the lightest textile waste gets stranded here. all about the final stuff in a global fashion industry. fast fashion. watch now on youtube, the if your from the city you might not know that those rooms improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change, because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st, let's focus on our memory. we still saw show, with the reports about remembering, followed by another about just guessing will come to tomorrow today, the science program on dw, the

can you still remember your 1st kiss, your 1st day the 1st time you've spent a lot done. forget simple move and it's like those get stored, you know, that's a subject memory. it's one of the various forms of memory that imagine different stages of life. so different functions our 1st, the memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetus, is initial introduction to its mother tongue mind. this is right now. it's very quiet. next, probably sleeping very relaxed every other week. right now it's very quiet. probably sleeping we develop inability to remember in infancy, babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members to oh though at 6

months they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks and by 20 months, for a full year. the at 1st learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that age, the performance of particular tasks supported by the body, sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age. by the age of 2 or 3, we've developed an explicit memory, enabling the conscious recollection of events. our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time. the development of linguistic skills into memory are closely linked. language makes it easier to remember information. lice

to this house lies in d h 2 h gas t i lisp so sexy out between the ages of 3 and 5 children begin to plan ahead with the help of that perspective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time. the basis for planned future oriented behavior, the semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember fact. cuz i submitted, is there a pep illumination fonts and comes that phones on decal due to what the point of learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory. our teenage years and earlier

daughter occupies a special place in our memories, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, in short, these memories stay with us forever. memories of formed between the ages of 15 and 25 that account for what's known as the reminiscence bump nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss for a long time. it was thought that there, but que your hormonal balance was responsible to the scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother's sleep deprivation. the episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored. but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins did window, and we start forgetting more often. gimmicks dream, old age,

episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all the we develop routines to give a range of break habits. determine 50 percent of all the daily decisions means effectively going on. also kind of freedom of time to make other more decisions. it's just as well, we don't have to walk out a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush your teeth. oh tile shoelaces. that's why routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink a cup of tea or coffee, well, reading the paper with so

a custom to these activities from requisitions that the store and all subconscious and happened automatically. these unnoticed habits, a hard wired into our brain in a kind of energy conserving default. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. that's the of to dinner mode, hitting the couch, grabbing the tv remote and some candy. and of the couch routine is also embedded in our subconscious. it can be a tough habit to kick the jill trunk. can remember practically, every single she's ever experienced. she's one of the, just a few dozen people worldwide who's been diagnosed with height to sign easy. name is certain dates and they will recall the memories of that day and visit details. for all the personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be

a blessed thing for science as developing medication in the fight against our time is dementia. forgetting isn't about our brain failing for scientists like on to be as pop password 0, palace remembering and forgetting our 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process for getting the best. here is to help brain is designed to forget things kind of believe it or not. forgetting actually uses energy. i'm taking some from that fact alone. we can tell the process, forgetting, and cuz it's very important, these to go put says our brain can process the huge amount of input that it receives every 2nd to that 3 k.

it perceives every thing but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatic when we're out and about, our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, treaties, house, street, cars, everything the if these impressions are retained as memories. nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by this synopsis. but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of st options are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't bind anymore. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. andrea is puzzled. she wrote this once to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hyper site mystic syndrome, acts like

a switch that regulates or inhibits. we're getting these guys and then we can take this step. unlimited helps them in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism. the intent to introduce the gene to the name of the road that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their forms have to kind of form has no brain, but it has 302 nerve cells. that's enough to allow it to engage in complex behavior . excess of how does name adults can learned and forget seconds. we know, for example, somebody that these nerve cells here, these in particular, are very important for learning processes. the other nerve cells are important for

motor and movement processes. and that's why we use the name until the thing. preventative is important. what effect will the gene have on the name? it towed so under yep. yep. whenever we're not, we can adjust the plasma tvs the scientists inject the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered. and people with hyper site must have syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget the fluorescent material indicates the name of drugs who have been injected with the gene the. now the question is whether or not these words can forget. these are straight to service. this is a very important step because we can now research this where i'm,

it's nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene. that's how we get to know how these human genes work. this message again, from the scientists hypothesis, is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the sense of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting his blog that has the consequences that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear but are permanently saved in the brain. the. the researchers work with 2 groups of worms, the so called and treated wild types, and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes their behavior should show if and how the human gene impacts the process of for getting gain isn't of food. um g is, are there to produce protein. these is, this is gene is obviously producing

a protein that leads to forgetting to forget. so now we can inhibit this protein, put it in him. and we can do that with various methods including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited vendor. so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here hoffman and help us for guessing him in the discovery could bring researchers closer to caring alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. ones that are in tackle kind of inside our discovery can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. how do you get to them? and it's most often, hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness that the one that leads us to forgetting useful because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene. so we'll forget, less untruthful, the scale advantage, i guess a huge step for scientists and researchers

now on to the humble us when it's much larger than the tiny nematode in the last report. but it's just as blind in depth. the biggest populations of us williams live in europe, the northeastern united states, new zealand, children in those places. then early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil air rates it and, and show that it has a healthy librium which in ton benefits the climate to what impact does increasing drugs of when are forest, especially on their ability to store carbon. it's a question that researchers in switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the aggregate parts of a forest and compare them with dryer sections. to their surprise, significant differences became apparent after just a few years to give us

a new the so here is really black locks, which means it contains a lot of carbon vehicle into so it's all now let's look at the soil on the dry surface of the whole seat yeah, and the soil is far lighter in color c, i think that means it stores less carbon than the here again and so it won't go in . so i think it moves something floats of the importance of forest soils and soaking up c o. 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this research, as highlighted, the impact of drugs and the ability of souls to store carbon for them as we were talking to them before the experiment. we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to linear for the carbon reservoir to change significantly. yeah. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the top soil in the year. a gated area when stuff in the researches have learned that cycles store up to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above drained. but

the question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the grow and over such a short time period? the series that organisms in the soil conduct the deputy or liquor layer on top to sorry, will carbon fuel ecologist and kind of the one uses trucks containing foods to identify those organisms. the health. so that's the main de composers are earth forms, emulating. besides them, there are also would life and might say, because i know i know they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms. so we can go the research here wants to determine how many air forms are active in the soil here. for this experiment, the applies to mixture of mustard water to a small section of ground. if this is tied in for clear once the mixture has filtered down into the soil, the mustered water irritates the earth worms and forces them to creep up to the

surface where we can pick them up printed on from the old population. hopefully, using guns clear, we have a very small, newly hatched worm, excuse me, a baby. and b, me will come to a total of 50 swarms per square meter and projected to cover all forest cycles. that's an enormous bio mass. so the s williams must be quantity, the carbon content has increased so much in the irrigated section of the forest to the chief of scientists repeats the test and the parts of the forest that was not to a gated. how many worms are working? the soil here, dell not wait, wait an ages without seeing a single word and when off he discovered that s williams are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent to determine the exact carpet balance. he measures c o. 2 emissions from the soil the mass on the measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less c o 2 and then here

again, and so i ordered the fuel and this is due to less carbon, being distributed by earthworms in the top soil installs the way, so you can go on domina, live, or than civic but as the large scale irrigation of conduct for, as far as is not a viable solution, it's kind of how you're doing is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in the said you as forest as in can net for this one's a result that suggests a change. of course, in forestry management, some detailed flies by storing more carbon would require increasing the proportion of hardwoods. so this would stimulate earthworm activity. meeting more carbon is stored in the organic soil layered in the long term width of the homeless. escalate . more organic soil or shoes could also increase the proportion of carbon and soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative bio diversity

and light sake fund that next new 2 arms are active and intensively fund soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. when you have you got to off, when you break up the aggregates here in the ground, you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water control. and that crumbling texture is, can or touristic of hers warm activities. look, this contrast, there's just something that martini ted, she must, is the largest carbon reservoir on land. but there's being precious little research carried out into the role of f forms in this research or get it and just wants to find out how the convent dead plants matter. and the sugar contains in the process, storing carbon in the soil for centuries. you've discovered that in addition to secrete things stable, carbon as forms improve the carbon balance in the cycle via their skin.

so we never kind of what's less known for what was not known at all is that the mucus secreted buyers were indeed stimulates the microbes in this oil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass like some of your muscle. and this bio mass on that's ultimately stabilized into soil when the microbes die out of carbon has been bound in this oil and can no longer be emitted a c o 2 resulting in a cooler climate. crude, $50.00 every year, about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from cycles into the atmosphere. and it's produced by the learning fossil fuels performs in hybrid forest and organic farming . helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change to that's a nice specimen. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south,

a migrating further and further north. the recessionary most is native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden. the castle put his vault, has can cause serious invitation for human skin responses range from cutting down trees to assessing the mess and the host is on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but that is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it. dennis a carrier is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest from a suitable distance the fires into the nest of the oak procession every caterpillar's next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nest via these reg gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences engaging in and are being tested in the field today. of crisis meet on the way from 30 meters away. the funding

spreads out about the size of a phase of to do this and that's are bigger than that was. so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole last for this. like we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and use up and once we found areas that have been eaten, we track down and asked by following them towards the trunk of the red balls contain bavaria bussey on a fungus that spreads inside the insect and kills them with the professor was gone, who has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky oak procession? every caterpillar is favorite is firing, the deadly fungus, directly into the nest that quote, not to any support isn't. and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects and have the ocean, we extracted the fungus from this oil. i packed it into a ball and shot it into the nest of the hope recessionary. and then within the 8 hours, it killed the caterpillar students into to, to hold them up year in germany, the oak procession every month and has become

a real summer plague and recent years, it as few natural enemies local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of bureaus on combining the caterpillars and even vacuum and come up deisel put the 0 to the noise. the real danger from the oprah recessionary model is that it goes through several different life cycle. so during the 1st 2, they don't yet have any pretzels or set to once they start to a thing the 3rd larval stage. at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother and adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they can cause caterpillar dermatitis homes get mentioned. in some cases it can lead to an end of electric shock with a reading of the i wouldn't even long problems with me because the hairs getting stuck there. but the indian lucas, that's another substance being sprayed on trees, contain specialist there in genesis or b t it's considered a bios side because the bacteria disabled and kills the procession that re months.

but it also kills other beneficial insects. was going to and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shopping results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment to it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the month, such as which newman wasps and certain types of bands allotted for successful days. but the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population. so it's, you know, last year as test showed that for every 2 dead oh procession, every months, one beneficial insect died as well. the. they included beetles, various bugs, ants and if newman, it was true. so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage?

experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results. this is what a nest looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely invested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. that pins is vanna, the fungus, is heat sensitive. at $25.00 degrees celsius locks, it's growth starts slowing down and stops completely at $28.00 degrees sized. so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it stops growing very quickly and even dies christmas and progressive vertebrates stuff. it's completely harmless, as great ones. yep. it's here, it's a finish doors. the pellets are shut directly into the nest so that the fungus doesn't impact any insects outside of the affected area. you can use content that's kind, we can't guarantee that even a few unintended organisms could be effected id, but only it's very small numbers up and see it coming up on your life. one visit or

ask. so what happens afterwards to the projectile is launched in the trees and beyond from hoping since the minus 5. let's test that out. that's why they dissolve and disappear, that they go ugly and completely mailed the way we've already done tests, of course, to be able to. and i was supposed to get an opportunity to read. amunition is made out of gelatine and not plastic arborist and project collaborator, dennis a car, is, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nations with glue in the getting the i'm told. so normally they go out to find food in the evening and starting at the tips, eat out the skeletons of the lease. i'm in the morning. they return to the national . so you'd expect to find a line of math caterpillar's on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus work live from like a book. the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate that most gardeners 1st need a permit to be able to use the suit up air rifle in public that's

it's what this to just of tomorrow today. d w's, science magazine. thanks for watching em. see you next time until then say curious . the, [000:00:00;00]

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