to greenland ice again, this time is reset as once to find out exactly the floor. and the thing about i see you have to listen and in google review, it's some groups thoughts? january 12 on dw, the if you're from the 16, you might not know that those loans improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change. because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st, let's focus on memory. we start associated with the reports about remembering, followed by another about just guessing. welcome to tomorrow today,

the science program on dw, the . can you still remember your 1st cuz you 1st date the 1st time you spend a lot? don't forget simple moments like those get to you don't have to. so the memory. it's one of the various forms of memory that imagine different stages of life. i'm sick to different functions our 1st, the memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetus, is initial introduction to its mother tongue mind this is right now. it's very quiet today. it's probably sleeping, very relaxed as is it a weekend? right now it's very quiet. probably sleeping. we develop inability to remember in

infancy. babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members. although at 6 months, they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks. and by 20 months, for a full year, the at 1st learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that age, the performance of particular tasks supported by the body, sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into all the by the age of 2 or 3, we've developed and explicit memory enabling the conscious recollection of events. our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time. the development of linguistic skills and memory are

closely linked. language makes it easier to remember information. lice to this house lies d h to receive gas t i. let's keep those out between the ages of 3 and 5 children begin to plan ahead with the help of the prospective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time, the basis for planned future oriented behavior. the semantic memory develops. when children start school, helping them to remember fact i submitted, is there a pap hallucination fonts and comes that phones on decor? well, i don't know if there's always nothing. i'm going to learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory of our teenage years and early

adulthood occupies a special place in our memory, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, in short, these memories stay with us forever. memories have formed between the ages of 15 and 25, that account for what's known as the reminiscence bump. nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss. for a long time, it was thought that therapy to your hormonal balance was responsible to the scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother's sleep deprivation, the episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored. but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins did window and we start forgetting more often. clinic

stream old age. episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. the in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all the we develop routines to give a range of break habits. determine 50 percent of all the daily decisions means effectively going on. ultra pilot, freedom of time to make other more plants and decisions. it's just as well. we don't have to walk out a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush your teeth or tile shoelaces. that's why routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink

a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper. with so accustomed to these activities from requisitions that the store in our subconscious and happened automatically, these unnoticed habits, a hard wired into our brain, and it kind of energy conserving default the. but we also have routines but govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. that's the of to dinna mode hitting the couch, grabbing the tv remote and some candy. and does the couch or teen is also embedded in our subconscious. it can be a tough habit to kick the jill tons can remember practically every single she's ever experienced. she's one of the, just a few dozen people worldwide who's been diagnosed with height assign, easier. name is certain dates, and they will recall the memories of that day and visit details. for all the

personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a listing for sciences, developing medication in the fight against out time as an dimension for getting isn't about our brain failing for scientists like on to be as pop, password 0 pals. remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process for getting the task here is to help. brain is designed to forget things kind of believe it or not. forgetting actually uses energy, i'm taking some from that fact alone. we can tell the process, forgetting because it's very important these to go put says our brain can process the huge amount of input that it receives every 2nd of every day.

it perceives every thing but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatic when we're out and about our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, treaties, house street cars. every thing if these impressions are retained as memories, nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by the synopsis. but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of st options are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't bind anymore. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions, which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. so

here's puzzled. she wrote this once to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hyper thought mystic syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits forgetting these guys. and we can take this. dr . step on nima towed helps them in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism. the intent to introduce the gene to the name of the road that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their forms have to kind of form has no brain and eyes, but it has 302 nerve cells. that's enough to allow it to engage in complex behavior exit for how many totes can learn. and forget seconds. we know, for example, somebody that the,

these nerve cells here that these in particular are very important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and movement processes. and that's why we use the name and toasting. preventative is important. what effect will the gene have on the name? it towed. so yeah, jim and jim, jim, we have the word and now we can adjust the plasma tvs the scientists injects the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered. and people with hyper side mastic syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget the fluorescent material indicates the name of drugs who have been injected with the gene the. now the question is whether or not these words can forget. these are straight to service.

this is a very important step because we can now research this one. this gets nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene . that's how we get to know how these human genes work through these. as mentioned again from the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the scene. absence of the brain, that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequences that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, put are permanently saved in the brain. the, the researchers work with 2 groups of worms, the so called and treated wild types. and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes. their behavior should show if an towels a human gene in x,

the process of for getting game is and go through the genes, are there to produce a protein jesus. and this machine is obviously producing a protein that leads to, for getting to for guessing. now we can inhibit this protein, put it in time, and we can do that with various methods including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. hopefully help this for guessing him in the discovery could bring researchers closer to tearing alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. the incident that goes kind of in 5, our discovery can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. how do we get to them? and as most of them, hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness. the one that leads us to forgetting useful because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene. so we'll forget,

less untruthful. so that's the advantage of, i guess what kind of a huge step for scientists and researchers now on to the humble us when it's much larger than the tiny nematode in the last report. but it's just as blind and deaf, the biggest populations of us loans live in europe, the northeastern united states, new zealand, children in those places. then early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil a rated and, and show that it has a healthy calibree of which in ton benefits the climate to impact the increasing drug tough on our forest, especially on their ability to store carbon. it's a question that researchers in switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the irrigate parts of a forest, and compare them with dryer sections. to their surprise,

significant differences became apparent after just a few years. there was a in here the so here is really black lock which means it contains a lot of carbon vehicle into so it, so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface as a how is it? yeah, and the soil is far lighter in color c. i think that means that stores less carbon than the irritated soil, the co installed. i think it moves up and floats of the importance of forest soils and soaking up c o. 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this research just highlighted the impact of drugs and the ability of souls to store carbon for them as we were talking to them before the experiment. we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to linear for the carbon recivore to change significantly. yeah. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the top. so in the year a gated area, when stuff in the researches have learned that soil's store up to 5

times as much carbon as the vegetation above drained. the big question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the grow and over such a short time period? the series that organisms in the soil conduct the deputy or liquor layer on top to soil, carbon fuel ecologist, and kind of the one uses trucks containing food to identify those organisms the health. so that's the main de composers are earth forms, emulating. besides them, there are also would life and might say, because i know i know they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms. so we can go the research here wants to determine how many air forms are active and the soil here for this experiment. he applies the mixture of mustard water to a small section of growth. if this is tied in for clear once the mixture has

filtered down into the soil, the mustered water irritates the earth worms and forces them to creep up to the surface where we can pick them up printed on from the old population. hopefully, using guns clear, we have a very small, newly hatched worm, excuse me, a baby. and b, me will come to a total of 50 swarms per square meter when projected to cover all forest cycles. that's an enormous bio mass. so the s williams must be quantity, the carbon content has increased so much. and the irritated section of the forest to the chief of scientists repeats the test and the parts of the forest that was not to be gated. how many worms are working? the soil here we waited ages without seeing a single word of he discovered that s williams are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent. to determine the exact carbon balance. he measures c o 2 emissions from the soil the mass on the measuring the c o 2

balance shows the dry soils bind much less c o 2 and then here again, and so i ordered the fuel and this is due to less carbon, being distributed by earthworms in the top soil installs the way so you can go on domina valuable in silicon. but as the large scale irrigation of conduct for, as far as is not a viable solution, it's kind of how you doing is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in the said you as far as, as in conduct for this one's a result that suggests a change. of course, in forestry management, the detailed flies by storing more carbon would require increasing the proportion of hardwoods. so this would stimulate earthworm activity . meeting more carbon is stored in the organic soil layered in the long term width of the homeless. escalate. more organic soil or shoes could also increase the proportion of carbon and soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center

for integrative bio diversity and light sake fund that next new to arms are active and intensively fund soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. when you have you got to off, when you break up the aggregates here in the ground, you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water. okay, cool. and that crumbling texture is, can are terrific of earth warm activities. look, this kind of decisions. so things on my team, she most is the largest carbon risk of water on land. but there's being precious little research carried out into the role of f forms in this research or get it and just wants to find out how the convent dead plants matter. and the sugar contains in the process, storing carbon in the soil for centuries. you've discovered that in addition to

sick treating, stable carbon as forms improve the carbon balance in the cycle via their skin. if we never categorise what's less known 5, what was not known at all is that the mucus secreted buyers were indeed stimulates the microbes in this oil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass spec, some of your muscle. and this bio mass on that's ultimately stabilized into soil when the microbes die out of carbon has been bound in this oil and can no longer be emitted a c o 2, resulting in a cooler climate group. every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from cycles into the atmosphere and it's produced by learning fossil fuels performs in hybrid forest and organic farming, helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change to that's a nice specimen. climate change means that species

traditionally at home in the south, a migrating further and further north. the recessionary most is native to southern them, central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden. the castle put his vault, has can cause serious invitation for human skin responses range from cutting down trees to assessing the mess and the host is on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but that is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it. a dentist, a car use, is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest from a suitable distance the fires into the nest of the oak procession every caterpillar's next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nest via these reg gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences in getting in and are being

tested in the field today. of crisis meet on the way from 30 meters away. the funding spreads out about the size of affairs. i guess the nets are bigger than that, so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole mess with this. like we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and use up. and once we found areas that have been eaten, we track down and asked by following them towards the trunk of the red balls contain bavaria bussey on a fungus that spreads inside the insect and kills them with the professor was gone. who has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky oak procession? every caterpillar is favorite, is firing the deadly fungus, directly into the nest. that quote, the truly support isn't. and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects. so you have the ocean, we extracted the funds from this oil, i packed it into a ball and shot it into the nest of the hope recessionary. and then within the 8 hours, it killed the caterpillar students into to go up year in germany,

the oak procession every month. and it has become a real summer plague. and recent years it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of bureaus on combining the caterpillars and even vacuuming about die. so put the seo to the lowest, the real danger from the old procession. every box is that it goes through several different life cycle. so during the 1st 2, they don't yet have any pretzels or set to once they start to living the 3rd larval stage. at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother and adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they can cause caterpillar dermatitis, all homes get mentioned. in some cases it can lead to an end of electric shock with a reading of the i would and even long problems with me because the hair is getting stuck there. but the immune lucas, that's another substance being sprayed on trees, contain specialist the re gm's, this or b t it's considered

a bios side because the bacteria disabled and kills the procession that re months. but it also kills other beneficial insects. was going to and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shopping results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the month, such as human wasps, and certain types of apps allotted for successful things. but the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population to screen off last year as test showed that for every 2 dead oh procession every months. one beneficial insect guides as well the. they included beatles, various bugs, ants,

and it, newman, it was great. so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage? experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results. this is what a nest looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely infested and dead, and were assured that the fungus is also did, and won't spread outside the nest. that piece is van fungus is heat sensitive. at 25 degrees celsius locks, it's growth starts slowing down and stops completely at 28 degrees sized sofa comes into contact with a warm blooded body. it stops growing very quickly and even di christmas and progress vertebrates stuff. it's completely harmless, as great ones. yep. it's here, it's uh, furnished doors. the pellets are shut directly into the nest so that the fungus doesn't impact any insects outside of the affected area. you can use content that's kind, we can't guarantee that even a few unintended organisms could be effected id,

but only it's very small numbers up and see it coming up on your label. it's like one visit or ask. so what happens afterwards to the projectile is launched in the trees and beyond from hoping since the minus 5. let's test that out. that's why they dissolve and disappear, that they go ugly and completely melt away. we've already done tests, of course to be able to, and i was supposed to do this. the read amunition is made out of gelatine and not plastic arborist and project collaborator, dennis at congress, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nations with glue and the getting the i'm told. so normally they go out to find food in the evening and starting at the tips, eat out the skeletons of the leaves. i'm in the morning, they return to the nestle. so you'd expect to find a line of moss caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus work live for like a book. the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate that

most gardeners 1st need a permit to be able to use the suit up air rifle in public that's what this edition of tomorrow today. d w's science magazine. thanks for watching em. see you next time until then say, curious, the or the,

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