a 30 minute dw world in progress, as tough calls to everyone who wants to know more about this topic that concern us about this story is beyond the headline world in progress. the w postcard, the november 2023 off the coast of u. o g. but japan, and under steve all k, no erupt, it giving birth to a tiny new island. researchers are studying interruptions like this in the laboratory, hoping to find out more about what power is volcano volcanoes in their mystery. up close and personal on this edition of dw science show. welcome

to, to borrow today. this is what happens when hot lava meets will test like during the volcanic eruption in hawaii at 1st the law that doesn't cool down at all. then it starts flowing, more like ribbons of honey dripping from a spin before turning into chunks of stone and glass. at the same time, you see that the from this pile open now crude sample, there is bubbles for me. let flip this image around. and these steam problems arising, but then they feel that there's cold or water around. so they instantly implodes and the bubbles never make it up to the surface of of my heart the container. vulcan knowledge is anthony le more. an overs cooper's a melting ground on volcanic rocks in this oven heated to 1100 degrees celsius.

there were only a handful of lamps like this one here at unix ne maximillian university. they use for experimental volt canada g by reset. just us studying what happens inside a volcano deep inside the dots where the maxima is before it tends to lava when the volcano erupt. how does mack my phones deep in the or into mental out? does it make its way to, in the cross out as it evolved, stole in different places in maryland chamber and then move up, install again, and then move up. and it's priming itself on the way to the surface. only about 5 or 10 percent of meg will make it to the surface. most of it gets stuck into across . so it across is a filter. and we need to understand that. so we need to actually start modeling the system as a whole, where nearly to there's a lot to then how does the magnitude expand? how does it fracture?

how does it define young, lovely, and his team built these ovens so that they can follow the process step by step to see exactly how solid rock notes on the ground. not looking at any form in the top, 200 kilometers of the this month. so what the temperature and pressure conditions are right? even the magnet isn't everywhere. momma only melts in places where tectonic plates the drifting apart, and the pressure decreases, allowing the maxima to rise like an iceland, for example. cold places where one plates trace on top of another, on the presence of water allows the rock to mount despite the high pressure. lots of the volcanoes in central and south america were formed. the 1st place when locked in the notes is that what a cold hotspots places where the temperature is unusually high. hawaii volcanoes, for example, powered by hot spots and every volcano is different and routes in

a different way. that's why the team often head south field research, like here to the long valley caldera in the united states. they gather volcanic rocks, and bring it back to the board train. for a long time, the process by which friction makes the volcanic rock the top as it rises up, the volcanic vent wasn't fully understood. that's why jackie kendrick studied help or kind of rock so rather against each other until they melt. this is something that happens when you rub your hands together on a cold face and you see this is also true of trucks. this happens in tectonic aspects, and it also happens that volcanoes. and so here when we move on to some who's passed, one of the rich, the simulates, and one of these frictional contacts. so we want to understand what kind of promotions create what levels of heat inside of the results was captured

on video. it takes just a 2nd for the rock to mount. so at the beginning, when we have flip, we're going to see this kind of ash that creates it from the folks at the same. and you can see that from the house from the surface. and then very quickly, we're reaching a couple of 100 degrees and then already a 1000 degrees where we start melting. it can reach up to 1400 degrees through friction alone as this thermal image shows. that this is quite remarkable. and this is not something that we were actually expecting when we pick out what maybe the most risky is not going straight into touch it afterwards because they really quite exciting samples. and the idea that you want to go and grab that and get that in your hands right away is a, is very tempting, but it actually takes about 30 minutes to cool down to room temperature. so we have to be careful not to of the jackie kendrick and her

team discovered that the friction doesn't just generate more heat. it also helps folk interruption the, as the molten maxima rises, the pressure goes down. that allows the gases in the maxima to expand, the gas is phone bubbles, and that increases the volume of the maxima. well, decreasing its density. that gives the maximum momentum until it finally reaches the surface of its cool lava. is the same as a bottle of champagne and if you open open it too quickly, it splashes everywhere. and every time we open a bottle of champagne, oh but it was coca cola. we tried to regulate that with our hands. we do this systematically. all of us every day. so could we do the same with the magma? could we drill in a way, way we could control and the gas coming out. so we prevent, eventually prevents interruption from happening. young, i'm on

a and his team one to put those questions to the test at the crossland block, my testbed in iceland the planning to drill a to kilometer long knocked my chamber to upset the maxima where it's normally hidden from view. and that hoping to figure out how to tap into that super heated liquid rock as a new source of energy. huge amount of energy and maxima. if you take one liter of magma at a 1000 degrees and you cool it slowly to room temperature, you obtain one megawatt. we have full kind of corruptions in history and artistry that they've reached. 4 or 5000 cubic kilometers. there's a lot of energy sitting there that the power entire country, the noise is energy, but it's also the source of all of these,

the minerals that phone's are deposit, rare of gold compa all comes from them from the magna. so there's a lot of benefits from them. similarly, the fluids are utilized for full time on energy, but we also have lithium coming out of these fluids. so there's a lot of goods to magwell. volcanoes are a force of nature, but fascinating and frightening. and there's still a lot less the volcanoes can be deadly. as a visit to this archaeological site makes clear, the ancient roman city of pompei was wiped off the map when mountain to sue v as a ruptured almost 2000 years ago. what's this like for people who live here today? and i'm always a little afraid you will be sure. i lived through 527 quakes with 2 small children

. and i still didn't move away and many people left, but not me. and no one did it as close as he, when there's a quake, we just wait outside. it's scary at night, but you learn to live with it at all and it will be vain. the concern is understandable because there's another volcano here, along side mount vesuvius to fly grey in fields. so let's take a closer look at the region. the place that at 1st glance is practically picture perfect. this is a famous volcano in southern italy. and so, is this one rises towards the sky at the edge of a city. the other is basically invisible. the company for the great west of naples, isn't a mountain. it's a caldera, a college in like color, that spends more than a 150 square kilometers. it may look innocuous, underground,

it's burbling in simmering. and everyone's wondering whether they're wrapped, if you start challenging question how you will not see an interruption during my live here, come people agree because they're more than 80 percent of the city of what's on the lives on top of the company. so i think the culture and was formed by new reps in almost 4000 years ago. steam and hot gases rise from the funerals, pushing the floor the caldera upward, the that causes earthquakes, and is made the ground rise by almost 4 meters here over the last 70 years. so what's happening inside the volcano? scientists regularly analyze the gases that escape here, and the gas is trapped in the mac that chambers at several kilometers underground. some gosh, just are mostly because of the of the commodity process is mostly because of montgomery for example c o 2, but also some other i know it's got this like you,

nitrogen and so on. he said other uh gosh, just like me telling me things are mostly because of what is happening in the i deterred most east. and so in the shallower part of the system, the geo chemical data confirm that the long dormant volcano destroying the earth, the crust above it, is stretching and weakening. during the last sun's wrist face stopped and ongoing guys, a space started in 2005. it was reduced through on increasing the flux of seo, to which reaches value of about $45000.00 tons per day. the spaniel rings becomes leg rate. one of the a to a mean it meters of both kind x you to on. this is the reason for which the most scientists are talking about the diesel. ok, no indices of angels will cannot disclose. it is allowed for fraser. so the credit

to the cause of very high in 2012 the alert level and the region was set to yellow is the alert, went to orange and red. nearly half a 1000000 people would need to be evacuated within 72 hours. the volcano last directed in $1538.00, which is also the only historically documented interruption. about 40000 years ago . this area was shaken by a super rection, a term that gave rise to the word super volcano. remnants of volcanic ash can still be found in eastern europe fully to this, originally these great tactical, whether they're not ill, 7000 years fuck, you know, features so far. i think i own the company and i guess was the destroyer. but these by use that option to was

a very impressed to hit option in the label for for more and more videos of burbling slides are going online. people are getting worried. is that worried justified? sandra ross tod, distressing to each. so just a day to the main, not me to come disagree our mainly drive inviting section of my commodity fluids inside the shuttle where i'd return most east. obviously at the moment is not possible to completely screwed up. so the involvement of shuttle of and smooth my commodity intrusion, which obviously it's a good the right stuff to prove, but bbc of under option in the future. but the magnet and these companies that guy has been burbling and flowing for centuries. the underground magnet chambers fill up an empty regularly, which explains the brady size in here, the slow lifting and thinking of the earth's surface. it's evident on the collins

and these ancient ruins. the residues shows that they were under water at some point. and then we surfaced next door in the old harbor. there's more evidence of this up and down movement. many boats like beached on the sand here. understanding the brady science and then the region can help decode what's happening deep under the account, dera. but even with all of the monitoring, scientists still can't predict exactly this. and when the super bowl, aquino might erupt, the sicily and the cells of italy is home to another big volcano, mounted. it began belching lava and clouds of gas again in early december 2023. can of russians like this be predicted? no 2 volcanoes are alike, some erupt by spewing lava,

gas and rocks into the air. others are relatively gentle. we can look inside a volcano, of course, but in the lab, we can show how magma explodes. maxima has very different properties. it's, it can be more like, uh, like a tar you make the street 1st is to very slowly deform it. it can flow, but if you fast the deform it, it accommodates trans and it breaks. that's exactly what's happened. an explosive organisms. this cylinder was carved out of a large chunk of volcanic rock to simulate a volcanic explosion between a show, a place is a cylinder inside a model. volcanic event, the gas has been sped into it, raising the pressure inside until it splits into fragments of all kind of material like sender, ash and broken rock called pyar, requests and explodes. the experiment shows what happens in the conduit when the

volcanic matter is objected upward at an ever increasing velocity and how a cloud form. so above a volcano, the, this gives us the possibility to observe it with a high speed camera and really see what practice way and frank just how close of the grades, how large of a, how are they evolving and how is the direction of that? then creating the flu and creating the ballistics. being a check that from the vocational which posts that has on the research team could even observe lightning forming in the cloud. when particles involve panic, ash, fragments and collide. they found that the smaller the particles, the more lightning there is in the plume. in 2022, the volcanic eruption in the south pacific country of tongue sparked the most intense lightning storm ever observed. each volcano is this not posting that it is this different personality. so you have to study for each were panel how they

behave. and with this, the 10 impulse, the forecast, what the con, to a focus on that. the volcanic rock here and the munich laboratory comes from around the world. because every volcano is different in their shape, vince porosity, magnet composition, and more. every volcano has its own personality. and every a russian does to the in december 2023, mount milwaukee on sumatra. erupted with little warning, just one of the counselors that russians, indonesia has experienced over the years. wonder option about 200 years ago was so powerful, didn't lead to the year without summer in europe. this devastating 10 for a rupture and went down in history. the,

the rupture of 1815 deposited millions of cubic meters. volcanic material on some of our island come by. wow. i'm going with it. i believe 92000 people died and all 40000 straight away. but what would be the, the, that, and if at the judy we have these beautiful scenery with the money, and we can see what happened in a $1015.00 here upon nothing of the. so then for the 1815 was when the tamora volcano erupted the most powerful in recorded history. what happened on the island of symbolic was felt around the world. climate data confirmed that the russian costs global temperatures to cool with

a devastating impact on agriculture around the world. the in parts of asia, the monsoon rains, were disrupted, leading to drought in europe. so the cold and rain lived across failures and widespread famines, disease and economic turmoil. the crisis also made waves in the world of art and literature. hers are sent to have inspired novels like mary shelley's frankenstein, and the use of light and color and cost barnaby. frederick's paintings captured this striking sconce in the darkness the trout of the earth, catastrophe and creativity went hand in hand. it's even been plans at the interruption spark the invention of the bicycle. it's a theory that's on proven, but we do know why be a russian brought cooler temperatures. so, but kind of low the level. sonya

a little bit when a volcanic eruption injects action, must be a tacit, and gas is into the atmosphere. i've gotten into the stratosphere so by that all you haven't for the, for a soul fate. aerosols, or which the earth's rotation helps spread around the globe will be by walking editing. and those aerosols have a cooling effect on the earth. done by now, crops fail thing going to be not that many animals can't find enough food. and so what are we going to say uh, but just to be back near indonesia is situated on the pacific ring of fire. mountain bore on some by one is just one of more than a 100 active volcanoes. there. this called era is also a legacy of the russian of 1815. today, the area around mount tamora is a national park. it takes 2 days to reach the edge of the crater. for many people in indonesia, volcanoes have spiritual significance. sweet spot and as highly consulting to

witness that 1st hand. in 1847, he climbed 10 boar and penned the depiction of eruption of the year 1815. in his pamphlet, he described how local people warrenton against climbing the volcano. wherever you set foot and fire are reps from the ground. people spirits inhabit the mountains, and those who want only to ascend in that region of kelly spear it's are faded to separate storms, tempest and certain perdition. before the disaster, people didn't realize that tumble ro might corrupt. nobody knew that mountain bordeaux was a volcano asper time in memorial. it had adjusted neither ash, nor lava, nor had rumblings revealed that it held chambers of underground fire. the absence yeah. the word come bora comes from the word and bora. bora means to disappear in indonesian who lives with a ton in front of it. as in tom bora,

it means inviting them to disappear. to me, i think i'm on that. let's disappear. not anyone who likes and it's a place that's never lost its mystery. i do not deny that i too felt a thrill of exhilaration as i became the 1st person since the terrible eruption to set foot on the crest of this mountain, which had a cheap such sorrowful fame and history. scientist today are still studying the eruption of mountain bore, a geologist, climate scientists, and social scientists are all interested in the global impact of a natural disaster that took place more than a century ago. a disaster that in essence comfortable, aquino, and half the battery. but not, but at the number of elkin ologist believe or subscribe to the theory that the

summit of mountain bore. i'm authorized, 4000 meters above sea level one met the battery from a loud and because of the 1015 a rupture and it was essentially cutting the half ago. and what remains is only 2800 meters above the sea level. what about this? again, my thought on that one more time loud and it was a disaster for local people. the flank of those people was a terrible thing to behold. strewn along the road where human remains surrounding places where others had been buried under lava and ash. villages were devastated houses had collapsed and lay half buried beneath the ash effect the following up on the on the 1815 a russian retreat kingdoms in the region of mountain bora, under lava. that's all that are buried them without a trace. someone in the past has got on and during the excavations along the co window track, the archaeologists have under the traces of community life fair,

the year 1815 following up on the one of the including rice fields and the housing complexes and human scale. it is a complex little man. then come on, come on. we see. the night sky on our ascent was peaceful. nothing like the evening of april 5th, 1815 when the 1st pillar of fire illuminated the night. the infernal lasted 7 days before it subsided. mountain vera is what is called a strato volcano. it was formed by many geological layers. it has a steep, narrow cone. so is it possible it might have romped again one day. over the past 20 years, the region has seen many periods of increase seismic activity. small tremors in the ground and the vince and the ground called few more rolls are emitting more volcanic gases and vapors. again. mountain bar is under observation. like many

other volcanoes in indonesia, the disability amount of 127 active volk. and i was in indonesia, almost 80 percent of them between 70 and 80 percent of them have an observatory station i kind of have to. we don't, we even have one ball kennel monitored by 3 observatory stations. i'm up. each station has a size mcgrath up, since they have the size of the graphs and binoculars that are they measured the wind direction and the temperature in simple that they have their him a couple of sensors to measure the temperature of humor rolls and sold the target list and so forth. we might also, but i thought is my goodness, our journey has come to an end. in 18. 47, when highly toning to arrive back safely from his ascent, his return was seen as a good omen. it was thought the curse had been lifted and the evil spirits banished the hope was that the disaster of 1815 would never come again. the celebratory gunfire, expectations, and singing, went on until dawn. that's

all for this edition about volcanoes and there are many mysteries. thanks for joining us. we'll be back next week with another edition of tomorrow. today. the science show on dw, see you that the, [000:00:00;00]

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