of the smiles to the flag the imagine that you're eating a hamburger and as you're biting into this juicy burner, your dining companion says to you, actually that hamburger is not made from cows. it's made from golden retrievers.

2 should we. 2 2 2 2 2 2 in meeting cultures around the world, people learn to classify small handful of animals with edible and all the rest of the classify as discussing a w series about our complex relationship with animals. the great debate, what you know, on youtube dw documentary, the, [000:00:00;00] the as nations go, the vatican is tiny. but on the stage of world history, it's a giant, the magnificent buildings of vatican city were built around the humble tomb of

saint peter. even the 1st basilica on the sun, i was almost as large as no true dom and paris knock listing to the structure was over 120 meters long and $66.00 matters wide. its dimensions were colossal on the side and the successor to the 1st basilica is even more impressive. saint peter's basilica was intended to be the largest church in the world, covering over 20000 square meters, the size of 3 soccer fields. it can hold $60000.00 worshippers, both in size, but also even in its aesthetic qualities. it needs to be grand a year old in order to impress visitors, building a church of this size present to the norm as technical challenges. not least of which was how to build a 42 meter diameter down 110 meters above the ground. the chair and rings were incorporated into the don't say the large amount of iron made it

a very modern structure. the in the middle of st. peter's square stands and aba lisk, weighing over $300.00 tons to raise it. a wooden structure was built that served as both a crane and a means of transporting it. about 900 met hundreds and 40 full horses and 40 inches in vatican city. architecture is entirely at the surface of the church. a secret 800 metre long passage way was reserved for the pope's exclusive views. and documents from the early days of christianity are stored in an underground bunker hill, gets the link to the ab kilometers of shelves. behind these architectural wonders lie an unimaginable number of technical challenges. michaelangelo not only painted the sistine chapel,

but also devised the necessary scaffolding himself the pants. bernini can see the highly original design for st. peter's square. about 300000 people can fit into the piazza. the vatican allows us to see what is normally closed, to prying eyes and 3 d animation immerses us in the cities amazing architecture. join us as we bring the secrets of the holy city to light. the vatican lies in the heart of italy, nestled in the city of rome. it is less than half a square kilometer in area, a 3rd of which is made up of gardens and parks. excluding

a few plots of land outside the city proper. the vatican is only a bit the size of monaco. the pontiff stands at the head of the small nation, protected by 135 swiss guards the vatican, maybe a micro nation. but it is the spiritual guiding light for 1300000000 christians across the world. the if you think about it 2000 years ago, there was nothing on nevada can help to understand how is city state with the norm as a symbolic power was created from nothing or almost nothing. we have just started st . peter's basilica. more than 20000 visitors descend on the cathedral every day. to admire the architectural masterpiece,

the lavish decor and the christian imagery news about the origins of saint peter's basilica light beneath its marble floors. at the exact spot where the famous 28 meter high bronze canopy stands, the if you were to dig down 10 meters, you would discover that and the acropolis lay here before the cathedral was built, the and then the company that then acropolis was laid out along a small road and that's what these burial sites were located here on the hill, they were placed on the outskirts of the city because the ancient romans divided the living from the dead. the stream wave on the city was the realm of the living and the dead lived outside it. d e more spinning possible. at that time,

this graveyard was actually outside the city of rome. it's well preserved and still contains tombs, some of which are over 2000 years old and near this mecropolis is another building that played an important role for the vatican. down the hill from the cemetery. ember can legally had a roman arena built can equal that a close to the collision. look the venue that he then left his successors including euro, which is why it is also known as the circus of curricula in neuro or not in the middle. the circus was 500 meters long, 100 meters wide and could hold up to 20000 spectators. it was the sight of a pivotal events in the story of christianity. at the foot of this obelisk in the year 6480. after the great fire of rome and

64, a, d, m for nero, decided to blame the christians and to set up a mixture of spite of execution. in this surface, he executed saint peter crucified upside down, and his friends are given the body of a 70 year old dead man, which they have to very quickly. and they buried him in a hole in the ground to this simple hole in the middle of the acropolis, became a pilgrimage shrine for christians from all over the world. emperor constantine, 250 years later, was the 1st roman emperor to convert to christianity. he had a church built there, laying the foundation for what later became saint peter's basilica. the church that we know today of saint john letter and was the 1st church built. and that was followed by a series of other churches dedicated to saint peter, paul, lawrence cetera. the basilica, the constantine,

built for saint peter was probably the most complex project. because the one requisite was that the 2 of saint peter stay where it was and become the central space at the church. this is an effort to preserve the exact spot of peter's tool, which is really beyond the ordinary. this unusual project to begin with, dismantling the circus of curricula, and nero only, the obelisk and the middle remained after the stones were removed, the slope of the hillside on which the basilica was to be built, had to be levelled off. in order to do this, since peter's tomb was on a hillside, the engineers had to lop off the top of the hill in order to create a flat plateau. begonia for the uphill slope had to be excavated and the soil used in silver sloped down here

a little bit too. but it was stabilized at the southern metre high retaining wall. this form the surface on which the largest christian basilica, the time could be built out in the busy because a lot people get on the bus, the categories. of course, the structure was over 120 meters long and 66 meters slide 8th. read the transcript was 90 meters across out on obama. amazing what they've done with june. just another 60 or 70 meters were added in front of the basilica for the atrium. video. and i mean it's dimensions were colossal co signed or 88 columns made of expensive marble. getting the marble blocks from the imperial quarries to rome? inquired complex, logistical planning. in the late middle ages, when the basilica was almost a 1000 years old,

it needed renovation. and numerous alterations had greatly changed its appearance. building with many sections added to it, unclear and maybe even on fits for religious ceremonies that were taking place there. should the original basilica be renovated and further altered or simply demolished. the church shows the 2nd option and plan and even more colossal building they want to something that would reflect a new power at the stage of the renaissance papacy in size, but also in its form in its aesthetic qualities. it needs to be grandiose. the dome of saint peter's basilica is a symbol of this grand year. from below, it looks as if it was built with consummate ease. but the reality was quite

different. constructing the dome and the rest of the cathedral was an adventure to say the least. ceremony drawings by all the architects of have been involved in the project. so i'm on to my time slow, the 4th task, monday or not. but how to connect all these drawings and on the stylist who is doing walks and what leads to watch? that is a very difficult puzzle to solve. the 1st pieces of the puzzle include an extraordinary pope julie as the 2nd and a star battalion architecture to not to bermonte. together they began with saint peter's basilica project. the layout does not resemble of latin cross as churches usually do, but takes the form of a greek cross with a central don't for smaller, neighboring domes, and for towers the amount of design a greek cross product,

which agrees with renaissance ideas of the ideal buildings and with spiritual ideas called being in the center of the universe because i'm going to try to virginia. this was an innovative project. bob. nothing like it has ever been done before. and so it required huge financial and material investment. it had the purposeful and generous support in that you're going to face. bermonte model has done a month end of the pansy on built in ancient times and only 2 kilometers from the vatican. the nearly 2000 year old building has survived because the architects of the time had mastered the use of concrete. the from monte adopted the shape of the pantheon down, but raised the dome of saint peter's by several dozen meters

respected on zillow. sec. jase at saint peter's, there's a grandiose cathedral with a central floor plan, basically out of the gigantic don't rest on for killers with, for large purchase. i mean, we're not cheap. when i said with method, even if it was technically difficult to build, picking us the structure not only had to be directed because that's this, but also had to last for a long time so that it had to be able to support its own ways to stand as well as with stan earthquake causes that storms and other unforeseen events. over the course of time, i did the multi path, particularly sonya, she said 0 and you can know the important. let me work again on the new st. peter's basilica in 15 o. 6, and remain the one of a con, construction site for almost 120 years. wherever. this was certainly the largest construction site in the world at the time my money, but i didn't really know how to construct such

a building. you not only needs brakes, limestone track regina and marble, but also materials such as iron lead and 10 cows. think about it. yeah. federal bureau, of course, this is also true for other cathedrals, but especially for st. peter's because it is so big guy. okay. so it's construction not only touched on what is now the laws your region, but practically the whole of your all the best sums of funding were raised, work progress slowly, hope julie as the 2nd died in 1513 and don't know until bermonte followed a year later by then, the structural corps of saint peter's had been completed, including the 4 columns and their connecting arches. but construction of the dome had not even begun. and it was not clear if it could be built at all. the successors of julie as the 2nd dental not to bermonte,

now had to contend with the half finished. sho. if you think about the number of helps and the number of architects, it is a very long winded politics much longer than any other projects that any other pope undertook. the future of saint peter's remains uncertain. for 40 years. it was as if the project was cursed, architect after our protect brought only sluggish progress. one of these rough buyout plan to transform the layouts into a latin cross with a classical name. when he died, 37, his plans died with him. raphael successor, antonio, the son general, pondered a wouldn't model for 8 years without laying a single stone the 1st architect to bring momentum back to the project. despite his advanced years, was michaelangelo the almost out of desperation.

hope all the 3rd somebody, michelangelo, when i wrote in, in november 15, 46 because all the other great masters had died out by then most people told us the full series michelangelo to become the architect to some pieces. he's 72 years old. by this point, you know, absolutely incredible. the could be a master still achieve a stroke of genius. that's 72. what do you live long enough to leave his mark on the building? and how, what do you go about building the huge down. these questions remained unanswered for the time being. like per month, he wants to bills a hand. this therapy done michelangelo admired the punch and he said that it was

built by angels and not by man. these are the most difficult times to build because the nature of the hemisphere wants to implode. michaelangelo again took up bermonte is original idea of a silica with a central don't partly because perfect symmetry represented purity and partly for reasons of cost. he couldn't to think of something completely out of the bill, so you have to work with what was over any standing because it would've been far too expensive to tear down everything and then doing something new. but michaelangelo wanted to set an example as an artist and master builder. his don't was to be the largest ever built journal michaelangelo designed a revolutionary data. it is basically a double jones with 2 domes that sits on top of each other, but hardly touch it. they are separate from each other and the inner don't,

there's the weight. i think it's walls are barely one meter thick. apple is a dome, is 42 liters and diameter man. so this was very daring. i mean, the idea behind michelangelo's double throw me at the pair, the load and together going and reinforce each other because they are connected at the end you see jammed the land term, but i would say i did it in a lot on the don't wrists on a ring shape september or drum, which is clad with 15 meter high double columns at the top. click eventually it just says live to see that those jobs nice to finish is the drum one then we morning. the silica look very strange. when he died, a switch a suit in his building successor inherited

a time or without no pressing who would finally achieve the seemingly impossible task of building the don't michaelangelo successor, the 3rd cathedral architect was giacomo dana ford. and when he showed the pope his design, he knew exactly what sort of challenges awaited him. 6 says the fish has up to date and says, oh the full time, how long is this going to take her behind to michelangelo? 17 years to build the drum. so that approach it says 10 years, which is a massive underestimate to build 50 numerous stone, twice the height of a pound. and 6, the says, you have to yes, to complete, to erect the don't within such a short time frame. deal

a port to altered michelangelo's design fee replaced the hemisphere with the peak arch. raising the dome, another 7 meters to retain the idea of the double downs. but his shells would thicker and thanks to internal ribs, much more stable. essentially postponing these rid this better distribute wave is to the load bearing surface. so the drum below think that out. since the if the 2nd advantage is that the ribs connected with the 2 shells school so that they move together in the foundation. it settles a little or in an earthquake quote, so they are much stronger and more stable, wanting to increase the dealer. porto also had middle reinforcements built into the don't structure on all 3 of the chairs and there are 3 metal rings in that building. and for more and in the lantern discovery might mean that it is further reinforced by chains,

iron plates and metal rods. the large amount of iron made it a very modern structure will be starting. i mean, the iron plays and especially important role for the lantern. at a 110 meters above the ground, it is completely exposed to the winds and so tends to vibrate tasks out loud. yeah . so it had to flex as much as positive like to last the guy that was here. you might say technical stroke of genius that made it possible to build a tone actually even higher than my time. so i have plans, and this is also a cheap by his work because on site building 247, around the top delta pools, finishes vista in 22 months. so john, on the 6th is the 5th to hear time limit the in 16 o. 312 years after the construction of the main dome,

the new chief architect calling him, i don't know, had the old basilica demolished, the. the name was built in its place, making saint peter's basilica, the largest church in the world. but the sun was massive and blocked the view of the dome from saint peter's square to the separately from a functional point of view, everything was perfect. but michelangelo's design had been disfigured. i don't see, i should be up with you that you could no longer see the don't especially the chamber, which was a key element to the don't on my that machine. you were still maternal chose this type of facade because it resembled a palace facade. and gave the impression that there was an institution within your architect, john,

lorenzo bernini was given the task of reducing the besides mass of the parents and bringing the don't back to the for on paper the solution seemed relatively simple. but for vanity, it turned into a nightmare branch, was commissioned to bill 2 towers on that facade that had been erected by and whether or not, but because the lines which stopped parts of the structure are standing, are quite marshy. the foundations were moving off to supports these towers. so when he starts to build these towers for a critique practice here in the facades of saint peters have made clear about tactics v. this was not possible. despite this set back, benny would ultimately leave a deep impression. it was he who designed the best silicates interior from the canopy over saint peter's tomb, to the adornment of the don't support pillars and the church flooring. the, a few years later, he was entrusted with

a task that would also shape the architecture of the vatican. the he was commissioned to design st. peter's square in whatever shape of things take. the primary specification is to do with as many people as possible. being able to see the benediction, wheelchair on the facade, benny had to contend with a 25 meter tall popoleskie. this monolith weighing over 300 tons, was still standing where it had been in the old circus. but in the future, it was to mark the middle of the square in front of saint peter's basilica. we estimate that about 300000 people can fit into the path. this

is an extraordinary mine booklet amount of people, which tells you something about the scale of destruction they are needing. wanted to place them on a list in the middle of the future square. because saint peter had died, edit sports. and because pope 6 this, the 5th directed obelisk all over room, the symbols of power. but also as landmarks for pilgrims 6 is the 5th, is the post the rear rags list of the of the list that you see standing in room today. he's taking on board was the age of roman and chris stated, the symbols of power. those are the wo, put them in strategic locations that would help to cruise navigates through the cities. moving a more than $300.00 ton obelisk was a risky endeavor. the riddle,

granite could break if it was dragged to another place. so the pope announced the competition for ideas that is a european wide competition. i'm probably something around 500 submissions was sent to the post, trying to come up with various solutions. one of the suggestions that came in was pray via tell in domenico fontana, when the competition the architect came up not with a prayer, but and astonishing machine. the main construction is called the cast. this is a more new mental frame of the functions as various areas of support for the ropes on the windshield as a crate to list it all,

but also to protect it. as it's being slowed down to protect the granite as much as possible. the obelisk was burst clad with timber. the castelow battalion for castle then raised the monument. the next, the monolith was placed on a ramp resting on tree trunks. this ramp on rollers had dropped bars on which people and horses pulled together. this allow the entire structure, including the obelisk to be moved. what he's using is 900 . a 144 and 40. when using to the right to re

read the ultimate it took $37.00 days to cover the almost 300 meters to the new location. despite the crowds of people watching, the operation took place in complete silence because the pope had threatened anyone disturbing the work with death from the obelisk was finally ready to be raised. disaster almost struck. it gets to the very dramatic moment when the homeless is kind of at this angle, the rope said he to the home and have become slot. it really looks like it's going to end in dissolved. and then a sailor obviously is going to know about road prize out from the crowds, dominican some tona, immediately realize that by putting water on these home groups, they broke some trucks. and this is what happens. besides the hub lisk bernini

had another problem to solve the oper, skolnik palace. well, then not going to demolish the act of solar palace, is this talk too much investment. the sumptuous decoration and the whole complex bernini had to come up with, lay out for the square that would effectively bypass the palace. his 1st design was a, trump, is only the, at the open side of the trap. as always, he drew 2 circles arranged so that the obelisk was exactly in the middle. the, the result was an oval shaped piazza, the boy with an o. you create me, which makes it feel. but when we put the chip easily and the shape

that is potentially another similar, it turns into a key, safe, possibly, referencing the keys of some piece of the key to salvation. the effect was spectacular. $284.00 columns, 16 meters tall, forming 2 arms that welcomed and embraced the faithful in the piazza. these are composed of being full, calling deep thought. divide the space up into 3 passage res. so the senate, for one is the largest wide enough the carriages to go through, and then the 2 small ones by the sides for pedestrians. the columns were carved from fine trevor teeth and varied in diameter. in some parts of the piazza, the 4 ro colonnade was interrupted and continued with

a single row of columns to crown at all. their need had $140.00 statues, installed each over 3 meters tall. this last major building project at the complex was completed in 10 years, but was not met with universal susie as, regardless of, of the work problems. it's built very, very quickly, but also on the enormous criticism, not only costs but of design, a lot of people. so the design was hideous. in his design, fair name, he had envisioned a 3rd colony, intended to surprise visitors when they 1st saw the basilica from the piazza. but when pope alexander the 7th died,

no pope after him was willing to commit to the expensive building project zone to the senate dines when the piazza is complete, it has already cost squarely. and in fact, an estimate has been done for the cost of the building of the whole of some pieces . the piazza is somewhere in the region of $9000000000.00 with it spectacular design. st. peter's square is the most symbolic and famous gateway to the vatican city, state. beyond the symbolic border, you are officially no longer in vatican, but in a town in territory, you crossed from one country to another without even realizing it, just by setting foot in the square. but there was another largely secret way in and out. this 800 meter long cord or behind the arcades of saint

peter's square is known as the past set to the board of go or the bar go passage. how was this tunnel created? what was it used for? was it there to spirit popes in danger out of the vatican? or was it used for dr. purposes? it was built as a covered passage, which people would not see what was going on that inside. it does cool all sorts of stories in the pipes. going to meet the mistresses in cost us intangible to going to see the execution of somebody they particularly hated the vatican was not always surrounded by a wall. in fact, a transformative event had to occur before the pope decided he had to better protect himself. a 46 for cyrus in this tyco steel. and they said the thoughts on right,

the end to the city thoughts. they suck the stuff up in the churches. it's certainly a terrible show to west and chris. this isn't a very important event, the history of that because it triggers the building of a wall, which has become in a 48. it took 4 years to complete the wall. today only a few sections remain built in tale of brendan briggs with some great lots of stuff. but it's probably about 8 meters high, 2 and a half me just stick with towers along it up to about 22 or 25 tons. and that will links costa sometimes you to the batch, gonna hill up behind some pages and then runs down the other side. for me, a long rectangular strip,

which is the about 3 kilometers long. in the 13th century, and 800 meter long section was altered. using this past say to the board though the pope could reach the nearby castile sand on zillow fortress from the opposite dolock palace. it's a way of thinking about going to costa as in tom 0. if i was going down into the street, the presence of the fortress of casto sometimes draws a safe haven because hateful position in rome was always dressed and not certainly from the outside, but also by you know, right? some difficulties inside the city. this strategically important passage was modified again in the 15th century. the city wall was raised and the former battlements became a tunnel with the offensive slits or embrace. years on both sides. again, an open passage lay along the top. so you could have sold as above. so just

below and also soldiers can move freely on the cover and visibly along this low carpet passage way. in the eventful history of the vatican, the past set to the portico twice proved its worth as a lifeline. 1494 when colleagues onto the 6th is threatened by the french king charles the 8th, and he pauses down the process. so to cost us the venture. most famously in 1527. columbus has to flee the troops of the emperor of charles the 5th. because you have to imagine not just the pope guy and on the process of the, you know, whole comb, try call, nose and bureaucrats. and this is probably a one is the same as you know, chaos inside the best set to apart from these 2 tens, military episodes,

very little is really known about what the passage was used for. but there are plenty of rumors about secret rendezvous. say for the nations are a feature of political life to pass that there is a source of glorified facts, this but because that secret may square off around it. and we will never read the following the last attack in 1527, peace range for the vatican for 2 and a half centuries. during this time, further, architectural projects were completed. of course, work on saint peters, basilica continued, but other no less. astonishing buildings were also erected like this tower. it's called the toilet a day event, the tower of the winds, and marks the 2nd highest point to the vatican. it was not field to watch for enemies,

but to study the stars. but why was the vatican interested in astronomy? what influence did the tower have on the world's calendars? and why was a hole boards in the side of the tower? the attorney opening was bored in the south facade. it's only about 4 centimeters in diameter. tickets ultimate at 73 meters tall. the tower is visible from afar, but it's not open to the public. it was a record at the end of the 16th century with a very specific purpose. of showing the tower of the wind, it was built between 15781580. and to confirm a calendar reform that the pope wanted to complete before the end of this month. difficult. so he moved and they also they, i'm the father. so they just kept the pope in question was gregory the 13th. and with this tower, he hoped to correct the old julian calendar,

which had been introduced by julius caesar. it was not accurate enough and shifted the dates of religious holidays over the centuries. so actually, so the julian calendar doesn't work very well because it's an accurate in pretty go home. the julian year is about 11 minutes longer than the average solar year olds mean these 11 minutes accumulate over time. after about 120 years, the discrepancy amounts to a whole day. behind the doors of a room on the 2nd floor, the traces left behind by the world famous astronomer, if not see what danty are still visible. the sky on a wall in the middle of the fresco is an oculus, a hole through which sunlight falls. a line has been chiseled into the marble floor, a meridian running from north to south. fit, you know,

selected at the moment the sun reaches its highest point in the sky. a is position is projected onto this line is just a 3 and this one's entry into the various constellations can be marked on the lines, maybe so late. the only digital signatures with the most important moments of the spring and fall equinox is in the summer and winter solstice. is it the the decisive test wasn't 1581 can actually see there's no record of this. but it said that pope gregory the 13th, came to this line on march 21st 15 by one to verify with his own eyes that this reform was necessary to the church. to click on that day, he observed the ray of sunlight falling through the monkey list, 5.2 meters above the floor. according to ignite, so dantes calculations, the spot of light should have been in the constellation of aries

the 1st so they took away. i mean, the sun was supposed to be a disposition on the line at 12 noon. that's but it wasn't. indeed you had already moved on considerably. it was a good position. the 2 positions were 11 days of parts, didn't get a silver and you know, so this wasn't the fact the difference between the theoretical equinox and the actual equinox of the time. what's the typical best the calendar was performed the next year to compensate for the shift officials changed to leap years were calculated and shortened the month of october. so pretty much they simply struck 10 days from the calendar. the day after october, 5th, 1582 became october 15th zipcode. council, sunk a part of the presentation in the tower of the winds, or the gregorian tower, only confirmed the earlier work of a scientific commission. but it staging symbolized at the pope's power. this hole

would have far reaching consequences and the recording calendar would later dominate throughout the world century. busy the reform naturally spread to catholic countries 1st and it met with resistance and protest and lambs. in england, a gordon calendar was introduced in 1752, took place on russia, for example. it took until 1918 and saudi arabia was one of the last countries to adopted in 2016, under insights. everything that happened in the vatican was intentional. every work, every gesture had to demonstrate the churches greatness. and the same was true for the sistine chapel. only 200 meters from the gregorian tower. even before michelangelo arrived in the sistine chapel,

it was already extraordinarily beautiful space. the chapel is a 40 meter long building, situated parallel to saint peter's cathedral. its architecture is like that of a military structure. the long before new popes were elected in these rooms, the sistine chapel was a strategically important building. at any given time, there would be a litter team going on in that space. you would have the entire hierarchy of the church in one room. so the building was also constructed, so there was a certain amount of security for that reason. it was very easy to adapt to the function of the sistine chapel to the site where future pontiff would be elected before michaelangelo set to work the chapel had already been decorated by painters like that would, you know. and but the challenge michelangelo was asked to rework the ceiling to

depict the 12 apostles. the commission was not ambitious enough for the uncompromising artist, the whole thing was crowned by a magnificent lapis last july, blue sky flecked with golden star. but the sealy began to flake and this man who never does things the way other people do, begin to in vision a declaration that would be on like anything anyone had ever seen before. the project was both an artistic and a technical challenge. more than a 1000 square meters of surface had to be painted 20 meters above the floor. the architects, though not to bermonte, had already designed scaffolding, but michelangelo rejected it. it would have to be fast into the ceiling and would

have left holes in his work. michelangelo and bermonte didn't get along very well. so i go, angela said he would handle it, selling the wooden scaffolding that michaelangelo designed was not suspended from the ceiling but rested on takes placed above the windows of the chapel. the bridge on which the artist worked, followed the curve of the ceiling. this made extremely uncomfortable, work less strenuous the bridge would allow him to always be at the same distance. so basically it's just an arm's length away. the painting technically expired that he stand with his head thrown back. there were large prepared drawings of exactly what is going to go on that section of the ceiling. it would be applied either in sized or punched out and that would guide the end while he was working

for more than 3 years, michaelangelo, phone against muscle cramps, migraines and a stiff neck. t illustrated scenes from the bible. incorporating the ceiling bolts into his work. and accomplished sculptor, he painted so organically that his figures seemed lifelike. when he had finished half the ceiling, the scaffolding was moved, so he could paint the other half, even seeing as unfinished work was like a revelation. it wise, hale, this and master piece from the 1st moment. hope is delighted. everyone is amazed by it. and it really effective art. in the immediate decades to come, michaelangelo made an exceptionally profound imprint on the sistine chapel. but his contribution to saint peters basilica was just as unforgettable. the temper he designed inspired his successor de la portent, who placed the don't mind tom, their name. he then took over hispanic,

an architect and design the magnificent piazza in front of saint peter's basilica. but for the past 300, the years the architectural history of the vatican has been quieter. the available real estate and the world small. this nation is after all, in short supply. the so a lot of imagination was needed to build an archive. the only exemptions that, again up a style like archives are stored on the remarkable, 80 kilometers of shelves that should there have been where can documents covering have a square kilometer of space be stored? what do these documents contain? and why would the archives set to be secrets for over 400 years? the answers to these questions lie in the court de la de la pena. this treasury protects

a vast number of historical documents and files. the building of 5000 square meter, 2 story concrete bunker, not far from the vatican, museums was designed to withstand fires and to conduct damaging moisture to the outside. the. the architects constructed an additional room on each floor for the most valuable and sensitive documents. the temperature and humidity and the special rooms are kept absolutely constant. after all, some of these documents are over 1000 years old. the speak to the most popular documents date from the 13th century and are written in mongolian good. they are among the oldest extent, written documents. the files from the trial of galileo,

galilee are also stored there. and the documents for which luther was excommunicated in the 16th century. important documents from religious history and diplomatic vials their cattle, their zip. among the carefully guarded treasures is a report on the trial of the knights, templar written on a 33 meter long parchment and this document from the 16th century is the petition of the english king henry the 8th. for the enrollment of his marriage, it bears the seals and signatures of $81.00 aristocrats less sensitive documents, ordinary administrative files and diplomatic correspondence from all areas and countries are stored outside the special climate control rooms of the archive bunker. but the name vatican secret archives is misleading the

definition. the german vatican secret archive which was used from the 17th century onwards, is derived from the latin terms separate us from that box, which refers to the pope's personal archives and absolutely not to secret contents . it absolutely no buttons to avoid this confusion called frances changed the name from direct and secret archive, giving it to vatican of a solid archive in 20. 19. when that i posted in the stomach archive was founded in the 17th century. and the original storage rooms are still in use today. the volume of documents is immense and growing daily. the underground archive bunker was built in 1982. it is a gold mine for historians, but it's not accessible to everyone. the pope and office decides what can and cannot be viewed as hundreds of the archives were open

to researchers under pub, leo, the 13 at the end of the 19th century as well, you don't have going to, they don't get either rather ambivalent undertaking to open up the historical scholarship on the one hand and to defend church history from attack on the other. through them is reading from one papacy to the next is the church has opened up more and more just as me. now the archives are accessible up to 1958 the. the history of the vatican continues to be written day by day. and the most recent decades of its history have a special place on shelves behind, carefully locked grills there they wait to be analyzed by historians many years from now. the vatican continues to hold tremendous fascination. it's a unique and secret place. its architecture is extraordinary. the buildings and works of art, bear witness to the deep belief in a christian god,

but also to struggles for power, money, and prestige reason enough for you ness, go to declare the entire territory a vatican city, a world heritage site, the the,

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