the, the column was later torn down, but some of the stone was later we used a tribute to the symbolic importance, but this structure, once him, the bill said to the self difficulties he showed up the men he of eric ross is certainly the greatest example of this kind of monumental stone structure, the sip, explore several 100 years after it was a record. the men here fell over and broke into 4 pieces. no one seems to know exactly how or why this happened. the men here had towered 18 meters over the

country side at the time it was the tallest upright stone structure of its kind that's entering on on eastern guns. and these monumental structures played an important road in the collective memory of society who did. and they continued to do so even 50 generations off to they were built in that spot relates to generations probably associated the structure with something entirely different. well, do not coordinate, getting of, of the toner from to get was comes under the stomach. so we can only speculate on the thought process. ease of neil looked at people's how did they imagine the world that they lived in the, the engravings on these huge stones, at the money lute site, also in the local area, okay. may provide some insight on the at 1st

glance, they may seem unrecognizable, but a closer inspection shows that each has a story to tell. she's, she has one go to the heat loss and another. the power little vertical lines represent a crude that the cool keith sushi, the images of boats, waves and whales, is it possible to piecemeal list of people have developed certain aspects of maritime culture. he says he of image of a whale, the body including a square feet is clearly visible. yeah. see, i can take one over there and up here, you can see this about which is depicted as a diversion, including the cost of the company doing a conventional details on the

we can't say for sure whether the local residence stopped at wales were dangerous wild animals or were merely a symbol of marine life in the gulf of more be on the ancient peoples often painted or carved images of animals the did they do so out of respect and admiration, or simply because they enjoy doing the sum of this argument, including paintings, engravings, and relief decorations is beautifully done. the, the farmers in hurting so moved west from asia. miners did not do so directly. it

was an irregular process that took place over several 1000 years. the design monday and nearly these neil ethic immigrants 1st encountered local european hunter gatherers about 7500 years ago. at the latest these india, the original inhabitants had been in europe for 40000 years. so they'd probably seen our k acumen species such as neanderthals and had experienced various periods of glacial activity because you can see about this in front of the hunter gatherers were there 1st in guns. and they were genetically distinct from the immigrant population on their last common ancestors, probably date back 30000 years or so the on the lips and reminds them for fun, which is all that certainly enough time to develop their own culture language and even physical appearance. and to beacons and then also want to seek this offer on to see the differences between these 2 groups were quite obvious. john is sent to

new flushed europe's original inhabitants were hunters the new immigrants had been farmers for several generations. the hunters and gatherers left behind little archaeological evidence. the later they probably migrated to less fertile regions, perhaps near newly populated areas. along the coast of northern europe, they found rich fishing ground and decided to settle the the,

the here in the community model region on the west coast of ireland, archaeologists are researching this key transitional phase. this is the only model if this type of party might stretch a coast here. so this is clearly a very significant place. it has arrived in the landscape. it's likely to be much bigger than the past. so underneath the shows the shows pointing to the seasonal occupation side as part of a season, a round of living on the shore. here we have all the shadow mittens on the shoreline. here for the inches are centimeters deep. this is a monumental mit and if you like on like any other one along the shoreline here. so it's, it's a, it's a particular sites and has hobbies, sacral, our sacred dimension to us. that's a hopefully we get to explore in time because the size is being rolled and now by,

by the elements it looks like a court site. now archaeologists have uncovered a number of small treasures here. the edge of their sheets, a kitchen made in which is a site that was built are the results of cooking year between 6 and maybe a 1000 years ago to the created by already farmers. here are the preceding population of home together is living on the show of call, where they are. so a rise along the line to close the art night and that would be high in this industry, both regret and the landscape very and far to ground. so fish resources and shows fish resources, huge the importance of some of the areas, sites in europe. and they already investigate academic insights. and you of, i show the balance of the very north of denmark. but over the last 200 years to been investigations carries out on shelves, mountains. but this is a classic example up on here. for years, experts disagreed on the origins of these accumulations of shell suicides and some thought that they've been why to shore overtime by ocean waves. but now the

majority opinion is that they were created by humans because we suspect it is immensely take our transition side between the message late the home to a guy that was this really marked the question you are being archaeologist. there's also gathers built the music to the adopt and the other thing, all right, it displays by 35 mean groups coming in from the concepts. this isn't going to the goal is to come from one of the great announced questions about the neolithic period is whether the farm and peoples emigrate to this region or whether the hunt together is turned to farming and became cit entering this in this institution. and it's difficult to say for sure, but in many cases we can assume that it was both on this out of this evidence to support each of these fairly spiders. it's getting very frustrated box providers could just be the between 382800 b. c. neil list of people's in northern europe built

a number of massive stone structures. the german archaeologist home commander speculates on why they did that because not lunch. oh no, it was a time during the ice age glaciers deposited huge boulders throughout northern germany and large parts of north central europe. diego, some less didn't bother the hunter gathering peoples. but as soon as they became sedentary and began to cultivate large fields, the boulders became a big problem. the style didn't one good mind stood, was even absolutely beating the fight. this time, people had learned how to move heavy objects like boulders. this was a major develop on the can. no,

i see that i have 2 different bits. neil: listen people's discovered the concept of traction and approximately 4000 b. c o 2 pieces. so this is just about the time that the 1st mega lifts were built . is how does one get to get people could use teams of oxygen to pull the boulders out in the field of ours to achieve austin for them. and they use these folders to build called sites or tunes or ment here. but what about these large single structure is going to practice when secretly help. so they found practical uses for these folders and they cleared their fields as well in the theme on which they use the same teams of ox and a pile of those fields and became incredibly productive, much more so than southern europe. and people who hadn't discovered that kind of plowing. yeah. you know, have probably to the farming at this time was hard work, particularly for those who use simple tools to till the soil. since, since people were living more closely together in small spaces,

they ran an increased risk of contracting disease. still, the population of farmers grew more quickly than that of the hunter, gatherers the and there was a big increase in construction in scotland. the 1st stone circles were building the burial grounds, began to appear in northern germany and shoes. stone columns were rented in brittany, for example, the men here, the shown to know. the structure is 9.5 meters tall. and the component parts were handled from a site that was at least 4 kilometers away. the, the menus, deluxe formulae is 8 meters tall and weighs about $160.00,

turned it lean slightly to one side because it was built on soft ground. this structure and 2 others nearer, were set to guard the entrance to him. the, there are more than $3000.00 men here in the area around the corner. why did the local residents build the structures? the search custom has been trying to answer that question for years seen death. so in sort of get on update the look like the local residents place you had trust in those who are able to ensure that survive it. so they were willing to work to put up ritual structures to one of them. you know, the forces have able to give answers the ones, the examples of this we have just about everywhere to one extent or another. so use them for about 2. so if could zip is one existing, i'm big the please with a c k. the. this is the barn and

a burial mount in northern brittany. it's one of the oldest structures of its kind and was often expand over the course of 1000 years. the mound contains 11 dullness or single chamber. 2 structures consist of at least 2 vertical mega lives and a horizontal capstone. it's often difficult to spot them from a distance. they are either part of a large stone complex or they've been covered over with solely on the draft. animals can whole large objects only on a flat surface. sometimes neil liquid people's built wraps to make this possible. the

large stone slabs like these can way up to 130 tons. it took huge teams of workers to move these objects even just a few centimeters. you could imagine the amount of work that was required to place a huge capstone on top of the vertical pillars. these projects required an enormous amount of planning and organization. so why did people build these structures? you can have it as a step. i think they wanted to create something that was truly monumental. can eva most of the structures? what built at grace sites? it wasn't enough to simply bury the deceased. people wanted to put up some sort of memorial lights of generations have no idea that it was a burial site, but the strong to did last for centuries, subscribing to needing some disabilities for the easiest types of all

the, the 1st neo elliptic farming peoples continue to migrate across europe, some even made their way to northern scotland, probably by seeing the finesse of broad gar is a major archaeological site in the orkney islands. the nest and the area around it were designated a world heritage site. 1999. the these just on buildings, these all pieces of architecture,

beautifully constructed and it's not just an overnight sensation though. besides boys, especially for over a 1000 years. this is what the nast might have looked like stone buildings covered with pete. as far as we know, these were not residential structures. the excavation director nic card and his team can only work here for 2 months a year because of the bad weather. the rest of the time the site is covered by protective sheets, the the archaeologists have and are hundreds of beautifully decorated relics. the each item could shed some light on what life was like here at this point. ok, you ologist are still filling in the blanks.

what were these decorated stone slabs used for. there are indications that some of them were painted. a large amount of animal bones have been found. this indicates that the local residents organized beasts here. the experts believe that the ness of broad gar was a band and partially dismantled by about $2200.00 b. c. archaeologists have found no evidence of bronze age culture here. the color seems to be in a very important part of the, the, the everyday life of the list of people. and in some ways been lucky of the names. so some of the preservation in particular areas of the sites has been very good. and so we have managed to pick up evidence for color, not just from the ceramics, but also actually in the walls of the buildings. nit card and his team have found evidence of painted walls.

the . the use of decorative paint, or di, has also been confirmed neolithic sites on the mediterranean island of mazda. the 1st large temples were built here around $4500.00 b, c, and all were culturally decorated the, the color reds is the color of the blog. so if, as we are assuming there was an element of animal sacrifice and the collection of blood though the use of blood in some form than one could be led to believe the threads represent the color of blogs which represents life all represents the soft, the sacrifice of, of anonymous. so the may be this link between color and ritual. these

beautiful release, artworks were carved in sandstone and indicate that animals were important to the local residents, both game animals and pets. the why didn't neil mc artisans choose these particular subjects the, there are a number of themes out there, including the, the worship of nature, the worship of facility. the idea of a month ago, this comes from the discovery of a number of stuff choose which i believe the present a 1st time the woman. and the idea coming from one's mother has a mother, has a mother, but the origin and mother's mother this these images indicate that women in the olympics, society enjoyed

a special status. the default is boost and in school. ok, women represent, you know, certainly for tennessee, but also strength and political power on these as being this image would change laser of course, but it was stable for at least a few millennia. in neolithic times, it was an age with gender equality was the norm intimate and didn't dominate women among the fall boys. the mutants, the neal and sick peoples, also developed an interest in acquiring personal property, the elliptical demand during the new list of period people began to define themselves by the material goods. if i'm not saying they put in lots of time and effort into this process, yeah, it sounds after the side doesn't invest yet. and for the 1st time they began to attach economic value to these goods in the highest. and that very became the basis

for tray up on vets, done with these and that funds of the neal mystic settlement of in south west and georgia is guarded by a narrow gorge of red sand stuff. the local residents use that sandstone to make distinctive semis, circular handicraft, almost like the so far as the how did these people would come out? this shape didn't happen. and then they've created these items out of the material that was left over. you had one on zone longer puleo that sun down each and until they were quite soon. and so far as a gala thing device on these items were probably too delicate for people to weigh more than they're very fragile items. lot of these are thing. so police not to this, my son wouldn't, these are thing it does have the, it's possible that these rings we use like money to, but i'm getting on the more stuff or in exchange for food overall materials. for example,

the narrative doing i'm guitars. perhaps the settlers chose this site because of the color of the rocks. red colored artifacts had been found at other sites, and this indicates that the young may have served as a model. the neil looked at people's more ornamented objects, made of teeth, animal horns, implant fibers. they also use flint, j died in up city, or the the use of acts heads made of jade was popular at the time. the trade in shade items was widespread, and they maintain their beauty even today, the students schindler, next was a lustrous stores of value. so they were used for up to 1500 years and constantly re shaped would be for them one of our colleagues,

pets. i con determined that all this jade came from monte visa and the western now come in would spa. so it was extracted there and then traded over an area of up to 1500 kilometers house order for a 100. some shade ex heads were also discovered on the southern coast of brittany. near cornet. people who are gathering muscles came across for accents that had ended up in what was in the olympic times. the louisville soil itself, the 2 of these acts heads were probably be actual work tools at one time, but they relate to reshape and assigned to various other functions. they will say yes to the club. running a senior, the local residents smooth, then clean the plates to make the much sharp as possible to settle so good that sometimes they broke the ex heads into 2 parts said good old please. this evening.

to salt to the lab. in the summer of 2016 french archaeologist pierre pet found a deposit of j died in the 8th and region. the material may have been mine there up to 9000 years ago. pets icons discovery provided new historical insights. the trading was not limited at this time to jade, obsidian, or sandstone rings. the shelves of spiny oysters were also used. clear off for an archaeologist like marco price, a uses a reproduction of an ancient tool to make jewelry out of the shelves. the shelves are found all the way from the black sea to the coasts of central europe. neolithic people fashioned them, independence, bracelets,

and belt buckles of the and they were popular as guess the . the neolithic period covered several 1000 years. that's not very long in the timeline of history. but our ancient ancestors had the same spiritual and emotional needs that we do today, the vis periods, so fundamental changes in everyday life. and the ways that people lived and worked together. they began to bury their dead and to honor them. afterwards they built houses, they raised trucks and live stuff. the they

organized themselves in the construction for gauge and erected huge stone structures. and some of these have survived to this very day the, these it see was it was you who mention the transition to civilization in europe began with the arrival of the migrants from the east india, short migration produced civilization on spring cities. that's the indigenous hunter gathering peoples either merged into these new societies or adopted sedentary farming culture on their own. there was no turning back. this was that was absolutely a major step forward. and this new listings of dentry culture provided the basis

for the development of later or advanced civilizations truck emails. it also created an number of challenges, but people dealt with them successfully given the to understand the present. we must also understand the past rapid population growth, consumerism, and the rise of mega cities are phenomena whose origins lie in the meal with the care where sedentary life began the beginning the

beginning, the .