to imagine the impact you and your friends can have together, we can end global hunger. please download the app. the annoying 9 rebellious at 10, insufferable, at 11, around the time that the menstrual cycle kicks in and cubic has thoughts to group. puberty is beginning earlier and earlier in kids all over the world. the average age of its onset has been dropping for decades. and during the cold with 19 pandemic, the trend grew even more pronounced. that story and much more coming up on the show. welcome to tomorrow. today the for an adolescent. puberty is a phase when your parents get embarrassing and hard to deal with. it's

a stage of development when children's bodies and brains are transformed by hormones. and girls that begins on average around age 10, while boys usually enter puberty at around 11 or 12. in rare cases that begin sooner sometimes too soon. a study by bon university hospital discovered that during the cove at 19 pandemic, what's called precocious puberty grew more common in germany. in the clinic, the number of cases, almost double, the doc clinic and bone. and when we conducted a survey of centers across germany, they reported a rise of around 30 to 40 percent between 20202021. also it's about slices, folks as quotes that could be the average age when cube or the begins has fallen over the last several decades. and international statistics have also indicated that the pandemic significantly intensified this effect because they really did

point to a ryan, steve on a now post pandemic. the numbers seem to be following again. of course, we would really like to know why that happened to the source code the 2 vi it was really trigger our lead puberty and some children. the question that's still being debated about it can do we have the rise before many of the children had a corona, virus infection and also in children who had never been infected. so basically this hypothesis withdrawing. so the one is this endocrinology clinic, and berlin offers help and advice to parents and their children affected by precocious puberty as cleaners and mac model of the clinical feature you clearly see in girls is breast development, which starts 1st on tells us that puberty is beginning in boys, there's general development with testicle on penis gross homes and then there's the 2nd effect. the grossest cubic cash on behalf of the term cube, or

d comes from the latin word for cubic air. pull this, the hormone surge causes physical effects, but it also brings about changes in behavior and early onset. puberty is more prevalent among girls who vision v. we know that being over nourished or having more audit post tissue since the thought to the brain to their off button resists on sexual mature ration can begin to buy. and so over in nutrition leads to early puberty on setting goals. at least the thought in boys over nutrition tends to inhibited him. and could you property? could that be one reason why the pandemic calls the rise and precocious puberty kids exercise last during locked out and send off and change their eating habits for the worst? more and more are being diagnosed as overweight. then there's the aspect of prolonged stress pandemic related restrictions. and i solution posed not only a risk to children's physical health, but also to their psychological wellbeing. how do they be that soon?

they stress also plays a role in regulating sexual maturity as white as you can even say that if a woman is stress during pregnancy, for a secondary phenomenon is that later on it can have an impact on the child sexual mature ration, 5 it enough, come from kind of the social aspect could also help explain the figures during locked down and while home schooling many parents were with their children practically around the clock. as a result, they might have noticed developmental issues much more frequently. so should we be concerned? and x rays can tell experts whether growth is accelerated to early august if occasion, and the fingers reveals any discrepancies between the child's real age and their biological one. if puberty begins to early, the growth phase might end to soon, and the effected pers since could end up being smaller then if they had developed normally. decisions on whether treatment with puberty blockers would be appropriate

. have to be made on a case by case basis. so the most common explanation for the significant rise in precocious puberty during the pandemic is that it was linked to no triggers. and that it has nothing to do with the pathogen directly. but is that also a cause for concern? me i'm, i'm busy and we've seen we certainly didn't do kids any favors independent bank with the measures implemented. and we are currently discussing how we see this in terms of weight gain as well as a significant increase in mental impairment. but i also find that worrying that we've even seen physical changes due to changes in the whole moon will activity universe. but i know tom is for the waiting job. here to research is showing that pandemic related measures caused long lasting damage to many children and young people. a reason to think about how we might do things differently next time.

because it 19 pandemic officially ended in may 2023. but experts agree, it's only a matter of time until the next one strikes vaccines against the corona virus, which developed foster than ever before. but that was on the exceptional circumstances. could we still call pharmaceutical also no to fights of other potential pathogens, even foster and future it took just a few weeks for them go to sha, he met his team at by on tech to develop their cobit 19 backs and the fact that it was approved after extensive testing date, the field of m r n a technology, a huge boost cancer and was fortunate, and these talks things were effective, which couldn't be taken for granted as cos doesn't. essentially he said 1st and was luck also involved. one thing is clear, m r n a technology made it possible to develop and produce the vaccine quickly. but

even more importantly, researchers already had experience with corona viruses and 222015. other viruses in the same family had caused smaller outbreaks. earlier research had shown that corona viruses use their spike proteins to don contact human cells to prevent that a vaccine would need to train the immune system to ward off those proteins. understanding that gave developers a head start in designing the vaccine. but what if a future pandemic is caused by a novel pathogen that hasn't been studied as extensively? scientists say we can expect even more pandemic in the future. the my mean to him, to general growing interactions between humans and animals. these because there are more of us and more domesticated animals as well as more contact due to increasing how much that destruction i'm too difficult for me because so globally into

connected. now viruses can spread fast once they jump from animals to human. this has yet to so i believe we'll be seeing more upon demons and it's important we pass . i'd love to have disappeared. the vaccine researchers idea is that team should develop vaccines in advance against the 50 to 100 most dangerous pathogens out there. the main focus he says, should be on high threat microbes that don't currently infect humans. when those pathogens cost a species barrier to us and slightly modified forms, however, they can call us very severe disease. research teams could in series already develop specific vaccines against these potentially dangerous microbes. these vaccines could be tested on a small group of people, enabling the creation of a small stock pile. if a new pandemic then does break out, the vaccines could be wrapped the adapted things to that preliminary work. look into them against the preparatory, what could shorten the whole process,

which essentially means developing the vaccine so that we could really see one on the market within about 3 months of the day. more, nothing degree can and you still some markets up. the idea is not entirely new. following a devastating a bowl outbreak in west africa, the 2017 world economic forum solve the foundation of the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations. in a crisis situation, the sub the program would be able to get a vaccine approved within months, but funding proved and sufficient. at the beginning of the cobit 19 pandemic savvy was given a budget of $1400000000.00. but that was only enough to spearhead the immediate fight against the corona virus, not to prepare for a new pandemic. the organizations, annual reports showed that investment in the program fell sharply again after the 1st cove of vaccines were approved. because i missed a dispatch,

i'd have to be covering all my sights. um, i think the good thing about it though is that it wouldn't have to be financed by one country. it'd be financed everywhere because it benefits of all humanity may not just people in germany or the us from deutschland, uh, with uh, the vaccines would then be developed over a longer period. the hope is that this process would also increase confidence in new vaccines, but is it realistic? is the solvent? this is such a very ambitious around that also has to be coordinated internationally. of course, i pissed in a forward but take stay and shows that international research coordination doesn't look all that well yet. and one thing is clear, according to the w, h o cobit vaccines that prevented around 1400000 deaths in europe alone. even if they don't provide really long term protection against infection, those vaccines primarily trained antibodies in the immune system,

t cells received less attention recovery. i'm glad we've learned that the t cell responses to vaccines are also really important. because the t cell response is less susceptible to mutations in the virus on this vehicles. and 2 bodies on the other hand, have problems recognizing new virus variance in the future, inhaled vaccines or those administered as nasal sprays might provide even more effective protection against infection with respiratory pathogens. we're still waiting for breakthroughs. still, experts are not entirely pessimistic. it's over there and they have them in i believe we'd be in a better situation if a new pandemic or to begin today. and it says like i say, i'm getting a lot will depend on how much experts know about any new pathogens. once targets for the immune system are identified, vaccines could be developed very quickly again,

perhaps even faster than during the coven. 19 pandemic. the another infectious disease has been rampaging for years in other species. a world wide avian flu pandemic that started in 2020 has killed millions of wild birds and has hit poultry farms. hod zoo animals are also in danger in switzerland, but so trying to purchase x beds and sees with a new vaccine tailored to the pathogen. visa for contain quinn's and thousands of zoo or recently given a new vaccine against the h 5 n one sub type of 8 and flu. so he said, you get to me some even though you're still molting to be no more but you're not hungry anyway. all you all do, bed costeo and bank are, loves the idea of a vaccine for the endangered birds. you then if there's ticket followed all the fluids break out here house. but if, even in just one item to use them,

we might be forced to call or all of the to day. so course, and that would of course you'd be devastating cost right out there just for he isn't. in total over $300.00 birds from $24.00 different species have been vaccinated, sues and the cities of bozza and burn. these are currently the only vaccination trials in europe involving wild bird species. shapes floating off down for giving them a boost. the midway have to catch them twice by weeks upon staples, starting from the most of that. and then again to take a blood sample 5 weeks later, i'm offering voltage factors, but i think the benefits of the vaccination outweigh the risks easy. avian flu is deadly. the virus can make wild migratory and waterfowl sick, as well as domesticated birds. and even mammals, page 5 n one is a variance of influenza, a virus that's particularly aggressive. the sub type currently threatens the very existence of some bird species. and that could have major consequences for global

bio diversity. during the last 4 years, in particular age 5 and one has spread across nearly the entire planet. the virus is now effecting animals in both north and south america. the 1st cases have also appeared in the galapagos islands and even your antarctic region home to many endangered species. the the h 5 n one reached the zoo and burn in the spring of 2022. its 1st victim was a gray hair of his veterinary and stuff on who would be remembers puts that off soon after a donation pilot can also fell on had to be put to sleep, lose the loose stuff tries to protect the birds by screening. but that causes stress vaccinating would be better, except there's little experience doing it with wild bird species. and those few results are not very convincing. bad for the box,

the nations were performed once inside and in 2005 we saw that we sold the product can for example, on the very point of view respond the improve malcolm stefan who because they are for now turn to the swiss institute of biology and immunology for help, get simmer and his team used page 5 and one viruses from the dead pelican to develop the vaccine currently being used in the use. it's based on a virus that's harmless to birds and doesn't reproduce. an essential gene was removed from this taxi virus and replaced with an influenza virus gene. it initiates production of an 80 and flu protein in the muscle cells and vaccinated birds. a warning for the immune system, which then response by generating large numbers of anti bodies. company to get into

the body reaction by producing antibodies is especially neutralizing, until you see it, which can neutralize the h 5 and one virus in guns. so this system has another advantage to take them and it's stimuli to simulate in unity blood sample show that all 24 of the captive birds species reacted penguins produced a particularly large number of anti bodies and initial infection trials with age 5 . then one in chickens also indicate a protective immune response. not a single chicken and the trials became mill. but what about the wild, migratory birds that spread the virus, or the endangered emperor or penguins, way down in the antarctic? in theory, the explanation could protect them to expert se, but distributing vaccines adequately and reliably to those populations remains a major hurdle. and see, at the moment, i don't really see any ways of intervening on a largest scale list of the items and the preventing the further spread of this

virus on various pieces. views on the train. does a sobering thought for veterinary increase to on bank or a to for this makes a vaccination program and his zoo and others like it all. the more important ultimately he says, zoo is, can help preserve biodiversity by contributing to species conservation. it also saves to, especially with the rasp. she's like these african penguins, so where existing conservation programs around the threat is, it's important to maintain this pool in zoos around the world and keep them healthy . it's a little bit older, but a lot more data is needed before the switch. maxine is approved for use in zoos around the world, reaching that goal is still a long way away. why do you have a science question then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we offer it on the shows,

we'll send you and that will surprise as a thank you. so come on just task the. today's question comes from class and k and nigeria. the how do chameleon change colors, the it takes a trained diet to spot it. the chameleon is a master and adapting to its surroundings and circumstances. its color changes according to the animals mood, as well as the time of day and how warm or cold it is. the camouflage is actually just a side effect. changing color is a kind of language one that's mainly used to communicate with other comedians. it's an ability built into their skin, which is made up of different types of cells,

their work together. when the reptile changes into the outermost layer, it contains pigments that have a yellowish or reddish town underneath ourselves, called in rid of floors. these reflect incoming light with the help of nano crystals. the animal can change the size of the gaps between these crystals and that changes the color of the light reflected by its scan. if a chameleon is relaxed, the crystals are packed more closely together and reflect short wave light in the blue part of the spectrum. the pigment layer on top reflects yellow and together blue and yellow makes green. but if the lizard is excited when confronted with arrival, for example, then it's lexis to cells whitening the gap between crystals. the are rid of forest and reflect the longer wave red light. by the way, mail communions are said to be at their most vibrant,

when they're on the lookout for a mate. like many other animal species, they tried to cord females with a highly impressive display of colors. how many comedians all that have? well, why? no one knows, and that's not just because the lizard says such x, the cameras launch accurate estimation populations of wild animals is a very challenging task in national parks in germany, a variety of technologies at helping were such as countless species that lives in the woods wildlife ecologist miko ford page from the university of fiber work is leading a project of extraordinary proportions. he and his team is set up more than 700 camera traps here in the varying forest, contend other german national parks. their aim is to record animal populations for the 1st time and these protected woodlands and

a scientifically sound way. using gps, he's able to navigate to where existing and future camera traps are set up in germany's oldest national park. even before we have shot out locations in advance, to randomly distributed across the entire area to provide us with a random sample with these according not in the quarter, and so programmed into a gps system, which i'll use to navigate to that point. and point one very, then i select a suitable tree and set up the camera move on to putting the camera traps, react to heat and movement. taking images of shy wild animals that would otherwise rarely be glimpsed by foresters or hunters of this type of monitoring. also allows numbers of animals to be determined more precisely then was previously possible. if i, when i'm 1st of all a set up is for a long term environmental observation of wild animals. i'm the how the console in the off on the 1st round of,

of device. and that was made in 2019 and 20 twenty's. now we're in the 2nd round. we'll just see this in the anus to repeat one, every 3. yeah, this one is on inside. we want to maintain that rate and to determine long term changes in how many tons fixed in how this climate change affect them and wild animals the end of them. how does the original have the move change things, for example, or changes in land to use in the surrounding areas where the alpha end of the notes on the table? the camera traps require regular maintenance due to sensors, aging, and the memory cards filling up a bit of foot work is also part of the program. graph is, are ferns can grow and sparsely wooded areas. so when they sway in the wind, they can trigger their camera traps that uses up energy and fills digital storage space, which useless images and also interferes with a later evaluation of the animals move months. the cards are swapped out every 4 months. images from them are stored on a central server. so the research team members from oliver germany have access to

the data. the 1st campaign 3 years ago gathered an impressive 1200000 images. during their evaluation, the researchers used artificial intelligence to streamline their efforts have these on screen trains, the ally with those images succeed because we know when we haven't read the our links, the only knows to because it has enough images of them to train me on the on the results are really amazing to you by the painting speed on. sometimes you can only see animals packaged. and then the a all it tells us it's a wild bull because it is and which one, which it's time to see what's on this card. the hey, i dent advise animal species, even in the most challenging light conditions, the wildlife biologists are amazed and delighted at how on target the program is, for example, with this road year,

which it identifies with 94 percent certain to the effort was worth it. the a i will keep the projects long term costs low and precision high even when it comes to images where humans wouldn't see an animal, the computer is spot on. the a, i has not made a single mistake. it will make a huge difference and the number of hours michael white and his colleagues will have to spend perusing images to date, managing wildlife populations and national parks has been a vague practice that's essentially in the hands of the hunters. however, critics believe their reports aren't based on rational technologically oriented management of wildlife populations. hunters, they say are too focused on bringing back impressive trophies. october is if it's

currently very difficult to determine the model of populations and then derive shooting quotas, couldn't be accepted without methods. we can determine if, for example, exact wildlife populations of right there couldn't on the interim months and provide information on how many animals are in a certain area. and that can then be used to plant a coal. however, only time will tell whether hunters will allow scientists to interfere with hunting activities. mcelroy police and his team will certainly provide the data on animals. the automatic cameras will continue to deliver millions of images, which can be analyzed with minimal effort. thanks to a i. the scientists also set up camera trying, absent albania, and romania. the goal is to have animal populations that regulate themselves without human intervention.

that so for now on dw science show, thanks for joining us. can see you again next time on tomorrow. today the, [000:00:00;00]

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the, enjoying the views, and come to take a look at this. our tv highlights me every week in your inbox. subscribe now. runs small steps for a robot vacuum. one giant leap for exploiting the ocean slow cutting edge technology is i'm looking to potential of deep sea mining and the vehicle's been designed to pick up nodules and leave as much settlement behind as possible. but this time a research team will study the possible in order to minimize then we have an opportunity to to get it right before we even start. we have a whole new industry that will proceed only when the regulations of things will take place. environmental activists are skeptical. is this true nature conservation

and the green washing box rules? val billions to be made out to pop documentary deep sea greed stats, june 7th on t w. 79. and i'm debbie. i have 3 kid, but good. my name is steve, i'm on the college and i d cage practically. they believe in doing this. me that i'm seeing. my name is tim. run sony. i like reporting, moving from one village to another. financially, we have a very strong thank the gods for my family. this is india is new generation. what are they doing in the road commerce to help in this country? what do they want to change in the society full of contrasts on the indian age stuff. june 5th, on dw,

the this is dw news line from that their engine load is lyons. when's enough states to form a government in the world's biggest democratic elections for the indian prime ministers? parts of the page i. p fails to secure its own majority, leaving it in need of support from other boxes also on the program. to abide and gets tough on migrants of the us. mexico border us presidents, a non physical new assignment restrictions. and he says unnecessary critics including some of these have just democratic lawmakers works either to strict