migratory birds for research purposes. he founded this bird watching center 30 years ago when he was still a student to the next or 9 to 20 meters high. the tallest and switzerland still. we catch just the small fraction of the passing birds, maybe one out of every 1000 or 10000, depending on the species as best. though the wind conditions aren't ideal, normally checks the nets and finds a surprise that they're a bad that's a bit unexpected. so late in the fall, most bats don't migrate, but rather seek shelter at higher altitudes in winter. about 20 bad species can be found here at the cold is your mom pass a moment. he has been observing them for a while and has seen their numbers fall over the years. intensive agriculture is

threatening their food supply so, so we, so what this is a look of the bats are protected, but they've suffered a lot due to pesticides which have greatly reduce the number of insects and you're not going to do that. second, is that ongoing or have things stabilize to say um, so i click united their numbers, keep decreasing stuff up. i kind of, you know, things don't look good for an sec, divorce, notably birds, and baths and, and then the bet disappears into the night. meanwhile, the wind conditions have changed. most migratory birds flying at night. so as dawn, it's time to get to work. this is only possible thanks to the help of volunteers, like nicholas, the biologist has spent almost 3 months at the observation center. so that's one,

that's the one that you met during the 1st morning round. we catch lots of birds that were migrating at night. they take a break and come down to the ground to eat when you said flying to the nets, more because they fly lower than it matters, would pre back a bundle and carefully remove the birds from the net. in october, there were lots of robins that were on the way to the mediterranean. the birds are collected in clocks, sags and hung up in order. the most sensitive creatures come 1st. then each bird is banded and examined its wing span, and the amount of fat under its feathers are checked before the bird is released. only certified inspectors may do this one. let me tell me, so i got to put any down. i got my bird banding permit last year. i mean you need to train for it beforehand continue. and as i've been doing this since i arrived, i've gotten the hang of it, and stuff i have on our records, the data, which helps provide statistics on migratory birds. even though few of them are

caught, again, the number of spines provides an overview of the bird populations uncalled as a mom, leona and mama, he has observed the impact of climate change for decades. that's what is made species like this ring was l. a rear site fitness basically is how hey, this is a species that's become railroad due to global warming on the alpine population is moving to higher ground because they're being driven out by black birds, which themselves are moving to higher grounds. this nordic sub species is retreating more and more to northern europe, this northward retreat as a result of climate change. i do want to know the there are winners and losers from the mediterranean species are the winters, at least from a switch perspective. we have species that weren't here before, but we've also noticed that they've disappeared from southern european countries

like portugal, and there's been a sort of northward shift that sounds like colors. no, no. leona mama, he plans to keep monitoring these changes, to better understand the plate of migratory birds on their journey. south few species of bed stay home only around these magpies even keep the place tidy. in this experiment, face running, wage, bustle, cabs, snip up a, treat every time. especially given the fact that books brains like a new cortex. the folded pause at the mammalian brain, responsible for permission and other complex behaviors. gets the demonstrate astonishing comment. tibits. the once the explanation

for these researchers at roy university, both of them are looking for answers. the scientists here work with ravens. yes, this is the see now. i'm taking half a heads a training i lean works with a female. a you region cro, a sunburn from the raven family, raven so thought to be a specially intelligent but a scene is rather shy. it's better if we keep our distance. strange people are objects like our camera can distract the bird. he attends right? okay, a one very good regina. another one kind of a 9 faces me. it's okay. just like always she

brings athena into the testing area. you the bird will pick a monitor with it's pete memorizing specific patterns and sequences in the process . because we can want to seen it from above the she's working now the most do you think she's to pick the point on these 3 monitors. a pick, a black point of has and she must, will come over and respond. athena must also memorize the sequence in which she picks the points so that you can enter the exact same pattern into a 4th monitor before i go to 5. so she got that wrongly. let's see the one that says briefly, tons block to signal top to hon. syfma, let's see if she gets it right this time. each location corresponds to an abstract symbol which doesn't appear there. the monitor above stands for camping. the monitor on the right stands for toilet,

and the left is ports of black point. just the only thing shown on the screen. i've seen the most confirmed the sequences on the control monitor using the correct symbols, scampering toilet ford. she got it right here . once again, because it went so fast camping toilet port and her reward suffice even if she owes this correctly, she gets food feed pellets, come out this automatic dispenser. then the next test to begin this trial. a little is known about how birds brings function, the neural scientist, your now i suppose i and his team. hope such experiments will help them figure out how ravens retrieve info from short term memory, which could be a key to understanding birds intelligence. this isn't going to be stick assess team,

but it's an important system. as it forms the foundation of degrees of higher cognition and its characteristics make it attractive to study its capacity is limited and we can't recall endless numbers of things and it's fragile. info gets lost when we're distracted on the one. this gives us a chance to see how it performs compared to other species. and this is how good is it cro compare to a monkey for example. how much can they recall? how flexibly can they work with these kinds of subjects to bomb? in this experiment, a cro is learning that only the tube on the range will help it raise the water level in the middle and bring the food closer. when it throws in stones on the left and nothing happens at the amazing thing, it's learning from experience alone and even employing tools that points to complex thought pattern. and

besides ravens hours and parents are also of interest to brain researches, even pigeons wait pigeons. of course says bio psychologist, own or going to one of the world's foremost pitching in the searchers. he also works in both on and it's been examining the birds cognitive abilities for years. this is mike, does it to you as a yep. do you think i really liked these animals? doesn't they're not the superstars of learning. that's the crows and parents. but they have something really great, a kind of meticulous assistance in carrying out a given task like and then they work on it for hours. and that's ideal for scientists as the mistakes they make, provide incredible insight into how the thought process functions, v dusting and from to near to as you mentioned. that's why they great research animals have to just come, i love them. can you busy?

in mammals, the brains cortex is responsible for a complex problem solving. it was assumed birds lacked such a cortex. but with the help of a laser scientists found cortex like structures visible in the cross section of the bird spring. the typical horizontal and vertical strands that make complex thought possible. but these are the kinds of vertical strands enable and extremely detailed analysis of everything they perceive. the horizontal is help them connected all together. under a microscope, it becomes clear with the vertical and horizontal structures are capable of let's using an item that we see our individual doc and nerve cells that with the technology we've applied here, we can see when the dock and cells communicate with other nerve cells. so in a way we're seeing who's communicating with who made it to me today. and it's

astonishing discovery. no one expected a bird spring could be as complex as a mammals of didn't. yes, blake's last glance, the brain seems so different than the at the further when you go and the more carefully you look, the more you find the same basic principles. the closer you look in the most similar they are, all of you can show. in other words, brain structure is a decisive factor in determining an animal's cognitive abilities. the some features of the strains could already be seen in the full fathers, the dinosaurs. that's an indication of the close relationship between beds and dinosaurs. just like they gave a generic analysis shows chickens and ostrich is a more closely related to the to run a source rex than any other living space. but one of the obvious differences is

this size. adults at the relative from mexico wants to know why did the dinosaurs grow so big? giraffe, so the tallest land animals are live today. reaching heights of up to 6 meters. they tower over all other creatures. yet they are shrimps compared to the dinosaurs . the largest ones were known as sorrow pods. these giant are boys 1st walk the earth some 230000000 years ago. 66000000 years ago they became extinct. findings of their bones reveal that some of these dinosaurs were more than 35 meters long. 17 meters tall and weighed almost 70 tons. and that's about as heavy as a herd of elephants. there are several reasons why dinosaurs grew to be so large. one is likely because they chew their food. they tore off branches and leaves with

their teeth and swallow them whole as the simulation that a dinosaur park shows. so they could consume vast quantities of nutrients quickly. there are bottlenecks also let them raise over large areas without needing to move around the energy and save could then be used for growth. the another reason was the bird like respiratory systems. sorrel pods, breed using air, sex, distributed throughout their bodies. even between the cervical vertebrae this made their next relatively light, which allowed them to become so very long. the researchers also believe that dinosaurs grew very quickly young dinosaurs just touched from an egg like this. we barely 10 kilos, but in just 30 years that we would increase 5000 fold.

but there are still many secrets to be discovered about several pods of largest animals ever to walk the earth, the if our blood is red. why do you have a question about science? send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we onto it on the show, we'll send you a little surprised as a thank you to come on just on the now back to the defendants of the dinosaurs. but during mating season, many males struck their stuff and tried to impress the opposite sex to many species . males even need to show potential positive fair enough. next, many birds favorite dense undergrad, so they breeding grounds. while others, b, c,

6, fell to in hitches. is they place to raise young that catches called in to the we deal with often pay that much attention. but these plans are actually very useful. hinges, protect us from noise and dust, and from the prying eyes of our neighbors. but that's not all. a new study shows the bushes and trumps also provide a secret weapons and climate protection hitches are multi functional. and there are fantastic carbons stores eyes that they store just as much of carbon in their bio mass and in the soil per square meter. as far as i knew about mid town withheld from a chain. so researchers from the tune and institute in northern germany are collecting samples from various types of hedge to study how efficient they are as carbon stores. data of this kind has never been collected before. that

they were surprised by the results having hedgerows and farmland provides exceptional climate protection in terms of carbon storage. the only thing better is marshland in that you mustn't carpet stored in the bio mass of the head so so when the twigs branches in roots, okay. and in the soil, under the hedge funds that, that's carbon that comes from the atmosphere a c o 2 via so the hedge who is contributing towards clement protection batteries, some key mess ups by playing a newly planted hedge of 720 meters, can store the same amount of c o 2, that an average person in germany produces in 10 years. but in the last 70 years, almost half of all hedgerows have been removed. so the bigger agricultural machinery can be used. this has resulted in empty landscapes and mono cultures. on the i'm tells me if i'm to meet the logic,

thousands of kilometers of heads rows from the countryside. if you look at the land today that's used for intensive farming, everything was wide open or there were no dividing lines anymore. and you might know strips of grass ghosts and what's missing, most of all are hedge roads, feeling the hiccups along with the use of pesticides on the fields. the lack of structures on farmland is one of the main reasons that species are becoming extinct . current studies have shown this job showing thursday, if i just don't taking the test i, the destruction of hedge rosa is a way to the loss of many different types of plants that grow along the borders. i've been funded, but also many, many species of animals from insects to reptiles, to be i'm phoebe, in the sense lizard, for example, and should be on site the common toad that seek shelter in hedges food. but it also affects birds. and the highest of the malls and mammals like the door mouse and

rely on plants like hawthorn and hazelnut bushes for food and hospital styles. it's now squint lago, hedgerows. don't just provide food and shelter, which is especially important for endangered species. they also create car doors that connect the various bio tops that are spread across the land. another of the species are dying out is because they can't connect with other members anymore . you need there is no genetic exchange and the individual populations are becoming too small. and the hedge rows provide a link between the various populations, happy the various islands and even they were good examples of areas that do have lots of hedge rose ok. and when you look inside the hedges and you see that there's so much more like there just all this, me, i notice hedgerows and den would provide a specially valuable habitat support insects and other useful creatures. the hedge

is also protect the soil. when they grow, less water evaporates and the wind speed drops. so less soil blows away. like upside down the line for the good claw pickney stay on well by for a long time. farmers used to think hedges were just a bit of a nuisance. and just because they had to drive the machinery around the line for the d, z and they put lots of farmers are starting to see that they actually need hedges, especially during the dry spells like a dry summer line for the materials. and they have a cooling effect and they store water. so farmers actually get better use if they have hedge rose. this being all for the i take a deadline which has boots in researchers from austria, have taken a closer look at how much the yield increases by planting hedges. they discovered that an 8 meter high hedge has an impact on the 80 meters of problem next to us. the yield of winter wheat increases by 9.5 percent. and sunflower yields

increased by almost 24 percent so they might not look much. but these plans harness a multitude of benefits whether they're in a field or in your own garden hedges are great for the environment. they store seo to provide shade and even decoration patches can also attract animals. if you choose the right ones, the native wild shrubs are best for that. especially ones that bear fruit, such as elderberry and central europe or common barberry, and cornelia and cherry. they can transform ornamental gardens into useful ones. they're not only good for the soul, but also for the environment we live in the that's it for

this edition of tomorrow today, d w science program. thanks for watching and see you next time. until then state curious by the the

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less the south, all these things, and more in the new season of the fuck. com, make sure to tune and wherever you get your pots costs enjoying the conversation. because you know it's last matter the business dude up here. and you'll also be thoughts, tony's israel has one that's moving towards the next stage of what's offensive against casa prime minister benjamin netanyahu president. is there any troops on the border as a deadline for more than a 1000000 people who leave the north top costs are expired? that's very military says it's preparing for the coordinated and crowned and nibbled offensive.