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simmons is home to tens of thousands of wetlands proportional to land mass. the country has more wetlands than any other on the planet. berries in marietta ponds its rise here and the woodlands rich natural beauty drove many visits the but the wetlands are also important from climate. the enormous amounts of compound stores here, some is locked in palm of frost. the will depend on the frost amount. massive amounts of comp and would likely be released into the atmosphere,

celebrating climate change. but it's not too late. the recent studies suggest that while these new rules and wetlands may post trends down or so, right, we don't put you in to take the, how much human kind work with the wetlands to come global climate change. the research group from the university of helsinki has arrived in killer busy all of

a lapland in the fall, no the thing. and that hoping to discover whether the palm of frosty is already melting the multi effects that could have blown up be shaped, cham, or the say, settled way that's better. exciting flight. oh, really? so i'm, this is from one on the how feet has power about this just ice. yeah. textbook. yes, we can use it for long drinks. no thought. i'm not when it feels like that my task is get to talk to like it all this long term project is concentrated on palm across on that. so we want to find out what process is this. that's all for that. now let's see that kind of for us, contains huge amounts of mercury, another talk sams, this one is very useful kind of compounds and gas estate that costs we have

a need that we want to know what could be released to young. i'm going to affect that would have on the climate change. how do i give me the next? some of the components can cover stuff. we have to assume that it moves to the next on the right to it, until it does say that with the delta t, it is desta and to stay in and the northern permafrost may contain hazards that are as yet unknown to us. the in the summer of 2016 alarming news came from the yamaha of peninsula in north western side bay area. a young man had died of anthrax, a disease that had been eradicated from the region 75 years. sonia the over 2000 reindeer, died from the disease. an additional 5 adults and 2 children were infected

and science was suspected to have spread from a contaminated reindeer congress, which lane frozen in the palm of frost for decades. subsequent studies revealed that an exceptionally warm summer had mounted large sections of permafrost. the soul at apparently revived fiance, unexpectedly, him, which furnished infected animals, then the reindeer herders. the seams 2016, no new insurance outbreaks of being detected in yamma. the. the mounting is the time of frost times, however, tools damage to buildings it also releases

carbon dioxide, amazing. both known ex underwriters of climate change, the the arctic circle surrounds the noise power to the ground. here contains twice the amount of calvin that is found in the atmosphere in march, if it is stored in the arctic wetlands permafrost, the common a blessing and the cost with outage that would be known as i phone us. at the same time. it's the cause of global warming to greenhouse gases contain compound carbon dioxide. and me, st. is these 2 gases that contribute the most, most ferric warming in nature comp and is in constant

association. the wetlands in northern europe play a key role in the comp and cycle. yes . uh huh, because you're so much i couldn't tell you how you met a document that he later thought that let me go. we want to understand how com and select network and the science guides i get. so you don't take some of the site that's kind of across on the what else there was some wetlands on the launch wetlands, so you'd be any, as, while away they are, we want to start the older interactions you might have with that kind of get that equal fund just to call them tight when it moves from one place to another. so now how does a, the, wherever the comp and store have those here and walk through it saw since you got

the, how does it end up in the atlas van or more in the ocean task last day that we set about? do you want me to type out a maybe, so don't really on what levels plan in place. there's no notes here in the nor does it. so at the source on the tropics, the vice for recognizing us call them by when you only get them to fact. so climate, [000:00:00;00] the small company stored in wetlands then in the anti opponents vegetation, up to the oceans. wetlands of the us launch is comp and reservoirs so i thought he left it as eco systems, wetlands absorb carbon from the atmosphere. sylvia, after the ice age, it was continuously drawn from the air, ethical, rusty, if there weren't any wetlands, the atmosphere would today be much richer and carbon. and with every wetland that's destroyed on a, from

a carbon gets released into the atmosphere. the spa little study has been made of westland permafrost, so the possible effects of permafrost melt, alonzo, the unknown data for most the night for him to follow up. i'm assuming there's hardly any data from northern regents like this one was in a gas measurements like these have only been undertaken in a very few places around the world. especially less, all of our research thus far has been largely based on assumptions on the federal still up. it's got the last to exceed one hypothesis. as the climate warms, the ground becomes walter locked, and you'll start, you get all the so last that's them is nothing is the permafrost inside these mountains. now it becomes a puddle like this one here. these release a lot of methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. that's one possible scenario that we wind up with these expensive,

what area is all about leaking methane into the atmosphere? is the force at the, at the state of the eat, she medium permafrost in siberia, has apparently been going to mount some of the ancient frozen silence fine for the 1st time and 10000 years separate and its effects. post traumatic stress for global warming signs at the time of frosts melting have been observable for some 20 years. now. the images are assigned barriers collapsing, permafrost mounds stoked fears. as early as 2014 scientists concluded that the mounds were filled with me signed, which was being released from the mounting permafrost. the pressure inside them

had grown so great that it 1st opened the mountains and made on a crop that evening. no collection by all these me think right to sign a mile or a bit like st. cost yellow, which can be found around the, well, i think the box in the permafrost platform ice plugs the effect layer of frozen. so i'll get out when that metal on it, it's a bit like pulling the stopper out of a single water and everything from the top rushes out in this, leaving a crate to the hind that allows us to get more of done at the cool via as almost started, so i have concern the melting at this time period time of frost over the years. initial assumptions become increasingly concrete by going so state not in my dining past that loyalty thing and emissions can be locally quite high times. and that can increase, even if the effect is apparently not terribly significant. a of them now pull up all the american goose dining gabriella toys to fix status. stuff like this,

not just let me see. yeah, nice, nice. now a macro fossil. what have you found? see, i'm a seed, it looks like the bulk bean. how does it look in the middle menu? n t savanna. right, so i thought, thoughts i, i'd also say it's mini, into the book being seen to sho get. that means that it used to be very damped. here, soft ground, not much undergrowth. on the bottom of the cde, the scientists have just found is several 1000 years old. it indicates that the landscape around this bulk must have once looked very different under the sun, the beam. and then the last good that we drilled was, mineral matter, not bogs, settlement at all. that source i didn't see a that's an old, there used to be some kind of a lake or a puddle, then, which was later filled, and then formed boggs. this is the way nature works, as they will understand, nothing is forever cl,

like this environment looked very different after the last, i say about a okay. and i think that fix permafrost, bogs a long time capsules. they help us study environmental and climate changes over hundreds of thousands of years. in a saw a year by year feet accumulates in the swamp courses in southern and finland. the pete layer can be several meters, the side lobby, some. and in lapland, we only have 2 meters of heat does assessment. the layers are a kind of time machine or dried them that record the whole history of the wetland mesa. scientists search through the lines of stratification for signs of temperature and humidity changes to like a half of the sale of mazda. so, you know, it's easy to see in the terrain. this is something happened and honestly, there. and often the changes appear as differences in color to see. and then when we bring the samples to the lab, we can see in more detail how the vegetation has changed across history,

documented over the course of 10000 years old. there have been at least a couple of changes to the vegetation, which tells us about changes in the environment. that's the mainland, the non v. like a mirror, we have a sample of about 50 centimeters from a blog and lapland. luckily, we can clearly see changes in the composition of the pizza. this layer is perhaps a 1000 years old. down here we have a sour grasp agitation which grows in human conditions. at the same time with us will have to say it's the most here we see a clear change in the 18th century say nobody has a kid with a student at that point during the little ice age called home, or for us, begin developing incentives, condo, so on the surface of the bod, dried out, or changing the vegetation completely. shrubs begin to spread out during that period. yes, it's daniela here on the far left the vegetation has changed once again. this layer reflects the situation at the extraction point and the conditions we still have

today. lucas moss is growing there. an indication that the environment has become more humid again, p a mom or stomach 6. by observing the various layers, it is possible to make a rough, initial prediction of changes a hand the same i came in. and i also thought that by next i thought if that's the alignment that we can see how the layers in the blog behaved at various times to look at it in general, say that carbon dioxide, along with warmer temperatures, promote the growth of p and, and the accumulation of carbon will stop, but these forecasts do not take into account other aspects related to wetlands for now. so extensive changes in vegetation, things like res, talk or the off of myers bod grove, fires to nice that are considered in these models. not with the following is that

both much more research is needed for that's one of them and that's also the. ready the finland is a great place to study the wetlands effects on the climates after a wetlands compress the finland. an area of the size of point you called

the functions from several ways being important to the things they've provided food for humans and animals as well as fuel. the heating finish focus on is filled with tails of spirits, elves and dantes living in the wetland. so it's no wonder then that finish has thousands of ones, the different kinds of westland wetlands. well ones fear there's some predictable environments. a space between us and want to be in and beyond. in the past, people were buried in this one. latent waste was dumped down the

know to box around like that. sometimes store common efficiently. one offers release it. so in a 2nd release i thought any last, so what do you, they're all over $100.00 different types of what not understanding the loan, get it that the heat each is different in the way it's accumulates or a mix common. so what do these with the kinds of blogs that release maintain into the atlas van? i mcdonny i drive both to mound starting with accumulates and stall, call them very efficient, make it to named music, to get a diet, edit devlin garcia, that are still healed. overhaul, so finland's wetlands hoping drained the goal, was to dry out the wetland soil, making it most suitable for forestry and agriculture. one such wetlands is around scale on copy in southern finland.

the dense spruce forest was originally a woodland bunk. decades ago, the wetlands were drained to support tree groves. the ground water table was low as considerably. that's what i'm saying less and less for you to. those ought to be let me read the own volume. we're in a well trained whitland to present which has become common for us and to call a few and according to the latest findings, this type of fee tease is a major source of emissions. the sewing of a drain, white gland forest produces greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and me saying at the same time the far as trees take in carbon dioxide from the yeah, that means a peter and forest suvs as both a source of emissions and does a common sink drains, pete forests and pete fields on the last,

a significant source of the world wide emissions date, but you've still most as much greenhouse gas emissions as deforestation. dance in the asset to comp time to change. the wetlands have been matched as a point of focus. the draining of wetlands reduces bio diversity. lessons, water quality increases the risk of file, the carbon released from wetlands is bad for the climate. human intervention can however, impact just how much carbon is released into the atmosphere. one go could be to strengthen the role of wetlands as comp and syncs. extract the file out at dawn and now it's one option could be witness restoration in finland, for instance, east the account, this wetlands have been trying to even trying them up,

filed in 15 to 30 percent of cases. no forest has been able to grow and met, so instead of draining the wetlands, it just ruins that positive, natural quantities, only not with restoration. below the wetlands can begin to function naturally again to time. so i'd like and one's most thoughts. i'm solving colvin from the top boy, you say all gone towing the a c. and so we got to say an email here. you don't like it has the restoring a white glove means returning it to a state as close as possible to its natural log. the ditches are filled, the water level rises. once the water has return to the correct level, pete begins to form again. compound is removed from the atmosphere, absorbed into the soil.

the best here comes me save me $75.00. me, you know, and then we subtract, this was a pretty deep and that's only now give out in spring and then just do equity. but if it's a dry summer will be at around $122.00 minus the bus came by. so, you know, people suffer how you almost there. yeah. okay. me, of course, when the water level so low iran skill and copays, the effects of the various deforestation models on wetlands emissions being investigated. the aim is to raise the water level in a controlled manner. so that the forest remains viable. as a result, carbon dioxide emissions will also decrease. however,

the water level must not rise to high a. yes, the vision one is a 100 percent of the water rows right to the surface of methane would be released as i need. the goal is to maintain groundwater at a depths of about $20.00 to $30.00 centimeters squared. doesn't release methane. i say i hope the yeah, new ga, sufficient aerobic surface layer can prevent methane emissions limits on the fastest the researchers measure of the carbon dioxide india, the methane present in the soil changes in vegetation, the ground water levels and the circulation of liquids in the trees they track the liquid flowing through the trees to find out how they react to filing until fluctuations in the ground water levels. metal tests at the cox on through the end of the heel fatty acid. we have 2 sensors here in mind measuring 2 different things for the height of the front sensor shows the degree of, of operation and the word. yeah, the measurements isn't very accurate,

but it's better than nothing said this sensor on the left gives us information about photo synthesis. so can have sugar is transported via the flow m to the places where the tree needs it for growth, the roots and the trunk procedure orders throwing at all possible, but also who the tonic with this one as well place to maybe even if it's better, what i me on this one. yeah, yes. the plates fixed on straight the pipes. good. intrude? well, thanks in photo synthesis. trees, extract carbon dioxide from the changes in the water table can disrupt the process . us? no, not. so it goes. there's them. it's just one methodologies bogged ecosystems. i paint forests are controlled by water to a certain extent of it and the greenhouse gas emissions depend largely on the water table take them up as well as on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by the trees,

such as the ground water level is especially high water trees run into problems with their water intake lot best. they can struggle when it's too let's look at a st. mary's spell. it also test the movement in circulation of greenhouse gases attract using automatically operated chambers and measuring devices attached to my dock. i do the load up, the box is placed slowly over the ground, then the chambers, he'll go to the law, say that it then measures whether there's a gas source in the ground. and we'll go from that if, if there is a gas level inside the chamber gradually increases on the same at that, that's w, distract the gases from the box and look for concentration increases. so let me just to see what it was a minute gain from that we can calculate the flow speed

a that was through last. as an nope out of the last 4, we have a chunk research team has come to around skill on co pay to investigate the impact of deforestation on westland admissions. so that's why we try to study the same kinds of management, the removal of all 3 or removal of selected 3. and how this affects cardboard, cycling, kind of micro ps in the soil. we have the sites in the right. there's columbia in your, my name's little by now and to feel on this money welfare thing because we need some set things with a glance and with a specific regulation or present thought the 4 large box of the more l for us. so if we just look at the threes around our, of our a small and beside the house of them are thinking on how you know them are less. i think for all, for us it would be better to harvest, slight blue, less than because the other harvest thing in that is that these are,

i don't have the 1st time. so maybe just around our side, we go a little bit more, 3. yes. and went around, you can take as much as you, as you, like, materia and funky, the decompose pont and animal material, affect the production of carbon dioxide and me saying in the soil when trees are caught down, it has a detrimental effect on these micro organisms. and on greenhouse gas emissions. so we'll get to the microbes. how would a change during the site live cycle over to for us? and whether it's makes more sense to golf, just select its threes. the main thing, the microscopes decides

the once he's global warming continues upon the frost mounts. what happens to the calvin stored in a natural state wetlands up and off the the yes, he said left and he said i who is the ice, the trapped here. we're looking at a very special component of this, of this even when that ice mel this, well, the water flows off somewhere else. that studies, i mean, this carbon might end up in the arctic ocean or in some other body of water out of it. and there are many different possibilities, and they probably don't need that a lot sale by stuff, but the same fucking yeah. so it's almost impossible to predict what will really happen. i'm a guess the model for the northern permafrost fox,

there are 3 possible scenarios in the 1st the wetlands good even went to and for a time become sources of me thing themselves as the ice within the mounts. the 2nd possibility is that the wetlands will dry out and release large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. the side option is that the bumps could become even more efficient to compound sinks that allow many of mazda production of bio mass and must see that's to say, plant growth increases in a warm climate. and that could accelerate the accumulation of the people. the cost with allowing plans out of the drive and produce even more plant through photo synthesis that pete and then binds a lot of carbon dioxide from the air, which would have a cooling effect. regardless of scenario,

regional situations, very graphically. isla, my still in those data, move gone side of madison according to climate full cost and static rainfall in the northern latitudes with increased by around 20 percent over the course of a century. this could of course, have a major impact, but the regional defense has a huge dollar where they have some regions control how the hell off as might become, even with the how this in town affects common levels will be really interesting to see if there was still a lot of research to be done to me, and in any case on 2 pagans, are incredibly important in the global calvin cycle globe. obviously the, a low ball retreat at the university of helsinki. the soil samples from inside

permafrost, mounds, uh, analyzed our base, the 10 for to now in, sorry. so now it's ok, so nice. 0 degrees c l. we saw that you guys 0 degrees, you go kind of low temperature, that lots of stuff it may take from the all this organic comes on. so already even so those it's 0. yeah, temperatures 0. i'm always coming out. yeah. okay. and the later we will increase the temperature from 5 degrees c and then 15 degrees c and the at this higher temperature, you will see that those last lot on ponds will be a mutation. much more that these low temperature laboratory simulates the melting of permafrost. isaac rooms,

it's not just me saying that's released from the thousands of years old pete soil. volatile organic compounds are set free to some of the interesting things. the simple. so for all this last year, we saw a lot of new things coming out of those. okay. so that would be something that weren't here. okay. and the interesting part is that the piece to us, it looks like the meeting was old. me saying it was not, not a new me saying that's form of it. so it's become active again. all right, but it looks as if the, the says nice and was frozen in the soil. do you know, is it or why did it look like? oh, because interesting because because it came out very suddenly. so it was like a very sharp pulse. like me thing volatile organic compounds kind of boom. the time it's one way that they do this is by forming small particles and creating

a cloud the general effects on the climate to volatile organic compounds. and me saying being released from time a frost have not yet been fully researched. it's hard to say because if they have, will me all fully impact because there is a balance between these 2. so we probably, we will more though these impacts later to know if eventually they have cooling all, well, me hacked our climates and got the most government bottom off on maple hi, i guess on the sunday, no one can predict whether these gases will have a cooling or a warming effect while i meet them up because the process is in the atmosphere telling are so complex. yeah, this is something of a pilot project. the columbus i'm,

if they head down to the trees were cut down at the ranch, can on coffee research site at the beginning of 2021. now in the summer, the aim is to measure the effect as the deforestation here are effected local greenhouse gas emissions. one thing that's clear from the outset last compound accumulates in the soil of cleared areas. that's because there are no longer any trees to absorb the common through photo synthesis. so here's i understood that for photos, synthesis because they're only very few plants here. neil, meaning that the sink effect diminishes considerably. and then also at least at the beginning on academic logs, they're still not vegetation cost with this what the dilemma or how the organic method is the composed. this will likely also change because there will be this. usually they can both have a car one and the car one will be less and less digestible for the microbes. so

this is, will be expressed in other words, off to complete deforestation. the sewing will binds less comp and then it once did . however, in the partially kid research area, virtually no changes in greenhouse gas emissions can be observed. fully understanding methane emissions will remain a challenge over the coming years. for methane, the we don't have answers from the last year sampling to because the book, the re on that's for a new set. and also that one is you meant reside in deeper box over the profile. so now we are adding the deep beat song plank to see where they are, how boom done they are, and to the amount of my famous flowing vault us. so however, we expect that the width of 3 is being dropped to what the table will arise and was rising to what the table,

the my phone organic book 30 out will get closer to the surface. so that method will have a smaller box to escape. the research project and run scanned copy will continue for several years. only later will it be possible to say with any certainty whether planting new trees, do stablish in palm and in forest are a good way to reduce emissions, to settle on the quantities of meat, of what i'm interested in the next 3 to 5 years and will show whether permanent forests can be the solution. here at this location, empirical evidence gathered here will then show us whether emissions are changing as their models have predicted to capacity in the for me. and molly, i'm calling on i of you in

the spring 2021. the research team from the university of helsinki is in for a surprise, a pounds, a piece bound typical of permafrost areas, is best open in the scale, move on to bulk near c. okay. because that's i use the state people. yes. good idea. are we hitting ice? no, interested in here? no ice left at all. yeah. that's already a meter deep. so how's it so as it all done, the ssl say so see

a lot of the lamp and image warming has occurred in the inner permafrost layer. so what i me said, well, if we keep coming to measure it every year, we may yet see and collapse completely. it may be that the pulses life span has reached its end. and it doesn't necessarily have anything to do with global warming . it's complicated because when cracks like this appear, so everything collapses, a new one simply form again based on how long 56 years this, now i want the that'd be yes. if we measure here again and 5 years time, we'll see completely different things. the most of the reports published in august of 2021 money into a governmental panel on climate change provides a cautious assessment of the relationship between pete lens and global warming. according to the report and the frost,

mount and emissions from pete lens are likely to accelerate global warming the dollars, then violating and eat almost upon early to set up the side of the or if you only pcc, report concludes the release of me. thing from the permafrost is a very gradual process, and so there were none of the so called me thing problems that we've been hearing about. however, the process of his significant understand he's had contributions to global warming because when permafrost mountains me find his relation to marry setup process itself will at least i make the money on my stock on it or the salon, and met dining of about 2 on this stuff is that in my thought, i should perhaps be aware that it can also happen quite quickly on the if the pulses suddenly collapses ice, then a huge amount of methane can be released all at once. i'll get it takes a while for levels to normalize. again,

but that's whether that's one or 2 percent on the stop or however much it is, it doesn't matter percentage, it definitely means by an increase on the current amount is that the, the guy can make that the 1st thing that happens here will have an impact on the well facility and quote, this isn't a remote corner in that sense and that change is happening here. and then put notes on the effect this region here, the month, the postpone by the evolution car himself and have an impact on the global

situation. the long distance, the human kind accelerated global warming, the budget can also slow it down. the soil 1800 is the top priority is preservation. and these natural westland shouldn't be misused, and the long gospel dining quite the opposite of on it was won't conservation programs should be set top to ensure they remain on touched them on the main infrastructure. so it does not place in wetland areas like that. factors that allow us to utilize the potential of nature. this can come by the same climate change down the road on the one on or ma, both and the i've had to say it almost amount of sense. sorry on this the,

the message from science is clear. it's not to like the, it is still possible to support and strength from the wetlands, nature's comp and sinks down. in the other hand, it's something that have been neglected in the debates which the most of the concept of common things. and when it comes to this topic, we tend to focus on the on forest is that the wetlands are also excellent club and rest of us include common things with the human intervention here. i mean, could turn wetlands into more effective comp and things for the future. calm, be a here and the oh yeah,

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