what seemed closely for him to bring use a story behind the news. we ruled about unbiased information for 3 nights. the eyes mouths, noses. we have so much in common, but a few things do very like skin color. it turns out there's a simple scientific explanation for that, but it doesn't explain racism. there's never a reason to treat people on equally based on their skin color and how we evolved, whether we're alone in the universe and more welcome to tomorrow. today is kind of strange that we actually differentiate, print black and white,

because we have a lot of different tones of skin color. i would think don't happens, black and white. so what's up this race? humans came out of africa about 40045000 years ago and then moved into europe and they came from south south africa and they had some soccer funeral type that we also seem steps are not protected date. and about 5000 years ago, the headlights or the skin color, skin color, has only recently changed. and we think the main reason why people get light skin has something to do with quick culture and that gets into choose. yeah, and is cause a, is a direct to the max planck institute. so evolutionary, i'm for apology aka genetics as a combination of archaeology and genetics. we analyze genetic materials from the past that is associated with humans. and that can tell us something about how people in the past were genetic thing related to each other. with 1st, the researches analyze genetic material from the time before humans existed. of

the oldest genomes that has been analyzed so far are about 1500000 years old. they're from memphis, from diploma for us to from far up in the north language, i can big fridge where my to, with has preserved extremely well in conditions like in central europe. so we kind of go back to the drastic, like some people might ones analyzing dinosaur dna, but we can go back 100 thousands of maybe even a 1000000 years. so what does all this have to do with race and skin color in the lab? yeah. how does causa analyze bones from out of humans? the dna you provided an explanation for why human skin color has evolved over time . humans become full purchases. they pictures mostly crops from plants, like we need to faraway and they become almost completely vegetarian. so the already farmers to lift you 4 or 5000 years ago, they didn't eat a lot of meat and fish and that actually causes

a popular living in europe because europe is very dark. and if you are vegetarian and you have dark skin, they've become vitamin d deficiency in the winter. because this we know sunlight, temperature has bind to indeed in the skin. but if you have dark skin, you put choose less why community than if you have light skin. busy affinity happened power the in several places that people became life, but it's not that those people closer related licensed agents, for example and, and europeans. and that is a very recent phenomenon. so it really doesn't make sense to differentiate human populations based on the skin color to ok. so a few mutations accounts for the variation in human skin color. and that's why this racism, scientists have long known the dna in or more than humans is 99.9 percent identical and fairly minimal differences in the rest. so what we call race doesn't have

a genetic basis. the time is often used as a tool of power and depression. i don't think that racism exists everywhere in the world to this is not just in europe and problems that we have on all continents that at the end it's about property and about power. and those that, that makes exist and we where this is fantastic experiments in that school classes where you can pop up the people, blue shirts and house of the pupils. red shirts and then various trains, group dynamics form or football fans. or, you know, the neighboring village or the many and such types of where you see the neighborhood kind of st foreign coops easily. i think, culture, hope or concept. we don't have to follow our instincts, we're not animals. our final genetic tree is based in africa. this is the, the, the vision of the trees, the front of the stick. this branch is all in africa. now this is tiny genetic diversity. if you find out that africa, but all the major and images are inside africa. so actually genetics like no other discipline from my point of view, has actually disprove the concept of race. so

early humans came from africa. but how did those 1st humans live? and what did they need to find out more scientists are studying the traces left behind on prehistoric tools made of stone. this is roughly what the 1st humans looked like. 2 and a half 1000000 years ago. these earliest humans were already skilled in making stone tools. here and the e. c o, b and highlands archaeologist discovered a trove of stone tools, dating from about 1600000 years ago. for more than 2000000 years, our early ancestors use tools made of stone and their day to day life. the stones are among the few remaining artifacts that offer insight into the lives of hominy. early human at the lived in the center for archaeology, and noisy germany, joe,

on the river of the studies identical copies of these tools. he wants to determine what exactly early humans did with these tools. for example, was this flint blade used to solve was this robot will help answer that question. when we were different from a to use the edges that are used to work those materials, they are correct revised by different types of damage. like the names that we have that's at home. and those, the image that we can always see are the microscopic level. they are diagnostic of those work materials. so if we create a, recreate this damage in the left, then we can compare it with a damage at least an hour to fix. and that will reveal what the tools were used for the archaeologist here want to help bring a bit of order into the tool box used by early humans. stone tools,

for example, were used to break up an animal bone. bone marrow was an important source of nutrition and the prehistoric diet and this device, the stones being smashed into an ox legged bone. the card worked which is why early hominids would have used stones that would make sharp and durable tools even colanda is caring out. what's called a use we're analysis, which will help identify what a tool like this was normally used for i'm sure you can see these nice shell like sheets with splintered off, which are diagnostic for her was used to talk to her. so this was used on wood right on monday. so if the original prehistoric tools display the same things of where that will help from if they were used to solve with microsoft products

or just sabina godson, steven tyson has the research project. the aims to identify how such early stone tools were used. it's an ambitious undertaking. propulsion use where analysis has been around since the 1980s here for she met the various laboratories were involved around the world. and each lab is used its own reference framework. so the results they came up with aren't necessarily comprehensible for the entire research community. now what we're doing here is trying to identify standards that will allow us to turn this kind of use where research into a proper archaeological subdiscipline touch base. just to i know i should have issues with just the end. the tooth also has an electron microscope. even cassandra will use it to examine the stone sample that they use to try to break open the arc bone. the structural damage on the stone is a kind of fingerprint that can reveal what use the stone was put to targets.

there are lots of fine cracks here which must have come from the impact from another piece of information that will help create order and this donates toolbox. tools made of stone were used by early humans for more than 2000000 years. and that means experimental. archaeologists have their work cut out for them. modern technology is helping us to look out deeper and deeper into the universe. what will we find? and would we be prepared for an encounter with extra terrestrials that might sound like science fiction, but it's something scientists are thinking about. because there's a good chance that somewhere out there, there are alien forms of life. just imagine one day a us all appears overhead. or an extraterrestrial being makes contact from

a nearby planet down. it's great. that would be one of the most exciting days in human history. today we've been waiting for for thousands of years. and we think that it was a clock that as nasa science administrator, thomas to book and gave thought to how such a 1st contact with alien life might play out a famous and all not not. so we had various scenarios. so it all depends on what we found, where we found it all depends on how intelligent the life was when we got this blackberries. however, that 1st contact took place. the 1st job would be to inform everyone about the discovery made of hey, we have all sorts of communications channels to drawer on that. so if we were being certain from out of space, we'd 1st that every country in the world, not at all. and especially if it affected them, like in the case of an asteroid, settled on some of the international communications channels already exist often. so that's what we do. and what would have 1st contact lead to here on earth. if we

were to discover, we're not alone in the universe, we'd have to rethink our own conception of ourselves. then groups as more of these aliens lambda to you tomorrow, most people would find that pretty unsettling. for one thing, we'd have to assume that the stipulation is much more advanced than us because they found us, we didn't find them near hoping to see. but discovering alien life and the universe wouldn't have to be scary. establish drops dimensions of people who aren't religious. it might be comforting to imagine that the universe isn't just a cold, empty place, whole that there's nice thought that it may be even a kind and loving form of life, all slap, especially in that. and what might that 1st contact look like? there are several scenarios for that to. one possibility is that we receive a signal from outer space, but a cosmic dialogue is unlikely. our galaxy is about 100000 light years across. and

the nearest major galaxy is 2500000 light years away. so that's how long our reply would take. the 2nd scenario, the aliens come to us. of all the options, this would probably have the biggest impact. did they come in? peace? can we communicate with them and who would speak in the name of humanity? the 3rd scenario we find traces of alien life ourselves, like bacteria or other organisms. that's conceivable on jupiter's moon, your rope on it's made of ice and possibly also of liquid water. which tops the list of ingredients necessary for life. in april 2023, e. so launched its juice pro toward jupiter to investigate whether it's little green men for mars, or humble bacteria for science,

the discovery of alien life. and the universe would have major implications booklets for your research. and it would be huge on it's bright. now there's one kind of life for that, or like one of that is related, but also all the other branches of life now best buy and then they would allow other line to exist. so i'll take that, maybe we could use it for new medications. so new solutions to problems, you know, you said would be all sorts of possibilities. we can't imagine today, i'm not mitigate back of them. but learning from alien life might not be all that easy. for all one questionnaires would we even grasp what they doing on the philosopher and my new outcome said that we humans a so narrow minded, we always imagined aliens to be just like ourselves. we can only imagine what we know when children neutral aliens, they might be green, have 3 eyes and 7 ohms. but the still creatures with a head, arms and legs even over some of them, the whole volume datum,

when i for we still don't have proof. but scientists believe the question is not whether we find alien life out there. but when, for now though, the circumstances surrounding our 1st contact will remain in the realm of fantasy. and imagining that 1st close encounter with alien life is something for pretty good at scientists think live here on earth began in water, but liquid h 2 only forms under certain conditions in 2005 that was space pro did find evidence for ice on mars an amazing discovery, and one aspect of the answer to this view or question, which comes from calisto as of columbia. why ah, scientists more interested in studying laws than the move the most is us closest kinda tree neva. it's further away from the sun than us.

and miles is the only other planet, you know, so the system where humans could suffice in syria, at least, for example, mazda has a daily cycle that's very similar to us. a day on mazda is 37 minutes longer than here at home. so all biological clock wouldn't have to adjust all that much. but on the moon, the some of the day is $29.00 and a half stays known on surface temperatures on the moon. very hugely, in some of these areas compared to in the shades. that's because, unlike us and most, the newton doesn't have an atmosphere, so there's nothing to help regulate the heat and cold and light conditions of miles and the rules. so similar which is why this is some set on base planet and the rotational tilt of us axis is almost identical to the active mosse. oh, and if that means that atmosphere shift some, some of the features in comparative kind of treatments such the atmosphere of moss

is like a simplified model as us atmosphere. the us mas via is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. it's the only time that you know side of the system with liquid hotel and it surface the about 3 and a half 1000000000 years ago, there was also liquid water on mas as these. we have a valley show back then the climate tomas would just be more conducive to life and it's atmosphere dense, but then mas last much to bit something, let's say, the strong solar wind charged particles from this sun blew away. most of mazda is up atmosphere. us protective magnetic fields, health shield it from the solar winds. today, the atmosphere on the surface of moss is only about one percent as dense as us and miles changed from a hospitable tenet to the dry,

cold. one. it is now to day water on the surface of mazda. besides the ice of vapor, there were also 2 permanent toner, ice caps here beneath the surface. there's also plenty of this essential results which would be crucial for any mind outposts here. in id 2022. europe's x. so must trace gas over to spotted were supposed to be vast, was ups of move to rice under the violets, mounting iris, the grand canyon of moss. the simulations around the way to see whether an artificial magnetic field could make maz more hospitable to life. as we know it, atmosphere, it, pressure and temperatures would increase until the carbon dioxide and water ice at the north pole would melt. and that would trigger a greenhouse effect that would transform the underground ice into rivers and sees the technology isn't that yet? but it might be possible, at least in series, because what is right here, you have

a science question, then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as that. thank you. so come on, just that along with more, scientists are focusing on another. so let's deal neighbor them. the most recent chinese mission to our natural satellite, the jungles 6 has returned to moon rocks and dust from its far side to earth, a milestone achievement. one major challenge for any mission to the moon is getting there. there are many potential problems, especially when it on to landing. even so, more and more organizations and companies are looking to make the journey to one ignition. on february 15th, the us made a deceased pro was known to them and it was the 1st time

a private company flew to and touch down on the noon. just see us made a lopsided landing site, but it still sent data back to us as nasa. and intuitive machines, the non does own a consent for question. this is o d, for sure. what's kept working for about to wait until it lost power. when the moon's south pole, when the dog i turned into the queue and asked her question for good nights. oh d, feel free to raise or we hope to hear from you again, the company intuitive machines pasted on x, take it with. thank you. now, let's just move with a credit when the move, when doc, it couldn't put you. so the power anymore to find out so, so they did a control shut down. it's hoping that after the son of a ton about 2 weeks later, of the lender might have enough power to start up again with us in 2 months. is if you don't get with that whole fund come, luna, night now it's about 14 days that will be a problem for future long term missions. the one place you on the moon rotates more

slowly than the rest of my month to month. will you complete a rotation in 24 hours, which is why we have 12 hours of 9 and 12 hours of day on average and the moon completes the rotation in a bit more than $28.00 days. so that's why it's 9 sundays a so long and longer than 14 days. that's. that's in the of the talking to $99.00 covers new missions are facing another challenge. the appalling emissions of the 19 sixties and seventies old landed near the equator, but now the probes their aiming for the moon's south pole and plans coals. the landing astronauts that in 2026. the info who is the most straightforward trajectory from the us to the moon, follows the moon us over to pass around. the sun will just wanted to see. and then you arrive at the a quite to indigo to land somewhere else. you know, the engines have to put you on a different trajectory that's more complicated and more costly and takes more fuel types of those. the things you normally try to avoid in space flight to go as it

was supposed to be. so count mounting down most you have several countries set out for the meeting with varying results. india is 10, very on 3 pro made a successful landing. russia didn't succeed. even today, moon landings are still feats of technology and engineering. this is the printing our list of the pro pasta coming out to precision landing this 5 seconds. there's no out must be of that to slow down the landing and kind of see it when a power shoot defense here on a, it's a very gentle landing that doesn't work on the moon, on the scale you need jet and also slow you down. if something goes wrong, the whole thing crushes to the ground. that's happened several times already. so it gets me, i'm not sure if i see it or there's another problem, the shadows on the moon, a very dark moments we've posted on the moon, south pole. the sun life has a lot on the horizon, so you get fairly long shadows and even then i'm fucked it. but the navigation

devices will need to be able to precisely locate the ground type that can be tricky . and doc aerials. and plus the shadows on the moon on the dock at the moment because there's no up must be a discount to light into the shadow. nicholas could have it he dismissed. take me to have been talking things those long, deep shadows on the south pole. make landing difficult them suit 1400 samples of the day is the isa is also planning to fly to the moon with its ongoing land benefit means. but that still a few years off, which will allow the agency to learn from other successful landings and unsuccessful ones. and enabling other, oh good. now this, this to so all you know is the 1st probe that was entirely developed. my e sent a, it's scheduled to land on the moon in 2030 or 20. 31 begins from directions that mission will be led by jim and east that use within the framework of any software from the we're going to bring freight from the to the movement of the of course, if i want it to be launch amount of freight and why don't i have tons built i'm of

to bone to london. this i, as in 2018 nasa announced it was setting up a sponsorship to encourage the development of commercial payload services to the main c. and it's back then the idea seemed like a stretch plane, dark c intuitive machines also wouldn't have made it to the moon without and says help the steering. the landing approach that was a problem with one of its range find is lemma tree. at the end of it slow nights on the moon, a just see us didn't wake up on march 20 said intuitive machines posted on x r. i am one mission ended, 7 days of demanding and in frozen until that communication. there are other ideas out there for how to make the journey into space more cost effective and accessible . what is to use candle wax is fuel instead of expensive liquid proponents. now that really is rocket science, the to light this candle. that's what

allen shepherd said, and 1961. when he was waiting impatiently for his 1st launch into space. it's also the name of the emission, the 1st test flight carried on by company from germany. they letting their candle in may 2024. they didn't make it into other space. but the stock top high impulse, the launch was a success. it was the 1st time that are broken to being propelled by patterson or candle wax. induced katy for the rock. it contains solid power fin, which is basically candle wax and vehicle liquid oxygen is injected into long channels that have been drilled into it also. and the entire thing unites the burning power, if in yields of very hot gas, which delivers a lot of propulsion to the rocket to obtain the power of and doesn't catch fire easily in regular hair. when it does, it burns very slowly. that's why there is next a new risk of explosion, and that means that rocket can be transported safely, even when it's loaded with power and fuel. after the launch,

the rocket was recovered from the test range that its post flight could be finalized. csr 75 model tested in early may wasn't powerful enough to reach orbit, but the s r 75 is designed to be able to spend a short time in outer space before falling back to earth together with its cargo. those flights are mainly suited for microgravity experiments and research the distance. and by that could be, for example, physical experiments, pharmaceutical or biological experiments, material sciences. those kinds of flights have a range of uses for installation free, good. high impulse is working on its next model. the esl one, designed to deliver payloads of up to 600 kilograms to move to orbit. it will also use a hybrid rocket motor making is affordable alternative for smaller satellite operators the on that. so we have time for

now. but thanks for joining us. and hope to see you again soon on tomorrow today. by, by the

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b w story. now on to january 2021. the attack on the united states capital, thousands of people took pods and among them. some of these manipulative voices are a former high ranking military leaders. wanted us veterans to turn their backs on democracy. and what does this mean for the upcoming election? the enemy within stop to lie 12 on the w a dream of resolution. in 1979, the hated dictators. somoza was forced out of nicaragua the people hoped for sarah's society and received international solidarity. i imagined we would change the world. the 10s of thousands hollins had to help with reconstruction,

but the end nicaragua, a dream of revolution. july 20th on d, w. the . this is dw news, and these are all top stories for us, projections and friends. so the new popular from left waiting alliance coming 1st in the countries parliamentary elections, the pence, anti immigration, national riley, a said with president the runaway and my call center has blocked coming seconds. if the vote count beds out the projections, it would be a remarkable turnaround. from the 1st round, where the far right painful protest is have blocked roads across the israel to mach 9 months since the start of the war and gaza

demonstrators instead of.