ok now was did an investigation concluded that it was suicide by the fire? give rise to don't really have to go see the january 27th. the the deep sea is dock and freezing cold. still some creatures cold. a tube. how did they supposed on that? and what do we really know about fish? do they to pain, for example? and how does bio so i can we can beacon agriculture work without the use of animal fertilizes. and how do you make sure it's done right? the that's i know, coming up on some already today, d, w science. the dc begins at

200 meters below sea level. few species can survive and these mucky, icy voices with the pressure increases with every meter at a depth of 4000 meters, full 100 chinos of pressure of post quest. and to me to this is where manganese know deals. i found the potatoes size, mineral deposits, the cather, this event mining them could provide much needed for materials for the energy transition. but that would have dire consequences for the federal ecosystem. the there are sea creatures living 5000 meters deep among these manganese nodules that covered the sea bed. many of them have yet to be identified. it's a habitat that's evolved over millions of years. escape guns, but caesar show specific organisms such as carlos and sponges. mangan,

these nodules as a habitat on so then that in turn, these provide a habitat for marine fonda, such as brittle stars and cooper pods. we could lose them for millions of years on these and familiar on the out of it. this is what the sea bed looks like after it's been harvested. scientists with the genome, our home old center for ocean research, have examined a former test type used by a belgian mining company. that one little car um one does. the visa mining operations are set to be large scale covering several 100 square kilometers a year or so advanced life forms could be destroyed for many, many generations who get that up to and attached to it. industry claims these nodules are needed for the energy transition. aside from manganese, they contain 3 highly sought after metals, cobalt nickel, and copper $3.00 to $5.00 times more than deposits on land. so within the elephant, let's face it, state c mining will not replace long binding. what will happen is that will stop

destroying the auction as well as the rest of the environment to teach the it's a strong manganese natural deposits in the world's oceans are at risk, including the clarion, clipper 10 zone, a site that many countries are currently buying to mind the international c beneficial already as already approved exploration licenses. germany has submitted to claims and we also have a say on how to regulate deep sea mining in the area. according to maritime law, deep sea mining is permitted in principle, but only on the condition that serious consequences for the marine environment to route out. so why you search, we've been doing for many years shows very clearly that they can't be ruled out. and that's why germany and other countries, including france, wants to stop any mining plans until researches keep the green light even if it takes generation since the german minimal resources agency is just one body that

conducted studies showing that demand for metals will increase many times over in the coming decades, but some could be recycled or simply replacing them altogether. does that change the partial trends over knology has advance to the point that we're developing cobalt free by trees and desktop? um, was this new needs a deep sea mining to support the energy transition all over the country? see that the deep sea an impact ecosystem for the next environmental disaster? it's up to the international c bet authority to decide on its future the. we asked you on social media, do you think deep sea mining coats, more opportunities? oh, more home on facebook, francisco sons, and maria says, coal mining is bad for the planets. people protest,

but at the same time they look ready to do with that. we have to make sure that mining does as little damage as possible, even if that makes it more expensive. a v b 1987 on instagram roads, you have to look more closely at the cost benefit ratio. i assume that not all of the cdn has the same characteristics of the same via the city also and instagram bones. it is highly dangerous. we already contamination the us in an uncontrolled way. deep sea mining and the further extraction of oil must be burned. those have massive impacts on the time that they should be lowest prohibits in them. thanks for your inputs, the blood is red white.

what would you like to know about deep sea mining, or do you have any other questions about science? send us a video text or voice message if we on. so your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as the thank you. come on just us in the ocean, the d. b, you go the high at the, was a patient message, you can go in hong kong to ask this question. why don't deep sea creatures get crushed by water pressure? 2 sides of the is covered in most of the oceans, all on average, 4000 meters deep. anything deeper than 200 meters is considered deep sea. and the 19 century researches began to chop the depth of the oceans. one of the pioneers of deep sea research was edward folds, according to his theory, life couldn't survive and was his d 7500 meters. today,

we know that the deep sea is home to a variety of marine life new species with discovered every yeah. were such as estimate that there are still thousands new species yet to be discovered. even though deep sea conditions seemed pretty and hospitable, the water temperature is always cold. there's no lights, and the pressure is immense. the d for you go the great to the water pressure. only very specific animals can but stand it some deep sea jelly fish live in most is as deep as 6000 meters at 10000 meters deep. there's one ton of pressure per square centimeter. and yet sea creatures don't get crushed . most deep sea creatures don't have a swim bladder or other hollow guns on like creatures that live in shallow water is

best when blood is would be crushed at that time. the deep sea creatures also have hired in the pressure. they would never survive close to the surface. another check out the sleeve, try and metal the main oxide, o t m a. for shown. this molecule stabilizes the proteins within the cells so that they don't lose the shape on the high pressure. the higher the concentration of t, m a o. d to the creature can go. the human body can never survive such pressure. but with driving bells, humans have gone all the way down to 10000 meters. the world record for the deepest dive without a protective caps. fuel was just 333 meters. and it took the dive of 15 hours to equalize the pressure on his ascent.

juice, fish have feelings that blink. and they don't cry. whatever happens, they don't change. they facial expression. that's one reason that no one thinks about. there will be not the how the angle is no. so again, sig, fishbock to know there's new data about the ability of fish to feel stress and pain on us could have far reaching consequences cold as a fish. we own those say no one worries very much about their feelings, including body to flakes, tools, and angling, instructor of the domestic fish have to be a specific size before its legal to catch them. this little perch was lucky. fairly

ex doesn't think that the pain of a hook and their lip is too terrible. i always say when i'm teaching, you have to think of it like getting your living here from your own board and let me see a thing. it certainly hurts the fisher maybe for a short time. and for example, for life, my thoughts on the visas, but i imagine it just feels a bit strange anymore. still, it's nothing that affects it in the long term because you have to meet to see if there's not how it is by and tasty. most people assume that fish either feel little or no pain. what does the research say of the marine biologist, whom with zig now has long been interested in the question as to whether fish feel pain. we meet up with him in the natural history museum band. am i was when you talk about pain, you have to distinguish between 2 factors and is the high one is the purely sensory perception. and the other is the psychological perception which it hurts and it's

unpleasant and fish can feel sensory pain. and that the question is, can they also feel it psychologically on him? there was one study by james rose that concluded they don't know based on the reasoning that in humans processing pain and processing. emotional pain takes place primarily in the cerebrum, all by things not exclusively, but mainly in the survey. bramble face do not have a cerebrum, so the argument is simple. no brain, no pain was no brain, no pain's incision of pain kind. but since then, in the last 20 to 30 years, there's been a lot of evidence from research that suggests that's a big too simplistic. it must to, i, in fact, it in an experiment that's considered a milestone in research on the neuro behavioral nature of fishes scientists to look into whether fish would pay as it were for pain relief. z profession normally prefer to move around in aquariums with plants in the sandy bottom base,

offer them protection and food. in an experiment, one group was injected in the lip with a seat, a gas it, which hurts. and the control group with iso tonic sailing solution. both are harmless for the fish. they have the choice of staying in the battery or the hospitable side of the aquarium. at 1st, as expected, they all state in the hospitable car. however, when a pain killer was dissolved on the other side, the fish injected with a see the gas, it preferred to swim there. this shows on the one hand that fish react to pain killers and on the other, and that they're willing to pay a price for release, sacrifice of protection and food options. the many earlier skeptics now accept that fish can have a psychological experience of pain. the debate has revolved around the definition of consciousness in fish compared to humans. and if fish do

feel pain, what can we do about it? in future? if fish don't feel pain, we can treat them very differently according to the animal welfare laws concerning reading, capture, and experimentation. then if they're pain sensitive and so it has direct consequences. do you think the consequences, the same germany like many other european countries, animal welfare is in fry and in the law? no 1 may cause pain suffering or harm to animals. the. 1 reasonable exceptions might be made for strictly controlled research or slaughtering animals to eat them. this was philosopher, matthew subdued, is critical of this approach to sufficiency. she is supposed to. the main thing is that we try to protect animals from stress, fear,

and pain. that's in trying to be animal protection act looking. so from an ethical perspective, i think that's very important. the animal protection act in switzerland and germany regulates the economic use of animals and the ups office and testing for see special protection for and most of it just regulates how we're allowed to use them via t as a, not some do, but in the global fish industry fish welfare is not an issue. squeezed together for hours farmed fish are pulled up to the surface of park you quickly, which makes their swim bladder as rupture on deck. they suffocate in agony. the pictures come from green piece. they don't appear to have been stunned before being killed as required by animal welfare laws. in many countries, switched marine biologist rosella tay, used to work in research. now she works for the n g o fair fish, which campaigns for better standards and fisheries and aquaculture. not that most

people aren't even aware of what the fish, the ends up on the plate has been 3 and they buy and sell it to fish, fish. and that's a nice little sauce that goes with it. there's, it's almost no one knows the fox like what kind of fishy to square it, live, how it died, and how it was cold by different name on most wildcard fish comes from fishing fleets owned by industrial nations. they buy fishing licenses from small african countries, for example, and then deplete all the local fish stocks. the local fishermen don't see a cent of the prophets. what should be done to fight injustice and fish suffering the saving status? i would like to see the sea fishing and industrial fishing as its practice today cease to exist at one point. anything should i be mean fits a brutal slow to of trillions of fish country to any animal. well, fellows piece we can fix that. hold on this option austin from it's not just a large mass, these individual fish living creatures 5th and they deserve back to having the

fish fish have feelings just like other animals. this is a fact that consumers and the fishing industry need to grasp the us fish stops window. the fishing industry is costing its nets ever wider. the bowls oceans are in poor condition, listening pollution and climate change, or leading to algae growth, which rubs to most of mice and oxygen. marine life is increasingly vulnerable in this thing, is that connected to the open ocean by only a narrow straight, all particularly affected on the baltic sea, then looking for a solution these german politicians are visiting the baltic

sea thanks to a special camera. they can tell that it's not in good condition and dizziness. we've seen that the sea grass meadows are well developed on the surface, which is important for climate protection. but as soon as you get into deeper waters with the sea grass disappears, that's due to the presence of nutrients which blocks sunlight. and that's a big problems put in these nutrients. so that because of all the fuss, eliza washed into the sea by rivers. it also results in areas with low oxygen levels known as dead zones, where requested life console vive. it's not the basic fees. and the problem is the fishing and pollution from plastics and world war 2, munitions, of putting a strain on the ecosystem to a vicious this is this, the will, it's important that we give nature room to recover. so species can we generate and multiply, that means zones that are not being used. not even for fishing,

so that nature can develop freely. would you not? why i'm just fi inside a special representative for the oceans. sebastian on that supports the idea of creating a both exceed national hawk, the coefficient and however, all skeptical notes on store prohibited zone where boats aren't allowed. what will be allowed as well, so it shouldn't be allowed. don't have enough protected areas already. moving folks can be there from older or 25 of them on the baltic coast to ensure these we coast time. we're fishing is already restricted. that's why you're saying, because no culture has doubts. the worried the tourists might stay wave too much of the beach is out of bounds. so now the baltic sea national park is just one proposal to improve the states of the baltic sea. but one way or another, something needs to be done. the

conventional foaming crops sprayed using fertilizer to arrive from intensive livestock farming, which is not good for the animals, the soil full of excitement. but what a more sign of frenzy tons of agriculture looked like. we find out from the farmer and southern germany who uses exclusively plump based fertilizes. it is applicable to one day organic farmer. claimant's phones got the shock of his life. he had switched over to organic fruit farming 20 years ago. he was quite successful and happy until one day he received a fertilizer delivery that really shocked him to isaac. he's sick else can. when i opened up the sack, there was half a cows headed in there. it's theme of stones us. i was surprised that a cow's head was in there because i had actually ordered horn shaving. i see it all

by somebody will just give you the smell was revolting. so one shavings in the bags . smoke like burned car tires and then the whole thing that same year i bought chicken peak, says fertilizer things like they were supposed to be from organic chickens in italy . but they were actually from caged industrial chickens and hungry. even sure. who knows? neighbor gives and design, i will do that was the experience that made me realize that i don't want any of that on my farm. leave me study. so was calling me, i'm not going to support anything that gives me a bad feeling will be out and that kind of want to skip through. animal fertilizers, made of industrial meat scraps are cheap and deficient. avoiding them completely would be a big financial risk. steel claimants holding funds 18 hector's of organic apple trees near lake constance in southern germany. the fertilizer provider to ship me something different. and you said it wouldn't be a problem and that it would cost more. i'll potentially get it for me since he wants me to pay for his services. so he said, i'll get you something else,

but you are the only one who isn't happy that i said, okay, then i'm the only one. the advantage animal fertilizers have over plan based ones, is that they contain more nitrogen and other nutrients that includes fertilizers, made of horn shavings, and cow hoops. however, a big disadvantage is that they came from conventional animal farming. according to agricultural scientists and sabina chica, the that's a big problem. ecological meat farming isn't wide spread enough, and that's why organic farmers depend on fertilizer. meat from 5 products of the conventional media industry was fund routes to not that using animal waste products from industrial sloth to house is one that raises a whole slew of questions about with the thoughts really comic foaming on just being. that's why the organic farming industry is starting to use new satellites, us to break the cycling through them, but to, to look that way, they will not be so dependent on fact, alliances that come from conventional sources took them into the continents. and in

the fall of payment to sign on to the new fertilizers, like clover brass, peas and algae have different amounts of nitrogen and nutrients. the holding time, researchers are investigating how well they work in a long term project over several years. and they want to determine how plant based fertilizers perform compared to animal based fertilizers. that also includes liquids that come from plants. and that's the most important. what we found is that there was something faster. life is like venice which is a liquid fertilizer released nitrogen rapidly. you have on the other 5 slices that release nitrogen gradually. so the timing is not as easy so i can still use them. can you just have to adjust the satellite ation strategy to start taking into places and pass claimant's homes decided for a different path. he doesn't use animal fertilizers anymore. by reviving old

techniques, he's discovered new possibilities. the escape signs of the hit too little. there are plant based fertilizers, but they aren't very popular because they're so expensive a couple of which i how i and i use potato skins, brown algae, and us, which is an important fertilizer that is commonly used and organic fertilizer, including all testing fetus, allow me to the novelty, there are lots of nutrients inside, but it's all plan based on 3 cos we side of the i'd say. and finally i so clover for the newer plantations so that the nitrogen gets a bundle and they have enough nutrients at the beginning to move. so organ at 1st the claimant's own felt like he was fighting an uphill battle. he didn't realize then that more and more farmers are also doing without animal fertilizers. their method is known as bio sick, like deacon agriculture, which includes composts to fertilize re shows up unit see to the video recordings that we're taking on claimants. one's fine with. she's convinced that his trees are

getting enough nutrients from the bios to click begin. fertilizer and using fluffy compost is also a key part of the new strategy. a solution to this and shop this it from a scientific point of view compost as a soil in homicide to d. u auto comic laptop, which is good for soil composition of dots. who does people get tools to increase the soil? start much for a lot of 20 out. when you add nutrients, that's more of a long time satellite ation procedure on. but you also get the positive effects of these other soil qualities. on the night. scientists have discovered that plant based fertilizer also works well on tomatoes and pickles. there's a lot of potential for doing away with animal fertilizers on fruit and vegetable farms. the many of the claimant's ones colleagues are now interested in purely planned face fertilizers. so you 2 are no longer convinced that the animal fertilizers that still dominate the market are all that eco

friendly banassi. so they're following hooton's lead to put in the field. so you mostly use is that sick? liquid fertilizer. that's a bit like molasses. all the i fi pulled up to 40 sceptics. it's very sick and takes a bit of getting used to but it works. he'll stick arbutus from bio sick look leak and agriculture is more expensive and more complicated to use. but claimants hunt takes it all in stride systems. ok, it has to be ok for me. that's very important when the plants are doing well and i feel good about using it, then i'm happy because i'm taking care of the soil and even improving it for future generations. the same as honda stopped using fertilizers that come from industrial farming research. and this experience have shown firsthand that this approach can be both eco friendly and economically successful. that's it for this week's edition of tamara today,

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this is the w news live from the lynn donald trump. cruises to victory in the iowa republican courses, the former president tools at a special nights of to taking over 50 percent of the votes. florida governor around the census comes in 2nd place at a full met you and on both of the, the key techniques also coming up on the program. israel's defense minister says the military has concluded its intensive ground operations in the north of casa, and wilson wind down its come pain in the south of the strip or get the license from our correspondence interest.