[000:00:00;00] the lesser ton, thank you so much for joining us by the we are all set we are watching close to the to bring you the story behind the new the will on about come by as information for free might say do 10 and a man turns people's thinking upside down, his profession philosopher, his name and my new account, his motto,

dare to know. that was pretty bold for back then. come to was born 300 years ago in what was then called clinic static. but what he thought is, at least as relevant today as it was in his day, he was not just a c river road arm chair philosopher. he was very curious about the world call. it was the 1st person to really work out of you say we should be connected with each other content. so i'm going to send that in just is happening in one place on the planet is spelled every way. and that's exactly why con, to so important today the and model account developed his ideas into europe, dominated by absolutist rulers in that atmosphere. he demanded, we should think for ourselves that's one message. the conscious sending be less

a for aid had some courage that was easier said than done one wrong word set against those in power could have drastic consequences. the nothing incomes early life would suggest that he would become one of the most important thinkers in history or that his ideas would change philosophy forever. he had humble beginnings, born to a craftsman father and the mother who never attended school. and model was the force of 11 children soon demonstrated how intelligent he was, which was his opportunity to get ahead of the game. interestingly, social advancement through talent was always possible. but you had to be brilliant and one bathroom, but the, the countries through both the school and university for a while,

he paid for his education that has, among other things, a successful billiards player. but he was especially interested in philosophy, metaphysics, mathematics, natural history, and astronomy, a real poly mass in his studies, comfortable light on the power of thought and reason. and he firmly believes this different people can enlighten themselves together as a society. i'm conan and come stay. critics back was part of the kingdom of prussia with berlin as the capital. today it's called calling in god and as in the russian federation, country of lee left his hometown, but as a baltic trading port, it was well connected with the wide world beyond consummate new york, rise to intellectual start and began late at the age of 57 he published his magnum, opus the critique of pure reason. it was followed by one best seller after another,

making him quite rich and allowing him to move in the highest circles of society. probably no other philosopher has shapes modern thought as much as he has standing only 1.57 meters tall. this little man from critics back is an intellectual giant to many philosophers. today. i'll be content to the rest of my life. incidentally, some of his contemporaries thought content was kind of working. he was someone who woke every morning at a quarter to 5 drink 2 cups of tea and smoked a pipe. todd from 7 to 9, and thought from 9 to a quarter to one. then he wrote and went for a walk in the afternoon, all at precisely the same time. every day. during comes lifetime, people were surrounded by authorities. the king, the military, the church, most people did with they were told,

partially out of fear. people were threatened with execution, people were threatened with exile, the people was thrown into prison. i mean this, this happened over friends and many places in germany and many places in england. there were just many things that were a lot worse than a twitter storm. so then come to came along and miss authoritarian world in turn human thinking on its head, what he demanded is actually simple but courageous and productive. he said people should use their own minds instead of following instructions separate out a day or 2. no, there's a such thing changing for ourselves is also supposed to get us out of certain comfort zones where we're not allowed to make things easier for ourselves. nice and

many things require us to be discrimination for self critical and for and tumble to teach for the demo, the that according to con, thinking for one's self also means debate, discussion and confrontation with other opinions. good. now i can tell him about this. i can be taking a closer look at what it actually means to think for ourselves is um and it means examining along with others, whether what we think is right is also tenable. and that is what he means that's mind. tell conses, enlightenment is man's emergence from his self imposed, immature to it maturity, sure, the lie self imposed is partly our own fault. but the howard is,

is certainly furthered by the ruling powers. also the church of course. um and he says the so called guardians treat the people like the house fee, dumb animals, okay? and dumb animals are tame and they're much easier to control. and that's, of course, a really radical message. the, the world con, lived in, was deeply shaken in 1789 by the french revolution in paris, some 1700 kilometers away from clinics. that the best steve was stormed and heads rolled, literally in a quest for liberty and a better life. what did come to make of it all kinds, type conscious ideals, the fuel, the french revolution, the idea of a quality of equal freedoms. the idea of republicanism, the people should also be politically mature and capable of governing themselves,

said phil again. even though count rejected, uprising send results, he now bluntly criticized the privileges of the nobility. the paternalism of the church and colonialism. a center world seemed possible and comp wanted his philosophy to have a practical effect, leading to a better life and freedom. the political consequences can still be observed today. i actually sings the cons. philosophy is the only basis for a living liberal left the values that we desperately need. today, we're all there in conte on tasks. i believe this is an incredibly demanding legacy, which if we are honest, maybe also shane's is because in many ways we do not live up to this standard. uh, do some unfortunately get us together. that's especially the case in regard to global justice. when it comes to the visual,

just think the global north and it was supposed to be is out of injustices. the physical forces that come from international financial institutions that are introduced. a new role is me know if we come and then your voice mail of countries i was led to, to breed the line, to grab being corruption and so on. so this is, i mean, just is con, told you that this is a violation of this. got to go to clean power to very few people demonstrating for peace today are likely to know they owe a debt to count who was passionate about preventing war. he was over 70 when he formulated his thoughts on the subject in his as a perpetual peace. the ideas and it were radically modern for 1795. a time when war

was the order of the dead count experience 3 wars in his lifetime and the russian occupation of clinics passed. he knew what war meant, that the couch is most radical about his rising up man, so that he's arise from this ideal of world peace. and from today's point of view, these demands are just as unfulfilled as they were back then. that states trust each other to such an extent that they no longer maintain standing armies considered a threat to others. so these are still utopian ideas. today we're probably sure forced in wars have certainly taken place in the years since constance. yet his ideas sound almost likely how to guide for establishing the united nations 150 years after his peace proposal. a serious set at least partially successful, attempt to ensure peace in the world

comes may have lived in the age of enlightenment. but as he recognized it was not an enlightened age, and he himself was not an enlightened person either as modern as many of his ideas seem to us now, he was blatantly wrong on other points. humanity has its highest degree of perfection in the white race, especially disturbing is that in his theory of the alleged human races, counseling external characteristics with intellectual and moral qualities for him, the american indians which represent the so called rad raise or in cable culture, that means the, the basically cannot even leave the state of nature, the, and then the black race, a capable of only call joe slade, slavery name. but they cannot, you know, at the, vast to more advanced the culture. and that's what the yellow race represented by east indians. and chinese, among others,

cannot engage in more advanced the culture cods thinks that only western europeans can have all the talents and drives to going add, realizing to natalie with respect to, to it's more destiny today. that way of thinking is completely unacceptable. and it would seem to totally contradict, comes idea of universalism. the idea of the human dignity is derived from our ability to reason, do his racist statements erase comes philosophy and his thinking on justice. we will go to see the closest as of the cod, according to many conscientious coins. so these are the ideas about 2, this is not quite the better for the waiting because this so the core was, was always for level. so we also assume basically want to core medical assistance or he's just model yet essex, the physics in fact,

in his later work come to advocated equal rights for all people. so did he recounts his earlier racist statements that hotly debated among cons. scholars, it is clear that comes opinions in this matter were firmly rooted in the thinking of his type that also applies to his anti semitism. and his disregard for when still as an old man come to meet a radical demand, calling for a right of world citizenship, a global ride of visitation for all people above all refugees should not be turned away from tech that most men time contest saw something that unfortunately was no longer accepted as a matter of course. in the 20th century, the people namely that every citizen must be allowed to leave their country and seek shelter somewhere else if they are accepted. don been monday, it would be great if the world would remember that these are things that are actually self evident in percent detractors.

because utopian is cons ideas of perpetual peace, global citizenship, and just a sound. he was certainly not a dreamer. on the contrary, he looked very soberly. at reality, he did still even hope so the question is how called understood hope. he didn't understand it as a feeling or emotion. he understood it as a moral obligation and the coast of practical reason in that if we want to survive and keep going, we need hope. even if sometimes there is nothing to support or twist, i mean the worst will happen if we give up hope. hope is precisely something that you need when you are feeling close to despair. let's summarize it like this. as long as we don't know that everything is meaningless, like our efforts for justice and peace, we must keep trying according to con. no, that sounds like a pretty good idea the what do

you think to counselor? do you have any relevance to you? let us know in the com the we will see a big grace between b y d e n. s lot. the next 3 to 4 years, the b y d, the world's largest e v. manufacturer. how did they get that? and can they scale owns help? the in 2011, the coverage?