as well as the industrial nations no longer need, and the lightest textile waste gets stranded here. all about the final stuff in the global fashion industry. fast fashion. watch now on youtube the how did you pay for your coffee this morning? did you use coins or your phone? the answer it likely depends on the country you're from. and my bakery in berlin, i don't have a choice. they only take cash, that's the norm here. but in india, for example, digital wallets are becoming more popular than physical ones. why have different

countries have different ways of paying for things that's coming up on this episode of made use business magazine? i'm of the xena. welcome. and this is what we'll also cover. and yes, rice farmers feed much of the world now and export them. is sewing food and security, sustainable farming, a bit of drought, fruit farmers in spain, test uncharted waters and no laughing matter. laughing gas is endangering the klein . franklin spills bread, just cheese and don't. money has countless names and these days it also has different forms. cash card and digital. here in germany, cash still king. well, india is becoming a front runner and digital money. even when the countryside payment ups are wide spread. why the difference at the grocery store or guessing of snacks to have any cash on use in the country or the city pay digitally?

it's no problem in india or the stuff either. yeah, the main advantage of a digital transaction is that we can send money to anyone anywhere quickly on them . secondly, if i don't have money, i can make a payment by borrowing from online credit banking. and almost everyone pays digitally like hearing deli, even this head dresser appreciates the benefits would be the same model. the customer doesn't have to keep bills and coins on their wallet. and suppose it gets lost, that the cell phone becomes your wallet. land and they are the top dogs in india, pgm with its headquarters in noise to no house over 30000 employees. they are active in india. and i've already entered into that 1st partnerships in japan and they are conducting research in canada. pgm has also spread. so quickly because the app

doesn't need to be connected to a bank account with pay tm, people can simply load money into the virtual while it's on the cell phone and pay . currently 94000000 people in india use the app every month. india is a very unique story in terms of what the adopting does, the eco system india has highest number of payment transactions across the way. so it has been off a neighboring countries where they're just china or some other big countries. we out of the district actually started fast, but didn't navigate even though it is so easy to adopt. in that, if you go into the a 5 year c, p a 60 do, you will find people bank approval buy and you will find the merchant excepting so on a list of payments. at was about germany. it's fall behind when it comes to digital payments. at the weekly marketing berlin, cash is still the number one form payment, travel, my boss,

i only pay cash in the amount. so what do others care about my account number. i just use cash flow is that's typical for germans, according to a research institution. 60 percent of customers in gemini, still always paying cash for most retailers on the market, don't even offer comp payments. if i move it as this, i suspected it wouldn't necessarily be worth while because with a card payment service provider, you would have fees. so you would have to charge something. that's why that i think and 2 or 3 percent of the c 9, because not many people want to pay by card here whom i don't know that it would be worth it either. google sees that i can go to the american company. paypal is one of the most popular digital payment methods in gemini, was paypal custom is linked to credit card or bank account, and can use it to pay online. in europe, the biggest markets in the region besides germany or the u. k. elite in spain. but

we know that there are many more countries in europe, so there is a lot of growth potential target. this types of bucks, a joint digital initiative of the european union is in its infancy. the digital euro, a kind of uniform digital payment is to be introduced by 2026 at the earliest. but according to the digital association bit. com, it's happening to slowly before the end of the bio, i know that we are demanding that electronic payments be accepted everywhere and they can take, they'll jump it switch mandated during the corona pandemic, that at least one electronic payment method to be accepted in every store. in the local shops or in the bakery around the corner here he said, you often see the sign and take no card payments and off the sheets. that's simply impractical. and also overwhelming for many people who've come to germany since and aren't familiar. smile before that. so what can you learn from india in terms of digital payments? in india, it was the government to set up

a central government infrastructure that all transactions run through. at the time to the displeasure of many indian banks in europe to thanks a currently blocking a digital free access system instead of large banks that on this policy, we're going to see the sector. so you can certainly make payments pretty, i'd say on the transaction cost, which digital the, i think this transaction costs of no very minimal anyways. but you have these gatekeepers in the, the, even in some of the funding luggage will charge 2 to 5 percent transaction fees. now, it is that if you made the system very low cost and for you actually some of the companies that are benefiting from a charging, but transaction really be the loser. so there is still a long way to go before your opinions will be able to pay for that lunch or fill up the gas tank with the tap on the cell phone like they do in india.

or next report also takes us to india. the world's top rice exporter provides 40 percent of the rice on the world market. but that's changing right now. bad weather conditions have devastated crops and india is running out of rice to feed its own population. the governments in post and export them. that's raising concerns about a global shortage. new methods are needed to feed the world a good job. the region in northern india rice paddies. as far as the i can see farmer's harvest, the plants which remain partially submerged for weeks. what race cultivation is a traditional method that needs huge amounts of water? bryce is not an aquatic plan, took merely tolerates water. the problem more and more often, it doesn't rain,

not even during the monsoon. the rainy season from june to september, dr. periods are getting longer and rains are often heavy rather than steady. but the hard thing is that they are not sufficient, and the rainfall is not sufficient to grow rice, so they depend on ground water irrigation. the lack of rain causes the soil to dry out even further. that's why farmers now use water from canals and wells, causing ground water levels to sink. paradoxically, even more rice has been planted. india's main farming regions lie in the north where the popular buzz monte variety is grown. india's rice exports have doubled over the last 4 years from about 10000000 tons and 2019 to more than 22000000 tons water shortages and increasing exports. the gap is

growing ever wider, which is why the indian government has now slammed on the brakes. and band, the exports of white price to begin with. value spies have so it's to highest on what's on by leo's like up to july, the it up by united nations golden echo told manage on that feel so good. the for us, our private, the leg by a legal, this has led to governments, bmw of a, pertaining to exports on the initial billions of people across blue. on the god category over that is that has witnessed that sport band from india is made up for commodity for people in asia, africa, and make a decision among other places. indian rice is exported to the u. s. europe, iran and other middle eastern countries. high temperatures and the ill nino weather phenomenon with its on usual air and ocean currents are causing india's water

supplies to drop even further agriculture. they are currently consumed 80 percent of its fresh water. the amount of water needed to produce specific foods is called virtual or hidden water. this allows an ecological water footprint to be calculated similar to a c o 2 footprint and rice farming footprint is especially huge. so how much virtual water do foods need? $60000.00 leaders of it are needed for a single kilogram of rice. the leader of orange juice requires 40000 and a kilo of beef takes 20000 leaders to produce. so how can rice be grown more sustainably? farmers are seeking new solutions. money that can be on us, out of a solid, the water level of his son could buy up to 3 meters in our country each year. man, you know, during the documents we've decided to sell rice directly into finance as it uses less water. and so to be is talking with direct sewing,

the rice has its own directly into the water, but instead onto a non flooded fields, an efficient alternative that saves resources. or did you do? i deduct that he was directed by showing i've saved almost 30 percent of my water. this doesn't compromise the quality of my race at all and i can that's one i do not good. i got the punjab state government offers farmers of $1500.00 rupees or about 18 euros in compensation per season if they switch to the new methods. farmers and groceries both hope to rely on other types of grains and vegetables in the future. instead of water intensive, rice, ginger potatoes, onions and tomatoes are also traditionally grown in india. this way, farming could become more responsible and more sustainable. the climate change is threatening crops,

not just in india, throws the oranges like these are harder and harder to come by. in spain, the country known as the food basket of europe is facing extend the droughts, much of its land risks. turning into desert food farmers, i know, facing a bitter bottle for water and dried up an even pot. the bits of picture of the orange plantations between quoted button sybil is already clear that the farm is, would not be able to harvest the $1600000.00 tons of the previous year. jose fernandez the head a deal on the way to his plantation which is experiencing extreme drought the get don't i have to tell you all right, i agree out. you i planted and grew them. oh, i don't me, david, look, i'm so sorry to see them like this. gabriel,

how long it has and 14 years. i've never seen them as bad as they are now. i saw not can. okay. and these are areas here that have no oranges at all. so others have a few, pedro i'm handed out, but the owners are very small. many, you're not even good for use anymore. you may pass through the trees, should be in full bloom. a lot of them, but it's highlighted well by doing that. i thought that meant to pay the thousands of families need war to for that crops. but does that look at the central reservoir shows? it's not coming. only 10 percent of the lakes capacity remains experts and now trying to be better prepared at least for the next round and so eat up with time. the need to improve the water supply already can keep it and meet them. i mean, that also means more storage possibility as well. okay, with a c p, the put even do you have 11, we have to optimize your use of water or come into the digital ization. so when i'm

a quote i lucky to you, this request special senses on this thing to know if it's available. they already show how much moisture is in the soil. and they measured the diameter of the trees . if they contract, the oranges need water is a small everything we're more than 20 percent more efficient than other farms through the use of technology by the paralegal. okay. and we know when and how much century needs see a good way and i will come to available. this knowledge is crucial for adapting agriculture to climate change. but this alone is not enough to make the south of spain viable witness from the same people. but i didn't think i deal, they, we have to stop the action of irrigation already approved the management of water. and we also need to promote the cultivation of non irritated species. again, almost somebody we must try to find a solution together with different measures. so i know the solution is to irrigate

with even less water starts up in malaga, is developing software for this purpose. it also uses data from sensors. but the subtle differences, the analysis, artificial intelligence is being used. the is the soul of this project. and most of the, of the sensors push the technology. i think it's all there already. you understand, but the application of a, i will help us scale is a project. you know what? we will be able to serve many trotter's and above all, but in the future give each farmer individualized assistance to exactly what they need. the protocol is meant to see us as a tuscan of to see the however, success also depends on communication. the simpler the baxa farm is receive henson advice by what sense and can also respond almost on the we assume that water savings are between 20 and 40 percent for of the colors when i was at the oranges, steep olives, or even wine, you know,

how long was it will be able to just translate the current one cannot be prevented even with a i but the technology will help us get by with less water for longer protecting the earth from sheets and drought. that's also the job of our ozone layer. it blocks out the sun's most harmful rays like a field for our planet. we, on the other hand, haven't been protecting it enough. and the 1980 scientist discovered issued a hole in the ozone layer caused by chloral floral carbons. these gases are used to refrigerators and hairs phrase, through the whole uv rays were able to sign on to our earth and our skin unimpeded to fix the damage. all of the world's countries met at the u. n. and ratified the montreal protocol, fanning the dangerous gas protocol, put the ozone layer on the road to recovery, but it left out one crucial substance, laughing gas,

it's more harmful for our environment than any of the others. but why is it barely talked about nitrous oxide, better known as laughing gas, or this stuff is no joke. oh yeah. it is in the past thinking become now the just remaining spec to the ozone layer and could undo one of the biggest environmental successes that humanity is ever experienced. and as if that wasn't enough, it's also super potent greenhouse gas that makes global warming and a lot worse. so why is the one talking about nitrous oxide and how can we stop this stuff from building up in our atmosphere? you probably know nitrous oxide from things that will kind of this. but what is it into o is a colorless gas that's made up of nitrogen and oxygen? pinkish chemist just briefly 1st synthesize that in $1772.00. and the chemist test experimented with a gas and discovered that bracing it in makes you feel light headed. he called it

laughing gas and the 19th century. nitrous oxide became a real hit at so called laughing gas parties, which were basically a bunch of french people getting high on it. at one of these parties, american dentist power as well as got the idea to inhale the gas as a painkiller. before having it tooth extracted. he introduced the method into medicine where it still is use today. and apparently it hasn't lost any of the traction as a potty direct either or has to do. the thing is levels of nitrous oxide was stable for centuries, but the amount we pumped into the atmosphere has increased by a staggering 30 percent in the past 40 years alone. there are many reasons for that and we get to them. first, we need to understand why this much nitrous oxide and what ms. here is the problem . well, nitrous oxide not only destroys the ozone layer, it also works as a greenhouse gas and trips. the heat from the sun in the atmosphere is the 3rd most

abundant greenhouse gas of the carbon dioxide and re sign. it's just no one really knows about it. somebody needs to be an advocate for the 3rd most important greenhouse gas. ok. so here i am. this is eric davidson. he's an environmental scientist who has been working on nitrous oxide for more than 30 years. we need to look under every stone to try to find ways to mitigate climate change. ignoring it is a bad idea. it's around $265.00 times better a tripping heat than c o 2. and once it's in the atmosphere, it stays there for about $114.00. just accounting for about 6 percent of global warming, which doesn't sound like a lot. but when we have such a small window to stay below 1.5 degrees, every single emission, this is david canter. he researches how nitrogen pollution and food security connected. so where does all of this nitrous oxide in the atmosphere even come from

the biggest source accounting for about 2 thirds of all human costs, nitrous oxide, emissions of agriculture. and the good old days pharmacy has been your composts or the times that find nitrogen to make their soil richer and nitrogen. but everything changed in the early 20th century. that's when german chemist catawba anti bush invented a method that turned agriculture upside down. they later won the nobel prize for this thanks to the so called have a process. it was suddenly possible to produce massive amounts of ammonia fertilizer and put massive amounts of nitrogen onto our truck. in the last 60 is the amount of nitrogen fertilizer we use has increased 10 fold. this has made it possible to feed a growing population. just we're over doing it a bit. every year we spread more than a $100000000.00 tons of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer on our crops. but only about half of it makes its way into the plants. the rest is taken up by different

microbes and the soil, which turned it into nitrous oxide. among other things, the i pcc estimates that for every 100 units of nitrogen applied at least one kilo is last us into o n. depending on you are, it can be much more. we found it to be as high as 3 or 4 percent in the systems where we were in, in the sort of north central iowa that steven home and environmental scientists research in greenhouse gas emissions from soil. and so there can be tremendous geographic variations. the other big players, the chemical industry, accounting for around 14 percent of nitrous oxide emissions. here it comes as a byproduct when we make a depicted nitric acid. we need these for producing nylon cars. fertilize this or explosives. in 2018, the biggest plant into us admitted into o equivalent to the carbon dioxide pollution from 2000000 cars in the coming

decades, emissions are expected to increase even more if they are more and more people on the planet. we need more food to make more waste and products. that's why we need to think about solutions as most human make. nitrous oxide emissions come from agriculture. this is where we can expect the greatest success. so it's inevitable that there will always be some nitrous oxide emissions. question is, can we kind of redesign our agricultural system to make it much, much more efficient? and so that we can sort of the couple this food production, at least partially the couple, the food production from the nitrous oxide production, the biggest fix would be to waste less fertilize that we should use just as much as needed when the crops needed. but we won't know what the right amount of nitrogen to apply is until the season is over. and so this is a real challenge for farmers, right? who have to, you know, maximize their long term income to say to stay in business. many farmers supply the

nitrogen and fall off to the harvest. besides, it's easier to plow then and the farmers have less to do. let us know cons like growing the nitrogen just sits there until the early spring. and the thought of this loss as to the environment optimized for lies less can also help, like adding nitrous occasion and habitus that can slow down how quickly my troops transform ammonium. or special coaching on the fluids lies that can delay the release of nitrogen in the soil and make it available when the plants actually need it. changing the way we farm can also help like planting nitrogen, fixing krupps, rotating crops or applying the fruit. eliza as close to the roots as possible, sound straightforward. so why aren't all farmers doing this? tom is a very constrained and the decisions that they can make it constrained by regulatory forces. market forces, cultural forces, behavioral forces, knowledge forces, social forces, full of those actors shape what a family does on this deal. as

a farmer actually has a quite narrow decision making space. so it's complicated. what's much less complicated, reducing nitrous oxide emissions from industry. paul, we need to do is put these little things into smoke stacks. we're nitrous oxide process through they act as a catalyst and help break up nitrous oxide into di, nitrogen and oxygen foster. and they're extremely effective getting rid of almost all the nitrous oxide but not all companies do it. and there's in very few countries. is there really a legal requirement for them to do it? that's not a technological problem. it's not really even an economic problem. it's basically a political problem. it's the policies are in place, they can be very effective. 30 years ago, countries into you implemented the nitrogen directive. its goal was to protect water from nitric pollution. as a result, emissions from agricultural, sorry, was decreased by 21 percent. just policies like these are few and far between. so

again, it's complicated. we're still trying to come up with solutions that work within the current system of production, which makes sense. we're going to need to continue produce a lot of food support. well, we're not gonna change existence overnight or short. but part of the science of the community is, responsibility should be in shining a light, showing us the ways boyd and what future world could look like in different scenarios. we will never be able to totally cut into o emissions that reducing them as possible and their agency needed. so how will you be paying for your next spanners, oranges at the supermarket? i'll be using my phone. that's it for this week's episode of may just use business magazine. i'm obviously not. thank you so much for watching and take care of the

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