aspiring story about survival, the home and get the tennis. i was the only one what lies look in nazi germany. watch now on youtube. dw documentary. the eyes modes, noses. we have so much in common, but a few things do very like skin color. that turns out there's a simple scientific explanation for that, but it doesn't explain racism. there's never a reason to treat people on equally based on their skin color and how we evolved, whether we're alone in the universe and more welcome to tomorrow. today is kind of strange that we actually differentiate between black and white because we have a lot of different tones of skin color. i would think don't have this black and

white. so what's up this race? humans came out of africa about 40045000 years ago and then moved into europe and they came from south south africa and they had to talk a phenotype that we also seen. steps are not protected date. and about 5000 years ago, they had the lights or the skin color. skin color has only recently changed. and we think the main reason why people get light skin has something to do with quick culture that gets introduced. yeah, and his colleagues is the director of the max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology, aka genetics. it's a combination of flexibility to genetics. we analyze genetic materials from the past that is associated with humans. and that can tell us something about how people in the past were genetically related to each other. but 1st, the researches analyze genetic material from the time before humans existed. of the oldest genomes that has been analyzed so far are about 1500000 years old.

they're from memphis, from diploma across to from far up in the north language, i can big fritz where my to with has preserved extremely well in conditions like in central europe. so we kind of go back to the drastic, like some people might ones analyzing dinosaur dna, but we can go back 100 thousands of maybe even a 1000000 years. so what does all this have to do with race and skin color in the lab? yeah. how does causa analyze bones from out of humans? the dna you provided an explanation for why human skin color has evolved over time . you must be kind of full purchases. they pictures mostly crops from plants like we or farley, and they become almost completely vegetarian. so the already farmers to lift you 4 or 5000 years ago, they didn't eat a lot of meat and fish and that actually causes a popular living in europe because europe is very dark. and if you are vegetarian

and you have dark skin, they've become vitamin d deficiency in the winter. because this we know sunlight, temperature was by to indeed in the skin. but if you have dark skin, you put, choose less by too many, than if you have flights get infinity half an hour in several places that people became life. but it's not that those people closer related licensed agents, for example, and, and europeans. and that is a very recent phenomenon, so it really doesn't make sense to differentiate human populations based on the skin color. ok, so a few mutations account. so the variation in human skin color. and that's why this racism scientist have long known the dna in or more than humans is 99.9 percent identical. and there were only minimal differences in the rest. so what we call race doesn't have a genetic basis. the time is often used as

a tool of power and depression. i don't think that racism exists everywhere in the world, and this is not just in your opinion problem because we have an old continence that at the end, it's about the property and about power. and those and that makes exist and we where this is fantastic experiments and like school classes where you can pop up the people blue shirts and house of the pupils. red shirts and then various trains group dynamics form or football fans or you know, the neighboring village or the many and such types of where you see the neighborhood kind of seen far includes easily i think culture overcomes that. we don't have to follow our instincts. we're not animals. our final genetic tree is based in africa to the is the, the, the, basically the trees, the front of the stick. this branch is a all in african, this is tiny genetic diversity. if you find out that africa. but all the major images are inside africa. so actually genetics like no other discipline from my point of view, has actually disprove the concept of race. so

early humans came from africa. but how did those 1st humans live? and what did they need to find out more scientists are studying the traces left behind on prehistoric tools made of stone. this is roughly what the 1st humans looked like. 2 and a half 1000000 years ago. these earliest humans were already skilled in making stone tools. here in the e, c o, b and highlands archaeologist discovered a trove of stone tools, dating from about 1600000 years ago. for more than 2000000 years, our early ancestors use tools made of stone and their day to day life. the stones are among the few remaining artifacts that offer insight into the lives of human and early human. at the lived in the center for archaeology, and noisy germany, joe, on the rear of the studies identical copies of these tools,

he wants to determine what exactly early humans did with these tools. for example, was this flint blade used to solve was. this robot will help answer that question when we were different from a to use the edges that are used to work those materials, they are correct, revised by different types of damage like the names that we have that's as old and those, the image that we can always see are the microscopic level. they are diagnostic of those work materials. so if we create a, recreate this damage in the lab, then we can compare it with a damage. at least you know our defects. and that will reveal what the tools were used for the archaeologists here want to help bring a bit of order into the tool box used by early humans. stone tools, for example, were used to break up an animal bone. bone marrow was an important source of

nutrition and the prehistoric diet in this device, the stone is being smashed into an ox legged bone its hard work, which is why early hominids would have used stones that would make sharp and durable tools. even cassandra is carrying out what's called a use we're analysis, which will help identify what a tool like this was normally used for i'm sure you can see these nice shell like sheets that have splintered off, which are diagnostic for her was used, talked of it so this was used on wood right on monday. so if the original prehistoric tools display the same things of where that will help from us, that we're used to solve with parts actually i'll just sabina godson. steven tyson has the research project. the aims to identify how such

early stone tools were used. it's an ambitious undertaking. propulsion use where analysis has been around since the 1980s here for sheet and the various laboratories were involved around the world. and each lab is used its own reference framework. so the results they came up with aren't necessarily comprehensible for the entire research community. now what we're doing here is trying to identify standards that will allow us to turn this kind of use where research into a proper archaeological subdiscipline test says to i know i should have issues with just the end. the tooth also has an electron microscope. even cassandra will use it to examine the stone sample that they use to try to break open the arc bone. the structural damage on the stone is a kind of fingerprint that can reveal what use the stone was put to target. so there are lots of fine products here which must have come from the impact from

them, from another piece of information that will help create order and this donates toolbox . tools made of stone were used by early humans for more than 2000000 years. and that means experimental, archaeologists have their work cut out for them. modern technology is helping us to look out deeper and deeper into the universe. what will we find? and would we be prepared for an encounter with extra terrestrials that might sound like science fiction, but it's something scientists are thinking about. because there's a good chance that somewhere out there, there are alien forms of life. just imagine one day a u. f o appears overhead, or an extraterrestrial being makes contact from a nearby planet down. it's great that would be one of the most exciting days in

human history. today we've been waiting for for thousands of years. and we think that it was a clock that as nasa science administrator, thomas to book and gave thought to how such a 1st contact with alien life might play out been a famous and all not, not. so we had various scenarios. so it all depends on what we found, where we found it all depends on how intelligent the life was. when somebody got this blackberries. however, that 1st contact took place. the 1st job would be to inform everyone about the discovery medicaid. we have all sorts of communications channels to drawer on. that's all. if we were being certain from out of space, we'd 1st that every country in the world, not at all. and especially if it affected them, like in the case of an asteroid, settled on some of the international communications channels already exist often. so that's what we do. and what would have 1st contact lead to here on earth. if we

were to discover, we're not alone in the universe, we'd have to rethink our own conception of ourselves. benefits as more of these aliens lambda to you tomorrow, most people would find that pretty unsettling. for one thing, we'd have to assume that the best of allies ation is much more advanced than us because they found us, we didn't find them near hoping to see. but discovering alien life and the universe wouldn't have to be scary. establish drops dimensions of people who are religious. it might be comforting to imagine that the universe isn't just a cold, empty place, whole that there's nice thought that it may be even a kind and loving form of life, all slap is just to be seen. and what might that 1st contact look like? there are several scenarios for that to. one possibility is that we received a signal from outer space, but a cosmic dialogue is unlikely. our galaxy is about 100000 light years across. and

the nearest major galaxy is 2500000 light years away. so that's how long our reply would take. the 2nd scenario, the aliens come to us. of all the options, this would probably have the biggest impact. did they come in? peace? can we communicate with them and who would speak in the name of humanity? the 3rd scenario we find traces of alien life ourselves, like bacteria or other organisms. that's conceivable on jupiter is moon, your rope on it's made of ice and possibly also of liquid water. which tops the list of ingredients necessary for life. in april 2023, e. so launched its juice pro toward jupiter to investigate whether it's little green man for mars, or humble bacteria for science, the discovery of alien life. and the universe would have major implications

booklets for your research. and what they think would be huge. one gets right now there's one kind of life for that, or like one of that is related, but also all the other branches of life out best buy and then that would allow other line to exist. so i'll take that, maybe we could use it for new medications, so new solutions to problems, you know, you said would be all sorts of possibilities. we can't imagine today and mitigate back of them. but learning from alien life might not be all that easy. for all one questionnaires would we even grasp what they doing and fix the philosopher and my new outcome said that we humans a so narrow minded. we always imagined aliens to be just like ourselves. we can only imagine what we know when children control aliens, they might be green, have 3 eyes and 7 ohms. but the still creatures with a hedge funds and legs even though there's some of them, the whole volume that i'm going off with. we still don't have proof,

but scientists believe the question is not whether we find alien life out there. but when, for now though, the circumstances surrounding our 1st contact will remain in the realm of fantasy. and imagining that 1st close encounter with alien life is something for pretty good at scientists think live here on earth began in water, but the liquid h 20, only forms under certain conditions in 2005 that was space pro did find evidence for ice on mars, an amazing discovery, and one aspect of the answer to this view, or a question which comes from calisto as of columbia. why scientists more interested in studying laws than the moon. the moss is closest to kinda tree neva. it's further away from the sun than us and miles is the only other planet,

and also the system where humans could survive in syria. at least, for example, mazda has a daily cycle that's very similar to us. a day on mazda is 37 minutes longer than here at home. so all biological clock wouldn't have to adjust all that much. but some of the news the, some of the day is $29.00 and a half stays known on surface temperatures on the moon. very hugely, in some of these areas compared to in the shades. that's because, unlike us and most, the newton doesn't have an atmosphere. so there's nothing to help regulate the heat and cold and light conditions of mazda and the rules so similar, which is why the system set on based clements and the rotational tilt of us access is almost identical to the active models. oh, and if that means that that must be a shift some, some of the features in comparative kind of treatments such the atmosphere of moss

is like a simplified model as us atmosphere. the us sphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. it's the only time that you know side of the system with liquid hotel and it surfaces the about 3 and a half 1000000000 years ago, there was also liquid water on mas as these river valley show. back then, the climate till miles would just be more conducive to life and its atmosphere dense. but then mos last, most of it, something to say, the strong solar wind charged particles from this sun blew away. most of mazda is up atmosphere as protective, magnetic fields, health shield it from the solar wind. today, the atmosphere on the surface of moss is only about one percent as dense as us and miles changed from a hospitable tenet to the dry, cold one. it is now to day water on the surface of mazda. besides the ice of vapor,

there were also 2 permanent toner, ice caps here beneath the surface. there's also plenty of this essential results which would be crucial for any mand outpaced. caea in id 2022. europe's ex. so must trace gas over to spotted were supposed to be vast, was ups of move to rice on to the virus mounting iris. the grand canyon of miles, the simulations around the way to see whether an artificial magnetic field could make maz more hospitable to life. as we know it, atmosphere, it, pressure and temperatures would increase until the carbon dioxide and water ice that the north pole would mount. and that would trigger a greenhouse effect that would transform the underground ice into rivers and sees the technology isn't that yet? but it might be possible, at least in series, because what is right here, you have a science question, then send it to us as a video,

text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprised as that. thank you. so come on, just that along with more scientists are focusing on another. so let's deal neighbor the, the most recent chinese mission to our natural satellite. the chunk a 6 has returned to moon rocks and dust from its far side to earth, a milestone achievement. one major challenge for any mission to the moon is getting there. there are many potential problems, especially when it on to landing. even so, more and more organizations and companies are looking to make the journey to one ignition. on february 15th, the us made a deceased pro was known to them and it was the 1st time a private company flew to and touch down on the noon. just see us made

a lopsided landing site, but it still sent data back to us as nasa. and intuitive machines, the non does own a confirmed for question, a disease o d, for sure. what's kept working for about to wait until it lost power. when the moon's south pole, when the dog add your name to the queue and ask your question. for good nights, o d, feel free to raise or we hope to hear from you again, the company intuitive machines pasted on x, take you to. thank you. now let's just move with a credit when the movement doc, it couldn't put you solar power anymore to find out so. so they did a controlled shut down. it's hoping that after the sun roof tonne, about 2 weeks later, i of the line to might have enough power to start up again with us into monday. see we don't get with that whole fun. come luna, night now. it's about 14 days that will be a problem for future long term missions. the one place you on the moon rotates more

slowly than the rest of my month to month. will you complete a rotation in 24 hours? which is why we have 12 hours of 9 and 12 hours of day on average, and the movie completes a rotation and a bit more than 28 days from. so that's why it's 9 sundays are so long and longer than 14 days. that's, that's in the of the talking about $99.00, covering new missions are facing another challenge. the appalling missions of the 19 sixties and seventies old landed near the equator. but now the probes the ravings of the moon's south pole ponds calls the landing astern, notes that in 2026. the info who the most straightforward trajectory from the to the moon, follows the moon us over to pass around the sun will just wanted to see. and then you arrive at the equator. and as you about a line somewhere else in the engines, have to put you on a different trajectory that's more complicated, more costly and takes more fuel and types of those. the things you normally try to avoid in space flight supposedly they me. so counting down most you have several

countries set out for the moving with varying results. india is 10, very on 3 pro made a successful landing. russia didn't succeed. even today, moon landings are still feats of technology and engineering. this i've used the printing our last pro pastor coming out to precision landing this 5 seconds. there's no, it must be of that to slow down the landing and keep this kind of see it when a power shoot defense here on a, it's a very gentle landing. that doesn't work on the moon dumpling, the skis you need jet and also slow you down. if something goes wrong, the whole thing crosses to the ground. that's happened several times already. oh no . does it say yes ma'am? i see it or there's another problem. the shadows on the moon, a very dark. i'm going to be posted on the moon, south pole. the sun life is not on the horizon, so you get fairly long shadows even on it. but the navigation devices will need to be able to precisely locate the ground type that can be tricky,

and doc aerials and can, plus the shadows on the moon on the dock. and then on the one because there's no out must be a discount to light into the shadow cost $50.00, displace. take me to have been talking things those long, deep shadows on the south pole make landing difficult them suit. 1400 samples of the day is the isa is also planning to fly to the moon with. it's all gonna land benefit on the moon. but that's still a few years off, which will allow the agency to learn from other successful landings and on successful ones. and it may be other good now this, this to so all the know is the 1st prove that was entirely develop my e sent a. it's scheduled to land on the moon in 2030 or 20. 31 begins from directions that mission will be led by germany that use within the framework of any software from the we're going to bring freight from the to the movement of the, of course, if i wanted to be launch amount of freight and why don't i have tons built i'm of to bone to london this i am in 2018 nessa announced it was setting up

a sponsorship to encourage the development of commercial payload services to the main. c and it's back then the idea seemed like a stretch line. dark c intuitive machines also wouldn't have made it to the moon without and says help optics. during the landing approach, that was a problem with one of its range. find us lemma tree. at the end of it slow nights on the moon a to see us didn't wake up on march 20 said intuitive machines posted on x r. i am one mission ended, 7 days of demanding and, and frozen until that communication. there are other ideas out there for how to make the journey into space more cost effective and accessible. what is to use candle wax is fuel instead of expensive liquid proponents. now that really is rocket science, the light this candle, that's what alan shepherd said, and 1961. when he was waiting impatiently for his 1st launch into space. it's also

the name of the emission, the 1st test flight carried on by company from germany. the letting their candle in may 2024. they didn't make it into under space. but for the star top high impulse, the launch was a success. it was the 1st time that are broken to be propelled by patterson or candle wax indecent kit. if the rocket contains solid powers in which is basically candle wax and feel cold, liquid oxygen is injected into long channels that have been drilled into it also. and the entire thing ignites, the burning power if in yields a very hot gas which delivers a lot of propulsion to the rocket to obtain the power of and doesn't catch fire easily in regular hair. when it does, it burns very slowly. that's why there is next to new risk of explosion, and that means that rocket can be transported safely, even when it's loaded with power from fuel. after the launch, the rocket was recovered from the test range that its post flight data could be

finalized. the, the sr 75 model tested in early may, wasn't powerful enough to reach orbit for the s r 75 is designed to be able to spend a short time and after space before falling back to her together with its cargo. those flights are mainly suited for microgravity experiments and research the to spend somebody that could be, for example, physical experiments, pharmaceutical or biological experiments, material sciences. those kinds of flights have a range of uses for installation free, good, high impulses working on its next model. vfl was designed to deliver payloads of up to 600 kilograms to move to orbit. it will also use a hybrid rocket motor making is affordable alternative for smaller satellite operators, the that so we have time for now. but thanks for joining us and hope to see you again soon on tomorrow today.

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the, the machine they do. we often contel, but you little bit suspicious. is nato the strongest defense alliance in the world . little south of loss confidence in organization is the 3 w said light on the reasons behind. this would be the not group. how did we get here? close out in 75 minutes on the double the

web page. i mean, i know i right. just do it, and i'm hosting dw new podcasts. thanks. trace amount, but there's no actually of, i'll move join us as we travel around your, facing the history of every day of that. and that's something right around the world. and i need to talk to you about just a subscriber id, listen to podcasts, and we'll take you along to the right. this shadows, these pod costs and videos shed lights on. the dog is devastating. colonial har is infected by germany across and he employed the school, supposed tactics, farms and destroy lights. what is the legacy of this wide spread race as depression today? history? we need to talk about here the stories, shadows of german colonialism,

a dream of resolution. in 1979 ancient dictates as the most uh, was closed. that changed my life. the people hoped for a sara society. i imagined we would change the world. tens of thousands of messages from all over the world wanted to help reconstruct the country. this mission became the dream. it was simply a spirit of optimism where we encouraged each other, and so many things were suddenly imaginable. their auditors in mississippi to and nick it around a dream of revolution. dots july 20th dw, the

is this need to be news lines from berlin, a russian attack on ukraine problems and un security council emergency meeting in new york. let's try calling to keep childrens hospital sparks, international condemnation. the one says it's highly likely. it was a direct russian strike, but the kremlin did nice responsibility. also on the program, nato has of state gather forest summit in washington with russia's invasion of ukraine high on the agenda grant in president rowland. where's the landscape says he's ready to discuss more aid for his country.