the doctor. so in the clouds, it's time. and then when generation nash dw documentary eyes modes, noses. we have so much in common, but a few things do very light skin color. turns out there's a simple scientific explanation for that. but it doesn't explain racism. there's never a reason to treat people on equally based on their skin color and how we evolved, whether we're alone in the universe and more welcome through tomorrow. today is kind of strange that we actually differentiate, print black and white because we have a lot of different tones of skin color. i would think don't happen is black and

white. so what's up this race? humans came out of africa about 40045000 years ago and then moved into europe and they came from south south africa and they had some soccer funeral type that we also seen. steps are not protected date. and about 5000 years ago they had the lights or the skin color. skin color has only recently changed. and we think the main reason why people get light skin has something to do with quick culture and that gets introduced. yeah, and his colleagues is the director of the max planck institute for evolutionary m for apology. aka genetics is a combination of flexibility to genetics. we analyze genetic materials from the past that is associated with humans. and that can tell us something about how people in the past were genetically related to each other. with phones, the research is analyzed genetic material from the time before humans existed. of the oldest genomes that has been analyzed so far are about 1500000 years old.

they're from memphis, from diploma for us to from far up in the north language, i can big fridge where my to, with has preserved extremely well in conditions like in central europe. so we kind of go back to the drastic, like some people might ones analyzing dinosaur dna, but we can go back 100 thousands of maybe even a 1000000 years. so what does all this have to do with race and skin color in the lab? yeah. how does causa and the light bones from other humans? the dna you provided an explanation for why human skin color has evolved over time . humans become full purchases. they pictures mostly crops from plants like wheat or farley, and they become almost completely vegetarian. so the already farmers to lift you 4 or 5000 years ago, they didn't eat a lot of meat and fish and that actually causes a popular living in europe because europe is very dark. and if you are vegetarian

and you have dark skin, they become vitamin d deficiency in the winter. because this we know sunlight, temperature was by to indeed in the skin. but if you have dark skin, you put choose less white them in the then if you have light skin. busy affinity happens, how are those in several places that people became life. but it's not that those people closer related licensed agents for example and, and europeans. and then it's a very recent phenomenon. so it really doesn't make sense to differentiate human populations based on the skin color to ok. so a few mutations accounts for the variation in human skin color. and that's why this racism, scientists have long known the dna in or more than humans is 99.9 percent identical . and there were only minimal differences in the rest. so what we call race doesn't have a genetic basis. the time is often used as

a tool of power and depression. i don't think that racism exists everywhere in the world, and this is not just in europe in problem that we have on all continents. and at the end it's about property and about power. and those that, that mix exist everywhere. this is fantastic experiments in like school classes where you can pop up the people blue shirts and house of the pupils. red shirts and then various trains, group dynamics form or football fans. or, you know, the neighboring village or the many and such types of where you see the neighbor who kind of st foreign cruelty easily. i think culture corporate concepts, we don't have to follow our instincts or not animals. our final genetic tree is based in africa. just as the division of the trees, the trunk, the stick, this broncho, so all in africa. now this is tiny genetic diversity if you find out that africa. but all the major limits are inside africa. so actually genetics like no other discipline from my point of view, has actually disprove the concept of race. so,

fairly humans came from africa. but how did those 1st humans live? and what did they need to find out more scientists are studying the traces left behind on prehistoric tools made of stone. this is roughly what the 1st humans looked like. 2 and a half 1000000 years ago. these earliest humans were already skilled and making stone tools. here in the e, c o, b and highlands archaeologist discovered a trove of stone tools, dating from about 1600000 years ago. for more than 2000000 years, our early ancestors use tools made of stone and their day to day life. these stones are among the few remaining artifacts that offer insight into the lives of hominids . early human. at the lived in the center for archaeology and noisy germany, joe on the river,

is getting identical copies of these tools. he wants to determine what exactly early humans did with these tools. for example, was the splint blade used to solve was this robot will help answer that question. when we were different from a to use the edges that are used to work those materials, they are correct, revised by different types of damage like the names that we have that's as old. and those, the image that we can always see are the microscopic level. they are diagnostic of those work materials. so if we create a, recreate this damage in the lab, then we can compare it with the damage of the sea and our defects. and that will reveal what the tools were used for. the archaeologists here want to help bring a bit of order into the tool box used by early humans. stone tools, for example, were used to break up an animal bones. bone marrow was an important source of

nutrition and the prehistoric diet. and this device, the stones being smashed into an ox legged bone of hard work, which is why early hominids would have used stones that would make sharp and durable tools. even colanda is caring out what's called a use we're analysis, which will help identify what a tool like this was normally used for. i'm sure you can see these nice shell like sheets that have splintered off, which are diagnostic for her was used to talk to her. so this was used on word right on monday. so if the original prehistoric tools display the same things of where that will help from us, that we're used to solve. weird, like how far are you all just sabina godson, steven tyson has the research project. the aims to identify how such early stone

tools were used. it's an ambitious undertaking to consult with use where analysis has been around since the 1980 after she made various laboratories were involved around the world. and each lab is used its own reference framework. so the results they came up with aren't necessarily comprehensible for the entire research community. now what we're doing here is trying to identify standards that will allow us to turn this kind of use where research into a proper archaeological subdisciplines. i'd say just to, i know i should have issues with this the, as to also has an electron microscope event, cassandra will use it to examine the stone sample that they use to try to break open the arc bone. the structural damage on the stone is a kind of fingerprint that can reveal what use the stone was put to targets. there are lots of fine cracks here which must have come from the impact on the

check on the field. another piece of information that will help create order and this donates toolbox tools made of stone were used by early humans for more than 2000000 years. and that means experimental, archaeologists have their work cut out for them. modern technology is helping us to look out deeper and deeper into the universe. what will we find? and would we be prepared for an encounter with extra terrestrials that might sound like science fiction. but it's something scientists are thinking about, because there's a good chance that somewhere out there, there are alien forms of life. just imagine, one day a us all appears overhead. or an extraterrestrial being makes contact from a nearby planet down. it's great that would be one of the most exciting days in

human history. a day we've been waiting for thousands of years. doctor was a good. it was a clock that as nasa science administrator thomas to a book and gave thought to how such a 1st contact with alien life might play out. been a famous and all not now. so we have various scenarios. so it all depends on what we found, where we found it all depends on how intelligent the life was. when somebody got this blackberries. however, that 1st contact took place, the 1st job would be to inform everyone about the discovery made of, hey we, i'm all sorts of communications channels. the drawer on, that's all. if we were being certain from out of space, we'd 1st that every country in the world, not at all, and especially if it affected them, like in the case of an asteroid instead of on some of the international communications channels already exist often. so that's what we do and what would have 1st contact lead to here on earth?

if we were to discover, we're not alone in the universe, we'd have to rethink our own conception of ourselves. bandwidth as more, if aliens loved it to you tomorrow, most people would find that pretty unsettling. for one thing we'd have to assume that that stimuli zation is much more advanced than us because they found us. we didn't find them lead, hoping to see. but discovering alien life and the universe wouldn't have to be scary, advocate office dimension for people who aren't religious, it might be comforting to imagine that the universe isn't just a cold, empty place, whole that there's nice thought that it may be even a kind and loving form of life all slap is to be seen. and what might that 1st contact look like? there are several scenarios for that to. one possibility is that we received a signal from outer space, but a cosmic dialogue is unlikely. our galaxy is about 100000 light years across,

and the nearest major galaxy is 2500000 light years away. so that's how long our reply would take. the 2nd scenario, the aliens come to us. of all the options. this would probably have the biggest impact. did they come in? peace? can we communicate with them? and who would speak in the name of humanity? in the 3rd scenario, we find traces of alien life ourselves, like bacteria or other organisms. that's conceivable. on jupiter's moon, your rope on it's made of ice and possibly also of liquid water which tops the list of ingredients necessary for life. in april 2023. e. so launched its juice pro toward jupiter to investigate whether it's little green man for mars. or humble bacteria for science, the discovery of alien life and the universe would have major implications booklets

for your research. and it would be huge. right now there's one kind of life for that whole like one that is related. but also all the other branches of light now best buy and then that would allow other light existing sounds like maybe we could use it for new medications. so new solutions to problems. you know, you said would be all sorts of possibilities. we can't imagine today. i'm not mitigate back at them, but learning from alien life might not be all that easy. for all one questionnaires would we even grasp what they're doing on the philosopher in mind? westcan said that we humans a so narrow minded that we always imagine aliens to be just like ourselves. we can only imagine what we know. when children control aliens, they might be green, have 3 eyes and 7 homes, but they're still creatures with the hedge arms and legs even over this and even the whole volume that when i for we still don't have proof. but scientists believe

the question is not whether we find alien life out there. but when, for now though, the circumstances surrounding our 1st contact will remain in the realm of fantasy. and imagining that 1st close encounter with alien life is something for pretty good at scientists think live here on earth began in water, but liquid h 20, only forms under certain conditions in 2005, that was space pro did find evidence for ice on mars an amazing discovery and one aspect of the answer to this view, or a question which comes from calisto with of columbia. why scientists more interested in studying laws than the moon. the moss is us closest country neva. it's further away from the sun than us. and miles is the only other planet and also the

system where humans could survive in syria, at least, for example, moss has a daily cycle that's very similar to us. a day on mazda is 37 minutes longer than here at home. so all biological clock wouldn't have to adjust all that much. but on the moon, the so today is $29.00 and a half stays known on surface temperatures on the moon. very hugely, in some of this areas compared to in the shades. that's because, unlike us on most the moon doesn't have an atmosphere. so there's nothing to help regulate the heat and cold and light conditions of miles and the rules. so similar, which is why this is sunset on base planet. and the rotational tilt of us access is almost identical to the active miles. oh and if that means that that must be a shift some, some of the features in comparative tenant tree were such the atmosphere of moss is

like a simplified model as us atmosphere. the us sphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. it's the only planet you know, side of the system with liquid hotel and its surface. the about 3 and a half 1000000000 years ago, there was also liquid water on mas as these river valley show. back then the climb into moss would as being more conducive to life and its atmosphere dense. but then moss lost most of it, something to say, the strong solar wind charged particles from this sun blew away. most of mazda is up atmosphere. us protective magnetic fields, health shield it from the solar wins. today, the atmosphere on the surface of miles is only about one percent as dense as a miles changed from a hospitable tenet to the dry, cold one. it is now to day water on the surface of mazda. besides the ice of vapor,

there were also 2 permanent toner ice caps here beneath the surface. there's also plenty of this essential results which would be crucial for any mind outposts here . in id 2022. europe's ex. so must trace gas over to spotted what appears to be vast was ups of move to rise under the violets. mounting arris, the grand canyon of moss. the simulations around the way to see whether an artificial magnetic field could make maz more hospitable to life. as we know it, atmosphere, it, pressure and temperatures would increase until the carbon dioxide and war to ice at the north pole would melt. and that would trigger a greenhouse effect that would transform the underground ice into rivers and sees the technology isn't that yet? but it might be possible, at least in series, if you have a science question,

then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as that. thank you. so come on, just that alone with mars scientists are focusing on another. so list you'll neighbor the news. the most recent chinese mission to our natural satellite, the chunk is 6, has returned to moon rocks and dust from its far side to earth, a milestone achievement. one major challenge for any mission to the moon is getting there. there are many potential problems, especially when it on to landing. even so, more and more organizations and companies are looking to make the journey to one ignition. on february 15th, the us made a deceased pro was known to them, and it was the 1st time a private company flew to and touch down on the noon. just see us made

a lopsided landing site, but it still sent data back to us as nestor and intuitive machines. the land is own a confirmed for question, a disease o d, for sure. what's kept working for about to wait until it lost power. when the moon's south pole, when the dog add your name to the queue and ask your question, for good nights, o d, feel free to reach me. we hope to hear from you again, the company intuitive machines pasted on x ticket. thank you. note for this morning would recorded when the moon, when doc, it couldn't put you solar power anymore. and that's what we found out. so, so they did a controlled shut down. it's hoping that after the sun returned about 2 weeks later, i of the london might have enough power to start up again with us into monday to see if we don't get all that whole fun. come, luna nights now. it's about 14 days that will be a problem for future long term missions. the one place you on the moon rotates more

slowly than the rest of my month to month. will you complete a rotation in 24 hours? somebody's why? we have 12 hours of 9 and 12 hours of day on average, and the moon completes the rotation in a bit more than 28 days. so that's why it's 9 sundays a so long. it's been longer than 14 days. so it's in the of the talking to $99.00, covering new missions are facing another challenge. the appalling emissions of the 19 sixties and seventies old landed near the equator. but now the probes are aiming for the moon's south pole and ponds. coals landing astronauts that in 2026 the info who the most straightforward trajectory from the us to the moon follows the moon on us over to pass around the sun will just wanted to see. and then you arrive at the a quite to india, about a line somewhere else. you know, the engines have to put you on a different trajectory that's more complicated and more costly and takes more fuel hoping to apply for those. those, the things you normally try to avoid in space like this, as it was supposed to be. so kind of mounting down,

but now she has several countries set out for the moving with varying results. india is 10 very on 3 pro major successful lending. russia didn't succeed. even today, moon landings are still feats of technology and engineering. this is the printing our list of the pro pasta coming out to precision landing this 5 seconds. there's no out must be of that to slow down the landing and keep this kind of speed when a power shoot defense here on a, it's a very gentle landing that doesn't work on the moon. on the scale, you need jet nozzles to slow you down. if something goes wrong, the whole thing crosses to the ground. that's happened several times already holding up as he gets me. i'm not sure if i see it. there's another problem. the shadows on the moon, a very dark moments we've posted on the moon, south pole. the sun life has left on the horizon so you get fairly long shadow so you can then i'm fucking but the navigation devices need to be able to precisely

locate the ground type that can be tricky. and doc, aerials and can plus shot. those on the moon, on the docket and on the board because there's not much to bear to scott to light into the shadow, close 50 dispute ticket to have been check. nothing's those long, deep shadows on the south pole make landing difficult. i'm suited 1400 samples of the day is the uk nisa is also planning to fly to the main with its ongoing land benefit. but that still a few years off which will allow the agency to learn from other successful landings and unsuccessful ones. and it may be other good now this, this to so all the know is the 1st prove that was entirely developed by e center. it's scheduled to land on the moon in 2030 or 20. 31 begins from direction because that mission will be led by jim and east that use within the framework of any software from the we're going to bring freight from the to the movement. of course, it's a relatively large amount of freight and one and a half tons built i'm of to moving to london. this aisle in 2018 nasa announced it

was setting up a sponsorship to encourage the development of commercial payload services to the main c. and it's back then, the idea seemed like a stretch, dark c intuitive machines also wouldn't have made it to the moon without. and since held up the x during the landing approach, that was a problem with one of its range. following this dilemma tree at the end of its low nights on the moon a to see us didn't wake up on march 20 said intuitive machines posted on x r. i am one mission ended, 7 days of demand a frozen until that communication. there are other ideas out there for how to make the journey into space more cost effective and accessible. what is to use candle wax is fuel instead of expensive liquid proponents. now that really is rocket science, the light this candle, that's what alan shepherd said, and 1961. when he was waiting impatiently for his 1st launch into space. it's also

the name of the emission, the 1st test flight carried on by company from germany, of the lit their candle in may 2024. they didn't make it into utter space. but for the starter high impulse, the launch was a success. it was the 1st time that a rocket to being propelled by powerful sport candle, wax indecent, acute, if the rock it contains solid powers in which is basically candle wax and feel cold liquid oxygen is injected into long channels that have been drilled into it also. and the entire thing ignites the burning power, if in yields of very hot gas, which delivers a lot of propulsion to the rocket to obtain the power of and doesn't catch fire easily in regular hair. when it does, it burns very slowly. that's why there is next to new risk of explosion. and that means that rocket can be transported safely, even when it's loaded with power from fuel. after the launch, the rocket was recovered from the test range that its post flight data could be

analyzed. the, the sr 75 model tested in early may, wasn't powerful enough to reach orbit for the s r 75 is designed to be able to spend a short time and after space before falling back to earth together with its cargo. those flights are mainly suited for microgravity experiments and research the to spend somebody that could be, for example, physical experiments, pharmaceutical or biological experiments, material sciences. those kinds of flights have a range of uses for installation free, good. high impulse is working on its next model. the s l one designed to deliver payloads of up to 600 kilograms to move to orbit. it will also use a hybrid rocket motor making is affordable alternative for smaller satellite operators. the bet. so we have time for now. but thanks for joining us. and hope to see you again soon on

tomorrow today. by the

the, the things which shape animals can be true scanner. they can shield the soul, keep us active, but not about allergies, injuries, and germs. what should you watch out for when in close contact with animals in good shape? the thing says he minutes on d. w. me see later we often call and help a little bit suspicious. is nato the strongest defense alliance in the world?

the global self have lost confidence in the organization. is the 3 w said light on the reasons behind this would be the knocker. how did we get here? close out in 75 minutes. on the double. the january 2021. the attack on the united states capital, thousands of people took pods and among them some of these manipulative voices. our former high ranking military leaders, wanted us veterans turn their backs on democracy. and what does this mean for the upcoming election? the enemy within starts to lie 12 on d, w, the, the,

the,

this is the double unions live from the ukraine cold for a un security council emergency meeting officer, a missile attack on a keeps childrens hospital spots international condemnation. the un says it is highly likely that it was a russian direct strike, but the kremlin is denying responsibility. also coming up on the program, the hon. gary and prime minister of it to all bon leaves, beijing and the head, to the nato summit in washington, and what he calls a piece mission. so ukraine comes, the main things would be russian and chinese lead has many allies, all skiing inside is the actually on.