man, the case of the talk is changing 6 years ago. we said he can't get any was to, but it does guardians of truth. this time, excel gen, this turned into our meets the voices of the 3 turkey alter as the ad one had to flee into exile. i knew the police would search my house. courageous people are trying to stem the turkish governments and sort of tammy and cools. of hands against but really it's a crime is addressed under power train to cases, phone stability for his action. what about freedom of to print and freedom of

expression, guardians of truth, dots march, 2nd on d, w. the, in 1965, an engineer predicted that we'd be able to double the processing power of computers every 2 years. and he was right. since then, we've been pretty much following this trend called more as luck. computing power has grown exponentially. flemming, the backbone as much as modern lot more as long as breaking down to make computers better. we've been filling them with more and more transistors, which are what create the ones and zeroes that make computers work. transistors have not shrunk to the size of one. adam, beyond that, there's no where to go, because the laws of physics get weird, a completely different sector where we're also getting a wallace, solar power. current panels currently turn around a quarter of sunlight and to energy. and we can't make them more efficient. the

reason for both of silicon, possibly the most important element of our time. it's the basis for nearly all that tronics and the reason we have widespread solar power. it's also with a famous high tech california area got its name. but even though silicon has brought us this far, it can't take us any further. these things aren't getting more efficient. so why are we outgoing silicon? and what's next? this is pure silicon, but most of it naturally occurs of silicon dioxide or silica, one of the places that you'll find it is in regular old sand for solar panels and electronics. so it, because he didn't refine to over 99 percent parity, because that pure silicon has a particular electrical property. it's a semi conductor. so in contrast, with the conduct of like composite, conduct, electricity easily or an inch lighter, like which one, conduct electricity, it all kindly catch pull, researches,

solar cell technology and integrating solar power into the grit. you need to send me conduct that way. you can control how it conducts electricity. in very simple terms, the semi conductor is like a switch, so we can kind of pin energy flow on an up, even though, so it kind isn't the best semi conductor. it's quite a good one. and since there's a ton of it, it's cheap for all these reasons. we've been using it for these 2 technologies for decades. 1884. so the 1st solar panel installed in new york city rooftop. and in the 1950s we started making them from silicon back then the panels converted around 6 percent of the sunlight and to energy and were expensive since then, efficiency is gone up to around 25 percent and prices have come way down. solar is now one of the cheapest forms of energy. there is solar panels are made of silicon treated with other elements to form differently. charged layers is layers allow current to flow in one direction. we have the electronic moving electrons,

maybe isn't electrical current. and so therefore it can, it can go out and it can complete the circuit and it can power things just like in solar panels. silicon and computers also has these layers. one of the places you can find the silica and layers inside the computer is a type of micro chip called a c p u or central processing unit. i'm going to see if i can find it in this one. the cpu is made of, of a piece of silicon covered and tiny silicon transistors. because of those layers, transistors either allow current to flow or stop at low in current creates one and no current creates 0. those ones and zeros from the bases for all computing. but the silver con, isn't only in the cpu, it's all over the inside of this computer. basically, anything that needs to do any calculations, whether for processing or storage,

is going to be using silicon. now, tiny micro chips have billions of transistors on them. we've had to start stacking them on top of each other instead of putting them side by side. more transistors means switching from one to 0 faster, which isn't a computing better and better. but we can't make silicon transistors, any smaller people have reached to, doesn't know that they're going to limit is not one size sorted by non use that as a researches the production of wideband gap, semi conductors. and they're using integrated circuits as well, because it will be going to be or below this. so, you know, just didn't oh, you can make it more efficient in the home and call you can make, it was more instead of getting smaller transistors into switch faster and operated higher voltages to be more efficient. that's something silicon doesn't do very well . so it comes, limitations are also seriously holding back how much energy we can harvest from solar power to understand the problem, we have to go down to the sub atomic level. we can look at electrons and something

called the band, yet the band gap is a theoretical concept that can be thought of as to band. with the space in between . this space is how much energy is required to move an electron from the bottom band to the top bands for silicon. the band gap is $1.00 electron volts. so it requires 1.12 electron volts of energy to move an electron from here, up to here, where it can actually generate electricity. if more energy is applied, the electron goes past the next band, then it lose energy and comes back of the extra energy turns into heat and disperses through the material. the smaller the band gap, the more energy is lost as heat. so the con, as a relatively small band gap, so it can be prone to overheating. if the electron doesn't have enough energy, it doesn't make you to the band and no electricity is generated. in solar panels. energy hits the panel in the form of sunlight. but the sun gives off many different

types of lights, so not all of them can be absorbed efficiently by silica. blue light has too much energy and infrared life as to little actually. so i just base to fax limit the efficiency soul of sales to around 30 percent of the rent according fission. see for silicon is already 26 percent. this now bang gap also waste energy in transistors. meaning harvest mortar bank jo, blue, one mortgage on your visitors tools. but when electronics are moving into them or do you deal with this or disagreeing? wanna keep so this keep getting on behind the city, but it says so do wait until tech companies to start repainting. their signs because that efficiency problem is solvable materials with wide band gaps for electronics. those include gallium nitride, graphing silicon carbide and gallium oxides. they live a transistors to use more of their energy to perform calculations. they lose less heat and can handle over 10 times the voltage of silicon devices. they also operate

at twice the maximum temperature of silica over $300.00 degrees celsius. because of this, why been gap materials are already used in chargers for electric vehicles, even charges and other batteries cannot be manufactured was typical. you're not able to handle the effect. and that's really because of its nope. and it also means that computer using wideband gaps that make inductors wouldn't need so much cooling, making it smaller and more energy efficient. and they require less energy to manufacture recently built and making some concepts doesn't do us just a picture of the surface clinic on the minimum temperature required to manufacture give us an order for disposing deficiencies. the materials are more expensive, which means they're not as widely available, but advanced as in production could change that in the near future. for solar, a promising wideband get material is prostate, which can capture more of the suns available life and silica. grey sky is a crystal structure and you can put different elements within that crystal

structure. then you can change the band gap. that means that you can absorb more of the light, making solar panel overall more efficient. and we'll be looking at what prostate can do for solar power and another planet, a video really soon. but efficiency isn't the only concern. turning that san into silicon requires a lot of heat and since most of the world, so it kinda is produced in china, most of that feed comes from burning coal solar panels make up for the c o 2 emissions for manufacturing. and that's, it was microchips which also used a lot of water. 11 of the biggest chip manufacturers in the world has already had to ration water in order to keep producing them. and when supply shocks like that hit, it affects the price after supply change or disrupt the during kogan, the price of silicon shot up. that's one of the main reasons for a chip shortage that's still continuing today without so look on micro chips production of electronics. some cars slowed down and so far there hasn't really been much recycling going on. it's easy to see why recycling silicon from computers

is hard. when you look at the process of taking this one apart, i mean, just getting into it was really difficult and i didn't even pull most of the silly gone out of the components. and we're about to face a huge challenge with solar panels. most of them only work well for around 25 to 30 years. and now we're starting to see many of them nearing the end of their life. the number of use of solar panels is projected to increase to around 80000000 metric tons by 2050. so we need both new materials and more sustainable, silicon production and recycling sounds that is already on the way you legislation requires 80 percent of each solar panel to be recycled at the end of its life. the majority of panels are glass and aluminum. when they're recycled, they're basically shredded down to their components. from there the silicon can be extracted and removed. so the gum or cycling is still in the early stages, but companies are already able to recycle around 90 percent of it. as of now, the silicon mostly goes to the aluminum industry which combines it with other

metals to make products. it's possible to make recycles high purity silicon. but the purification process is expensive. energy intensive and not really economical at the moment. but the rate is on the silicon that is fueled the digital age is taking us as far as we can go, we need something else. if we want electronics to keep getting better and solar panels to become more efficient. and although there's still a lot of work to do, why been got materials like prost guides, gallium nitride and silicon car, but let's see the best options. what do we destroy next? let us know in the comments and don't forget to subscribe. we've got new videos every friday. cool. the

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