that is the, let's do that again. or the deep sea is dog and freezing cold. still some creatures cool. the tube. how do they suppose down there? and what do we really know about fish? do they to pain? for example? how does bias? so i click beacon, agriculture work without the use of animals, personalizes. and how do you make sure it's done right? the that's i know coming up on some already today, d, w science. the dc begins at

200 meters below sea level. few species can survive and these mucky, icy voices with the pressure increases with every meter at a depth of 4000 meters, full 100 chinos of pressure, test question to me, test. this is where manganese, not yours. i found the potatoes size, mineral deposits the cather. this event mining them could provide much needed for materials for the energy transition, but that would have dire consequences for the federal ecosystem. the 0 c creatures living 5000 meters deep among these manganese nodules that cover the c bed. many of them have yet to be identified. it's a habitat that's evolved over millions of years. but see, there's a specific organism such as carlos and sponges mean manganese nodules as

a habitat to provide on for vendor in turn. these provide a habitat for marine fonda, such as brittle stars and cooper pods. we could lose them for millions of years on these and familiar on the out of it. this is what the sea bed looks like after it's been harvested. the scientists with the genome, our home old center for ocean research, have examined a former test type used by a belgian mining company. that one little con um one does. the visa mining operations are set to be large scale covering several 100 square kilometers a year or so advanced life forms could be destroyed for many, many generations. who get that up to one session throughout industry claims. these nodules are needed for the energy transition. aside from manganese, they contain 3 highly sought after metals, cobalt nickel, and copper $3.00 to $5.00 times more than deposits on land. so within the elephant, let's face it. deep sea mining will not replace long binding. what will happen is

that we'll stop destroying the auction as well as the rest of the environment to tc . its a strong manganese natural deposits in the world's oceans are at risk, including the clarion clipper turns on a site that many countries are currently buying to mind. the international c beneficial already as already approved exploration licenses. germany has submitted to claims and we also have a say on how to regulate deep c mining in the area according to maritime law. deep sea mining is permitted in principle, but only on the condition that serious consequences for the marine environment to route out. so why you search we've been doing for many years shows very clearly that they can't be ruled out. and that's why germany and other countries, including france, wants to stop any mining plans until researches give the green light. even if it takes generations,

the german minimal resources agency is just one body that conducted studies showing that demand for metals will increase many times over in the coming decades. but some could be recycled or simply replacing them altogether. does that take just a partial trans over at knology is advance to the point that we're developing cobalt free by trees and decide what's best new needs. a deep sea mining to support the energy transition all over the country. see that the deep sea and impact ecosystem for the next environmental disaster. it's up to the international c bet authority to decide on its future the. we asked you on social media, do you think deep sea mining coats, more opportunities? oh, more home. on facebook, francisco, santa maria says paul mining is bad for the planets people protest,

but at the same time they look ready to do with that we have to make sure that mining does as little damage as possible, even if that makes it more expensive. a v b 1987 on instagram roads, you have to look more closely at the cost benefit ratio. i assume that not all of the cdn has the same characteristics of the same via dentist also and instagram bones. it is highly dangerous. we're already contaminating the us in an uncontrolled way. deep sea mining and the further extraction of oil must be burned. those have massive impacts on the time that they should be lowest prohibits in them. thanks for your inputs, the blood is red. why?

what would you like to know about deep sea mining, or do you have any other questions about science? send us a video text or voice message if we on. so your question on the show will send you a little surprise as the thank you. come on just us in the ocean, the d. b u goes the highest the most efficient method. you can go in hong kong to ask this question. why don't deep sea creatures get crushed by water pressure? 2 sides of the is covered in boucher. the oceans are on average 4000 meters deep. anything deeper than 200 meters is considered deep seen. in the 19 century, researches began to chop the depth of the oceans. one of the pioneers of deep sea research was edward folds. according to his theory, life couldn't survive and was 57500 meters. today,

we know that the deep sea is home to a variety of marine life. new species were discovered every yeah. were such as estimate that there are still thousands new species yet to be discovered. even though deep sea conditions, same proceed, inhospitable. the water temperature is always cold. there's no lights, and the pressure is immense. the d for you go the great to the water pressure. only very specific animals can but stand it some deep sea jelly fish live in most is as deep as 6000 meters at 10000 meters deep. there's one ton of pressure per square centimeter. and yet, sea creatures don't get crushed. the most deep sea creatures don't have a swim bladder or other hollow guns on like creatures but live in china was as best

swim bladder as would be crushed at that time. the deep sea creatures also have hired in the pressure. they would never survive close to the surface the now the church out best leaves try metal the main oxide o t m a. for short. this molecule stabilizes the proteins within the cells so that they don't lose the shape on the high pressure. the higher the concentration of t m a ok. the deep, the creature can go. the human body can never survive such pressure. but with diving bells, humans have gone all the way down to 10000 meters. the world record for the deepest dive without so protective caps fuel with just 333 meters. and it took the dive of 15 hours to equalize the pressure on his ascent.

juice, fish have feelings that are blank and they don't cry. whatever happens, they don't change the facial expressions. that's one reason that no one thinks about. there will be neither hobby, unless nor can 6 fishbock to know there's new data about the ability of fish to feel stress and pain and that could have far reaching consequences cold as a fish. we own the say. no one worries very much about their feelings, including body to flakes, tools, and angling, instructor of the domestic fish have to be a specific size before it's legal to catch them. this little perch was lucky.

fairly ex doesn't think that the pain of a hook and their lip is too terrible to knock them. uh, i always say when i'm teaching, you have to think of it like getting your living here from your own board and let me see a thing. it certainly hurts the fisher maybe for a short time. and for example, for life, my thoughts on the visas, but i imagine it just feels a bit strange anymore. still, it's nothing that affects it in the long term, since you have to meet to see if there's not how it is by in testing. most people assume that fish either feel little or no pain. what does the research say of the marine biologist, whom with zig now has long been interested in the question as to whether fish feel paid. we meet up with him in the natural history museum pounds a month. but when you talk about pain, you have to distinguish between 2 factors and is the high one is the purely sensory perception. and the other is the psychological perception which it hurts and it's

unpleasant and fish can feel sensory pain. and that the question is, can they also feel it psychologically on him? there was one study by james rose that concluded they don't know based on the reasoning that in humans processing the payment processing. emotional pain takes place primarily in the cerebrum, all by things not exclusively, but mainly in the survey. bramble face do not have a cerebrum, so the argument is simple. no brain, no pain was no brain, no pains and sation of pain kind. but since then, in the last 20 to 30 years, there's been a lot of evidence from research that suggests that's a big to simplistic a plus to. i'm talking in an experiment that's considered a milestone in research on the neuro behavioral nature of fishes scientists to look into whether fish would pay as a wherever pain relief. z profession normally prefer to move around in aquariums with plants and the sandy bottom. nice to offer them protection and food. in an

experiment, one group was injected in the lip with a seat, a gas it, which hurts, and the control group with iso tonic sailing solution. both are harmless for the fish. they have the choice of staying in the barren or the hospitable side of the aquarium. at 1st, as expected, they all state in the hospitable car. however, when a pain killer was dissolved on the other side, the fish and checked it with a, see the gas, it preferred to swim there. this shows on the one hand that fish react to pain killers and on the other, and that they're willing to pay a price for release, sacrifice of protection and food options. the many earlier skeptics now accept that fish can have a psychological experience of pain. the debate has revolved around the definition of consciousness in fish compared to humans. and if fish do

feel pain, what can we do about it? in the future? if fish don't feel pain, we can treat them very differently according to the animal welfare laws concerning reading, capture, and experimentation. then if their pain sensitive and so it has direct consequences . do you think the consequences, the germany, like many other european countries, animal welfare is in freind in the law? no 1 may cause pain, suffering or harm to animals. the reasonable exceptions might be made for strictly controlled research or slaughtering animals to eat them. this was philosopher, matthew subdued, is critical of this approach to sufficiency. she is the main thing is that we try to protect animals from stress, fear,

and pain. so that's in trying to be animal protection act looking. so from an ethical perspective, i think that's very important. the animal protection act in switzerland and to germany regulates the economic use of animals in the ups office. and it doesn't for see special protection for and most of it just regulates how we're allowed to use them. via t as a not some do, but in the global fish industry, fish welfare is not an issue. squeezed together for hours farmed fish are pulled up to the surface of park you quickly, which makes their swim bladder as rupture on deck. they suffocate in agony. the pictures come from green peace, they don't appear to have been stunned before being killed as required by animal welfare loss in many countries. with marine biologist, rosella tay, used to work in research. now she works for the n g o fair fish, which campaigns for better standards and fisheries and aquaculture. not that most

people aren't even aware of what the fish, the ends up on the plate has been 3 and they buy and sell it to fish, fish. and that's a nice little source that goes with it. there's almost no one knows the fox like what kind of fishy to square it, lift how it died, and how it was cold by different name on most wild card. fish comes from fishing fleets owned by industrial nations. they buy fishing licenses from small african countries, for example, and then to police all the local fish stocks. the local fishermen don't see a cent of the prophets. what should be done to fight injustice and fish suffering the saving status? i would like to see deep sea fishing and industrial fishing as its practice today cease to exist at one point. anything should i be mean fits a brutal slow to of trillions of fish country to any animal. well, fellows piece we can fix that. 5 up to nothing from it's not just a large mass, these individual fish living creatures 5th. and they does of back to here. we'll

see how the fish fish have feelings just like other animals. this is a fact that consumers and the fishing industry need to grasp the as fish stops dwindled, the fish industry is costing its nets ever wider. the bolts oceans are in poor condition, listening pollution and climate change and leading to algae growth, which rubs to most of life and oxygen. marine life is increasingly vulnerable. in this thing, you said connected to the open ocean by only a narrow straight. i'm particularly affected on the baltic sea then looking for a solution. these german politicians are visiting the baltic

sea thanks to a special camera. they can tell that it's not in good condition and dizziness. we've seen that the sea grass meadows are well developed on the surface, which is important for climate protection. but as soon as you get into deeper waters with the sea grass just, it appears that that's due to the presence of nutrients which blocks sunlight. and that's a big problems probably in these nutrients. so that because of all the fuss, eliza washed into the sea by rivers. it also results in areas with low oxygen levels known as dead zones. where aquatic life consul, vive, it's not the basic fees. and the problem is the fishing and pollution from plastics and world war 2, munitions, of putting a strain on the ecosystem to vish this is this the i will, it's important that we give nature room to recover. so species can we generate and multiply? that means zones that are not being used,

not even for fishing so that nature can develop freely. would you not? why i'm just fi inside? come the special representatives to the oceans. sebastien on that supports the idea of creating a both exceed national hawk. local fishermen, however, are skeptical notes on starting to hear me that zone where boats aren't allowed. what will be allowed as well? fishing be allowed? don't have enough protected areas already. moving folks can be there for more. there are $25.00 of them on the baltic coast 2 inch leaves we coast time, where fishing is already restricted. that's why you're saying, because no culture has doubts that worried the tourists might stay wave too much of the beach is out of bounds. so now the baltic sea national park is just one proposal to improve the states of the baltic sea. but one way or another, something needs to be done. the

conventional foaming crops sprayed using 1st and license to arrive from intensive livestock farming, which is not good for the animals. the soil. oh, the excitement. what, what a moke sign, that friend d tons of agriculture look like we find out from the summer in southern germany who uses exclusively plant based fertilizes. it is applicable to one day organic farmer. claimants phones got the shock of his life. he had switched over to organic food farming 20 years ago. he was quite successful and happy until one day he received a fertilizer delivery that really shocked him. i think the 2nd, okay, when i opened up the sack, there was half a cows headed in there and its theme of stones. i was surprised that a cows head was in there because i actually ordered,

horn shaving. see of all by somebody will just give you. the smell was revolting. so one chevy is in the bag. smoke like burned car tires. and the whole thing that same year, i bought chicken peak, says fertilizer things like they were supposed to be from organic chickens in italy . but they were actually from caged industrial chickens and hungry even chagrin. those neighbor gives and design of this. that was the experience that made me realize that i don't want any of that on my farm. leave me study. so less calling me. i'm not going to support anything that gives me a bad feeling. will me out and kind of going to skip through. animal fertilizers, made of industrial meat scraps are cheap and deficient. avoiding them completely would be a big financial risk. steel claimants holding the funds 18 hector's of organic apple trees near lake constance in southern germany. the fertilizer provider to ship me something different. and you said it wouldn't be a problem and that it would cost more. i'll but that should get it for me since he wants me to pay for his services. so he said, i'll get you something else,

but you are the only one who isn't happy. that i said, okay, then i'm the only one. the advantage animal fertilizers have over planned based ones is that they contain more nitrogen and other nutrients that includes fertilizers, made of horn shavings, and cow hoops. however, a big disadvantage is that they came from conventional animal farming. according to agricultural scientists and sabina tica, the that's a big problem. ecological meat farming isn't wide spread enough, and that's why organic farmers depend on fertilizer. meat from 5 products of the conventional meat industry was fund routes to not that using animal waste products from industrial sloth to house is one that raises a whole slew of questions about with a fox, really a comic foaming on just being. that's why the organic farming industry is starting to use new satellites, us to break the cycling through them, but to, to look that way, they will not be so dependent on fact, alliances that come from conventional sources took them into the continents and in

the fall, i think is designed to how many of the new fertilizers like cobra rash, peas and algae have different amounts of nitrogen and nutrients. the holding time researchers are investigating how well they work in a long term project over several years. and they want to determine how plant based fertilizers perform compared to animal based fertilizers. that also includes liquids that come from plants. and that's the most important. what we found is that there was something faster. life is like venice which is a liquid fertilizer released nitrogen rapidly. you have on the other fast slices that release nitrogen gradually. so the timing is not as easy so i can still use them. can you just have to adjust the font to ice ation stress? j. do is start taking inch places and pass claimant's homes decided for a different path. he doesn't use animal fertilizers anymore. by reviving old techniques,

he's discovered new possibilities. the escape signs of the hit too little. there are plant based fertilizers, but they aren't very popular because they're so expensive. a couple of which i how i and i use potato skins, brown algae, and us, which is an important fertilizer that is commonly used and organic fertilizer, including with us in fetus, allow me to not once i, there are lots of nutrients inside what it's all plan based on 3 cos we side of the i'd say, and finally i so clover for the newer plantations so that the nitrogen gets bundle and they have enough nutrients at the beginning to move so organ. at 1st, the claimant's own felt like he was fighting an uphill battle. he didn't realize then that more and more farmers are also doing without animal fertilizers. their method is known as bio cyclic beacon agriculture, which includes composts to fertilize re shows up unit see to the video recordings that we're taking on claimant's phones. phones with. she's convinced that his trees

are getting enough nutrients from the bios to click begin fertilizer and using slip . the compost is also a key part of the new strategy. a solution to this and shop this. it from a scientific point of view compost as a soil in homicide to d u outlook on a laptop, which is good for soil composition of dots. who does people get tools to increase the soil structure? a lot of 20 out when you add nutrients, that's more of a long time satellite ation procedure on, but you also get the positive effects of these other soil qualities on the night shop. scientists have discovered that plant based fertilizer also works well on tomatoes and pickles. there's a lot of potential for doing away with animal fertilizers on fruit and vegetable farms. the many of the claimant's ones colleagues are now interested in purely planned face fertilizers. so you 2 are no longer convinced that the animal fertilizers that still dominate the market are all that eco

friendly banassi. so they're following hooton's lead to point to be what so you mostly use is that sick? liquid fertilizer. that's a bit like molasses. all the i fi pulled up to 40 sceptics. it's very sick and takes a bit of getting used to but it works. he'll stick all of us from bio sick. vague and agriculture is more expensive and more complicated to use. but claimants hunt takes it all in stride. so me, it has to be ok for me, that's very important. when the plants are doing well and i feel good about using it, then i'm happy because i'm taking care of the soil and even improving it for future generations. the same as honda stopped using fertilizers that come from industrial farming research and this experience have shown firsthand that this approach can be both eco friendly and economically successful. that's it for this week's edition of tamara today,

d w science program. join us again next week for more exciting stories from the world of science and tech until then by the

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