[000:00:00;00] a prejudices tilio type still shapes the west. the south africa a dutch feeling they can meet with companies created. together, they explore the contradictory nature of these euro centric attitude. and how these beliefs can be changed. start filming offices in stossel october 21st. unplugged w,

as in the science of the theory, small some ingenious inventors are inspiring materials with wonders, properties sensitive to climate change. they can act as a sentinel for our interaction with the plan. brilliant color, without pains for what you see, what we see here is a close eskoville. we see that the blue comes from the background. only see protection from hazardous chemicals and bacteria, the words contaminated on the glove will turn from blue to red. when you touch a surface that is contaminated, even in the on single metal, as our ocean level continue to go up in the future, a lot of cd will have to be fueled on top of the ocean. things to the millions

of years of evolution, packed into the remarkable world of butterflies, n mom. many problems that humans have themselves, the butterflies and mos alrighty. let's discover how butterflies could help us make our world better. the their dazzling colors and patterns are among the most amazing and the animal kingdom. some estimates put to numbers, species around a $160000.00, and they drive in nearly every nook and cranny of our planet. the variety and beauty are testimony to the power of evolution. as though there are countless hidden features, some visible only with the most powerful microscope. today, scientists around the world are studying these natural treasures. discovering

secrets that can be adapted and applied to make our world more sustainable. they're so beautiful that we can learn a lot by studying them. as champions of evolution, they've been added for tens of millions of butterflies and merge around the same time. miss flowering plants. threw out their long history. they have diversified and developed amazing at patients like powerful toys and silk thread. stationary flight transparent material temperature regulation, astonishing colors and patterns and defenses against bacterial infection. they have so much to teach us. but today, many species are in danger of extinction. threatened by

a warming world. the butterflies are giving scientists a window into our changing climate. but that's only the beginning of what studies of these remarkable creatures, everything particularly about the structure of the materials at the nano scopic scale. researchers have been inspired by incredible nana scopic structures in the wings and bodies of butterflies. enabling the creation of innovative technologies that may 1 day save lives and even health combat climate change. butterflies and must have many aspects of the morphology of their physiology that we could use for bio inspire design for sure. i mean, there's many things, many problems that humans having solved the butterflies and mos already have knew. the use of butterfly and mock

features dates back at base 5000 years when the space she is known as bob next morning, was 1st domesticated in china for its ability to produce a phenomenally resilient and versa tile material. so the, because of the importance of self to the chinese imperial court, the means of producing it was the heavily guarded secret. and its violators were punished even by desk. the today of course, the secret is out. the whole process starts with the hatching of a miniscule age and the birth of a caterpillar that measures less than an 8th of an inch. from its earliest days, the bomb breaks caterpillar devours an enormous quantity of mulberry leaves. plant

matter that it will eventually convert into sale thread the after about a month of feeding the bomb bakes caterpillar will find a branch to climb, where it will begin metamorphosis into its adult form. for the next few days, it will tirelessly repeat the same figure, 8 movement wells, to creating a viscous filament, the silk eventually spinning up to a mile of the thread into a protective cuckoo. the scientists have found that the thread is mainly comprised of just 2 proteins.

the today, a whole new chapter is opening in the story of silk researchers at the test. so collab in boston has isolated one of the proteins called fiber away and have created an innovative material. so we end up with a solution that is the suspension of the fibroid molecules in water. once we have the solution, this is our magical starting material to do to do many, many things. to the scientists. silk is an incredibly versatile, environmentally friendly material. what begins as a colorless liquid, this gel like solution can be either flexible insoluble or as tough as kev. lar luciano de mony is exploring medical applications 5 row and has an advantage over

synthetic materials like plastics because it's compatible with the human body. oh, so this is the, the next those are very nice. yeah. but as soon as i stress them they are, are breaking down. this is going to be nice for like a band, a type application or reconfigurable. some of these are very, very pretty. and yeah, we'll get your makes them job together with the solution and then control the release of the drug in on a higher surface area. distressing than a the attributes the functional as a result. so it has a big given value to some of the applications with. so because the fact that cell can be implanted without an inflammatory response and the human body that it can, it can be eaten. it can be consumed in the lab. they're finding that the fiber o in material can be made to be rigid and tough, or flexible like a film,

making it an ideal material as an implant in reconstructive surgery. if you take this material and you know, then you can mechanically shape it with the tools that you're coming to use in a mechanic shop. and what you can do is you can generate small screws, the screws made of fiber when they're similar to the metal screws currently use to reconstruct bones. they can also deliver human growth factor compounds to help bones knit together. so basically these are the worlds that come together in the mechanical properties and the medical properties and a material that integrates with, with living tissue in liquid form the fiber when in silk, is also being combined with chemicals that react in the presence of bacteriological viral threats the result is an inc, that can change color when exposed to dangerous substances in the environment. all of the things that are here on the tapestry, it react react to the environment,

react to the environment around it. and so when you, when there is a change in the environment around it, they will change color accordingly. this fabric is of particular interest for making protective gear for workers operating where they might be exposed to dangerous substances. so these types of things are very interesting to turn objects into, into sensing objects that you print a word with these inks onto the surface of personal protection equipment. so like, and love, hear that word will, will sense the environment around it. in this case, the word contaminated on the glove will turn from blue to red. when you touch a surface that is contaminated, the,

the caterpillar that produces snow is only one stage and the butterflies unique life cycle, n o. it moves through 4 distinct phases, egg, caterpillar, chrysalis. and the don't. the butterfly extracts itself from it's christine with dazed and fragile. unfolding its wings and its body with a clock like rustling. when it emerges from its crystal is the adult has been completely transformed into one of the most delicate and graceful creatures in nature. and of course, the vivid and irridescent colors and patterns of butterfly wings are the most striking feature. nowhere seen more brilliantly than in the mail of the more thorough species of the tropical rain forest in flight its wings seemed to give off

blue flashes that are hard to miss, even in the densest forest surge. berty, a research physicist at the paris institute of nano sciences, talks about the wings, unique properties such as best each bases presents a slightly different blue. and it has a slightly different wing beats on yes. and then variations of colors that we see here, of phenomena in its irridescent cells where the color varies in slight to the hip on owners or such as part of the code of communication between males and females. or just from that it's an impressive adaptation to the problem of finding a mate in the forest. but it comes with a problem. what is the visible to the female butterfly is also noticeable to hungry birds. remind me that you keep the male has to find a way to power use is it that is being very visible while not getting caught by the

1st predators that comes along the in the, the genius of this butterfly. like any of those just but to you is that it doesn't have the license, right? you've ordered by the law as it flips through the forest, blinking blue, it follows an unpredictable exact path, making it hard to track. to do so, you have a dotted line to zig zagging like that, which makes it almost impossible for a bird to calculate its trajectory and snapped it up and flying the it's the more photos, irridescent blue that intrigue steroids. and the other researches the most. they want to understand how nature produces a color that looks so unnatural the school way. you see what we see here is a close up in this way. do we see that the blue comes from the background scams you know these. okay. and there are scales here, the clock, the joints, sometimes the notes,

these are covering scales and for the transparency you can see through them. the more full use is a very peculiar way to generate color. it is a structural color which is intrinsically different from a pigment color. this is in contrast to regular pigment pigment, or like granules of pigment that are inside of the cells that give something a yellow or red or are green color. the big man's color results from the partial reflection of daylight when a pigment reflects a red color, for instance, it means it has absorbed all the other colors. but then this other type of color ration is actually not caused by pigments. the structures that produce the color of the more photo are visible under the microscope. the wink show a regular pattern of res surfaces. each one just 110 millions of a meter in size. it's the size of the structures that produce the wings, iridescence. it's caused by little bumps or, or um,

glass of these they call the little out deviations in the smoothness of the insect skin. and when light bounces off of that, our eyes perceive it as being a metallic or shiny or iridescent color. the blue of the more photos wing is not due to pigmentation, but it's generated by the structure of the wing itself. when the light strikes the wing at certain angles, it's nano scale features select only the blue frequencies, which are reflected resulting in an iridescent metallic appearance. the surprising new insight into structural color has inspired researchers to control light and produce color without chemicals or paint in all sorts of other materials. the at the institute of optics at the university of rochester in

the united states. so i'm like go, head succeeded in creating such structures, inspired by this murphy, the bottom fi. so we actually can also, you can print some of this tiny michael metal structures onto a material surface and gave them a very unique properties using an end for red laser, with very short bursts of light. they are able to scroll data sized structures, measured in billions, 7 meter into metals. this incredible met instead of creating various colors on surfaces, is not only allowed the researches to reproduce the color of the butterfly's wings . it also enables them to create a highly light absorbing material that could be called absolute black extra will, uh select computers or a certain range of color reflect all the colors so that i gave you

a certain color appearance. so we create this technology is called the black metal, actually will in distinguish the absorbed old colors of uh, of the spectrum. therefore it is pure peach block. these discoveries have the potential to revolutionize solar power. sean lace team found that applying these nano structures to a solar panel improved its efficiency by a 130 percent. the nano structures allow the panel to absorb almost the entire light spectrum minimizing loss of energy due to reflection. butterflies use a variety of defense mechanisms, although some boldly where of assigns of toxicity, others prefer to pass unseen. they melt into the surrounding colors of their natural environment. for example, the gretta odo, also known as a glass wing butterfly, relies on

a double defense displaying some warning colors. while most of the wing is almost totally transparent, a most unusual adaptation. the wing surfaces have scarcely any reflectivity, even glass and other human made materials reflect some light but not this butterfly wings, which makes it extremely interesting to scientists. researches at the karlsruhe institute of technology in germany are studying the unusual properties of transparent type wing like the grid. oh those fun. that's what you see on top of these nano structures here. nano, nano pillars which have randomized and also the distance between the nano pillows is a little bit random. and so they're not regularly arranged to an end is random is as

important for the anti reflective properties of the bottom side. this is where the secret of the high transparency lies, the random distribution and size of these conical met. a metric pillars create an anti reflective layer, allowing light raise even the most grazing to pass through the wing without being dispersed or reflected. until this anti reflective property moves interest. i mean be for different types of applications. i sent this out to like smartphone store and some of these don't know in the summer when the sun is shining, it's hard to read and it would be nice to have an anti reflective screen. and also for solar cells, it will be interesting to have less reflection and have more collection of the solar images. these researchers create a plastics film on which they print nano structures in imitation of those in the

crystal and type wing. their goal is to create anti reflective materials that are highly transparent. the nano structures of the wings offer other properties, such as the ability to repel water known as hydro po bescedy. the staying dry as a matter of life and death for butterflies. missed in rain would quickly ground them if they weren't water proof that the only put but a butterfly must not get wessy. see if the wings were wags and they touched each other, said they would stick together all to the butterfly with dot edu. what i'm doing so a butterfly wing isn't super hydrophobic. so the deal that is the wing doesn't get

what the water farms lea, it's a t and then the beads roll off. cleaning the wing of all of the dust and dirt. it picks up along the way thanks to its nana metric structures, the more photos wing doesn't just rid itself of water draft. it breaks them down into a multitude of smaller drops that flow more easily off the surface. or the in his rochester lab jump me like go is exploring possible engineering applications for this extremely high just phobic material. in one of his experiments, he starts by laser edging a metallic surface with a nano scale pattern inspired by the martha wing. he's hoping to create the same water repelling effect. the when he drops

water on the surface he has created it is totally repelled. the experiment is this excess water drops are not only repelled, they've bounced back. with this material, gen lays team seems to have created an unsinkable metal. and what we did was we actually utilize in uh be with a metallic assembly with a super hydrophobic surface. so that the hydrophobic surface they are facing each other. and if you pull this and metallic something inside the water, and because the inside of the assembly is super hydrophobic, so they will push the water out and will prevent the water squeezing into the metallic assembly and the air trap inside. we'll keep the metallic a, somebody else flo, fabricating a ship's whole. using this design would have an obvious benefit,

but cham late believes it could also help us adapt to climate change. and as our ocean level continue to go up in the future, a lot of see if you will have to be fueled on top of the ocean. and if we can deploy this a simple model for construct health of proteins, tv and the city will never see the who could have imagined that one day a ship or even a whole city might rest on a butterflies wing. the not all butterfly wings are visually arrested. the nano structures in wings are not only involved in color, transparency or tricking predators. some of them serve to provide direct

metabolic benefits for survival. the like insects, butterflies and months are cold blooded. no butterfly can take off without a minimum of sudden light heated, spotty, dark winged butterflies absorb the heat of his son more readily and seemed to have an advantage over those with lighter colored wings. it might seem that a white wing butterfly, like the cabbage white butterfly, would be operating at a huge disadvantage. and yet in the early morning, even on cloudy days, it is one of the 1st arrivals to gather nectar and flower fields. how does it manage it? the

at the paris institute of nano sciences serge berty, a is interested in this phenomenon. locate that. so the white side of flies cannot directly absorb a light through the wings because they're white and reflect on the inner don't do that. what they do when they need to warm up could is use the wings, is constant traitors before taking off. the ice is a place themselves facing the sun, then open and close the wings like this c. as it's very reflective, it sends a lot of light and concentrates the light on it's back to the far x where the wings, abductive muscles are located. he does it. so when the wings concentrate, the light before x will absorb all this. and this is the reflective white coloration acts as a mirror to concentrate heat onto the animal's body and the tiniest details search berty

a can verify the way she is sent to the thorax. we're going to contrast with our scales. we see a network of stray sion escape, but what's particular to the cabbage wide butterfly. it sits as a network of counter strike agents in this direction as though and small compartments informed inside. the cabbage. white scales contain tightly packed ovoid shape granules like eggs in a card. they reflect the sun's rays, but not in all directions. they focus the light, any like a magnifying glass. the butterfly then, angles, and swings in a way that sends the sheet down to its back. this is how the butterfly warms up. in the flat, just has to open and close his wings to regulate its temper, can feel it to. in fact, it's the master of its own temperature. finding new ways to concentrate sunlight is important for humans to in the search for cheap

and efficient replacements for fossil fuels. in her lab at the university of exeter, katie shags is adapting the cabbage whites reflective nana structures to solar panels working to increase their output while reducing their size. so by looking at the wings of the cabbage, i bought a fly. we can actually use the we a very significant amount. so in a natural studies we've been able to improve the power to weight ratio by 17 times that is this maximum. and well, i'm specifically looking at using those very lightweight now structured wings to make our own very compact advanced to a panel built into any materials today by combining the properties of the glass wing and cabbage white wings. researches are hoping to develop a new generation of solar panels to the gasoline,

but fine would be for the surface in the instance that the church and the uh category of slides would be the same goals and just this one. so a sales team and overall that means we get this kind of a increase per right could from also sales, but not using as much pv material. and you can also make it a lot smaller and late. so, i mean, all of the bar flies, what sort of things nature have had to do this, you know, as, as develop, involved and, and treat themselves to suit their surroundings. i think we're now realizing we have to do the scene terms of tweaking or, you know, energy demands and are you season a materials that we use to kind of nature. we're also sustainable in surviving just as the boss lighter. it's remarkable that butterfly wings can offer protection from predators and rain and also capture the sun's rays to warm up. but that's

not the end of their impressive biology. their delicate antennae serve is highly sensitive, chemical, detecting noses. they have these little tips that are inside of, along the length of the antennae. and those sensory pits are, it's quite capable of, of detecting kind of chemical compounds and basically o faction or, or smelling the m 20 of the male bomb banks. are those with the multitude of microscopic sensing, oregon's known as sense zillow, that vibrate and very high frequency. they can home in, on the one kind of ceremony molecule. they are looking for, among all the other ones in suspension in the atmosphere. in fact, some researchers believe that the silk months have some of the most highly developed sense of smell in the living world. males are task able to detect

a female from over 6 miles away. an extraordinary fee which scientists working on the detection of explosives or toxic gases would love to harness the valerie keller and her team are part of a program for protecting civilian populations. sheila and you can see on the intended is that this sense the structure does this kind of like tiny sticks . zale withdrew inspiration from them frequently. so just had got us. in fact, we're trying to do by inspiration by making a synthesis in the lab. and we'll have 12 that enables us to duplicate this architecture. you see nature of 2 point of sale going on, that you mechanically duplicating the anatomical genius of the bomb. biggs is not an easy task. valerie keller's team is creating a forest of sense. zillah, via a chemical reaction on a titanium base. the result is

a forest like arrangement of titanium dioxide nanotubes, is a chemical molecule in the air attaches to the nanotubes, its way changes the vibration frequency of the forest. slowing them down in a way that can set off an alarm g n t 's, aaron, gas and other toxic chemicals, all have their own weights, nanotubes, our program to react to those signal has to trigger alarms. at the french, german research institute of st. louis, denny spitzer, 4 sees a big future for these detectors are pretty amazing. need to be picked up. we can come up with stationary detectors and then we can go on basing them on the butterfly. that is, if we can start to make the detectors fly. and the idea came to us to implant these detect is i'm drawing on so that the military or civil security people can detect dangerous compound. it could be hor, talk soon. so salary and gas,

or other extremely dangerous compounds. i'm wondering because when the person that feels the 1st symptoms of gas like that, it is already too late to discuss with us. the drone surveillance of large urban areas could save major populations from terrace gas attack. the, the, the g, amazing evolutionary tricks of butterflies and moths are not limited to their wings or their antennae. unlike many insects, they don't have what might be recognized as a mouth. most of the butterflies and moss that we, we think of have a sucking mouth part like a process that is kind of coiled up that kind of is like a straw and it, it kind of extends outwards with this cranial,

sucking pump. and it sucks that dexter from flowers. the many butterflies made only for a few weeks, but one cold hel aconia is stands out with a live scan closer to 6 mount the this relatively long lived butterfly fascinates, adriana briscoe and larry gilbert. one other way as we think they can live so long is because they have changed their diet. they live a long time because they have develop disability to harvest home the well, most butterflies feed mainly on nectar hello. courteous as pollen to its diet. the

pollen sticks to the entire length of its proboscis. the poland might keep the butterfly healthy, but adriana has found a possible medical application derived from the way he'll aconia state just the nutrients. she's collaborating with chemist rachel martin. this is a part of the process where fluids can go in and they cannot also go out. was really fast, needed to find out that it acts like a sponge. i was kind of always picturing this being like a giant drinking strong. oh yeah. now you can see that there are these ridges shown in green, and those are perfect grooves for paul in to get stuck in. when the butterflies prove the flour and pauline gray and start to get stuck in those rooms, the butterflies then release saliva from the typical process and that starts to glue things together. it makes sense that the butterfly would have enzymes that are

really optimized for getting into those little books and crannies and digesting the protein because pollen is about 20 percent protein. so it's a, it is a lot the hello tony is as long life might be explained in part by this intake of high protein pollen which it actually digests on the outside of its per bosses. thanks to a very particular type of enzyme that unsigned is known as components because it was originally discovered in sub lots sub loss have one version of this enzyme which they use to digest their circle coons, so they can escape. or if that as i'm just not functioning they dying or couldn't me, by extracting this could come days and time to reproduce its dissolving properties on a large scale adrianna hopes to alleviate potentially serious medical conditions like

blood clots. cards are very common in the united states. it turns out you can take a conus and in a test to you can mix it up with the blood clot and it will break it down into its component parts like the silk protein fiber o in the kootenays protein is also compatible with human biology. and the longevity hel, aconia is make glean from poland. shows how type like the evolution of butterflies depends on the plants they feed on. plants and butterflies have mutual evolution from egg to crystal is many butterfly species are born, grow up, and metamorphose on individual plant species with which they are associated. you sometimes have a species of, of butterfly your mouth. that is,

the only thing that can pollinate a particular is a particular species of a flower. and so these really tight interactions, meaning that if we lose one of those members of this partnership, then you often end up losing both species. the face of butterflies implants are forever like to such a degree that we cannot hope to preserve butterflies without preserving their eco systems. ringback today's climate change may have very unfortunate consequences. ringback ringback of the spring has come to mexico signalling to the monarchs, the time to return. but these butterflies who migrated south and the phone now have

to fly back knowing the how would they know which way to fly? the christine moorland keeps a small group of monarchs for study with me. that one is actually in a process of thinking that she wants to explore and understand which specific genes triggered the migration and guide them on their way. this one, just a okay, this one is getting ready. christine believes that changes in the environment trigger a response in the migratory genes of the monarchs. a process known as epigenetic as good as my students. so with each butterflies, a, she analyzes a range of genes to discover which are involved with the timing of the monarchs, navigation,

and which with the direction they follow. one of the best example of genetic changes that will cure in, in monarch migration is that of the re calibration of those 10 combust orientation from south welding the full to know for us in, in the spring. and we do believe that if the genetic changes are responsible for this switch in flight orientation, the migrating monarchs also use magnetic fields to guide their flight orientation to find genes that allow monarchs to sense the magnetic field. christine use is a faraday cage that blocks the outside electromagnetic influences. there. she generates her own magnetic field to test the reaction of the monarch's behavior. we use a, i'm not going to call you to has the response of one on the butterfly to the reverse,

all off the inclination. and when butterfly since and respond to this with the song, they start slapping their wings where they strongly they have an active slide. and once we revise democratic field back to normal, then your responses distinguishes itself. the, the evidence is in monarchs or genetically programmed to a line with the magnetic fields. and we can see them flap their wings when they sense. when the seasons change, causing a change of temperature, a change of the angle of the sun, as well as a change in the daily sunshine duration. the butterflies genes trigger a signal to migrate the when in canada and the us, the onset of false signals departure colder. go. so

when in mexico spring tells them go north given the extent that monarchs depend on temperature, it's not surprising that climate change worries researchers to monitor monarch populations in part to understand the risks we owe things. by studying monarchs biology very closely. it in direct me tells us our own, the impacts on their environment that they cover. so we want to watch what's happening to them. watch how they're being impacted, such that we know then how other spc is made, potentially being impacted because they're being impacted by those same climate change. the well butterflies and mazda are really a big part of the whole eco system. so if we were to lose but a certain species or

a groups of ccs, that butterflies the most. we lose pollinators for sure, but we also lose important diet. for birds, we use important diet for other insects like drag and size. we lose important died items even for people because there are people that like to eat these, these as food items. so it's a kind of a cascading effect. it's not just that you would lose this one insect and you would actually lose many members of the community to which it belongs. and that's, i think, the thing that we're, we're working against the butterflies in monce are inspiring scientists and engineers to create remarkable inventions from the nana scopic structures on their wings that create color and transparency. to their ability to repel water and fight infection. they offer lessons about what's possible at the very smallest scale, but they also presented us with

a warning about what's at stake if we fail. as stewards of the endlessly incentive natural environment, the, the, the, the turn into pears document to the

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a story behind the news. we rolled about unbiased information all 3 months. done the, the this is the, the news live from bell, and joe biden arrives in israel for a show of supports for you as president holds crisis adults with 5 minutes to benjamin netanyahu visa as to how mazda the 10. so will gaza and killed hundreds of these rarely civilians. 2 weeks ago have brought only sufferings to gauze, fighting arrives following the plaza. the girls are hospitalized with hundreds of