mother mcknight and an incubator that's under human supervision. normally when pans give birth to twins, they only raise one of the cubs. the 1st month is considered critical as the baby pandas are still developing their immune system. i will leave it with that good news. thank you. so much for watching the not just another day. so much is happening all at once. we take time to understand this is the day an in depth look at the current use events analyzed by experts and critical thinking is. this is the weekdays on d, w a man turns people's thinking upside down, his profession philosopher, his name and model account, his motto, dare to know that was pretty bold for back then. count was born 300 years ago in

what was then called clinics, panics. but what he thought is, at least as relevant today as it was in his day, he was not just a sweet river road arm chair philosopher. he was very curious about the world's cult was the 1st person to really look out of you say we should be connected with each other. come to this, one good sense of injustice happening in one place on the planet is spelt every way device and that's exactly why come to so important today. the model accounts developed his ideas into europe, dominated by absolute as rulers in that atmosphere. he demanded. we should think for ourselves that's one message, the conscious sending be less to afraid,

have some courage that was easier said than done one wrong word set against those in power could have drastic consequences. nothing in comes early life would suggest that he would become one of the most important thinkers in history or that his ideas would change philosophy forever. he had humble beginnings, born to a craftsman father and the mother who never attended school. and model was the force of 11 children soon demonstrated how intelligent he was, which was his opportunity to get ahead. sally of the get, interestingly, social advancement through talent was always possible. but you had to be brilliant and one bedroom, but the, the countries through both school and university for awhile. he paid for his education

that has, among other things, a successful billiards player. but he was especially interested in philosophy, metaphysics, mathematics, natural history, and astronomy. a real poly mass in his studies contra relied on the power of thought and reason. he firmly believed this, even people can enlighten themselves together as a society. i'm content and come, stay. critics back was part of the kingdom of prussia with berlin as the capital. today it's called coming in god and is in the russian federation. country of lee left his hometown, but as a baltic trading port, it was well connected with the wide world beyond. con, smitty york rise to intellectual start and began late. at the age of 57, he published his magnum, opus the critique of pure reason. it was followed by one best seller after another, making him quite rich and allowing him to move in the highest circles of society.

probably no other philosopher has shapes modern thought as much as he has standing only 1.57 meters tall. this little man from clinic's back is an intellectual giant to many philosophers today, a bit county into the rest of my life. incidentally, some of his contemporaries thought con, was kind of quirky. he was someone who woke every morning at a quarter to 5 drink 2 cups of tea and smoked a pipe. todd from 7 to 9, and sought from 9 to a quarter to one. then he wrote and went for a walk in the afternoon, all at precisely the same time. every day. during comes lifetime, people were surrounded by authorities, the king, the military, the church. most people did what they were told, partially out of fear. people were threatened with execution,

people was threatened with exile, the people was thrown into prison. i mean this, this happened over france in many places in germany and many places in england. there were just many things that were a lot worse than a twitter storm. so then come to came along and miss authoritarian world in turn human thinking on its head, what he demanded is actually simple but courageous and productive. he said people should use their own minds instead of following instructions separate out a day or 2. no, does the same thing thinking for ourselves as also suppose to get us out of certain comfort zones. we were not allowed to make things easier for ourselves. nice and many things require us to be discrimination for self critical and for tumble to

teach at for the team on the that according to kinda thinking for one so. so also means debate discussion and confrontation with other opinions. good. now i can tell him about this. i can be taking a closer look at what it actually means to think for ourselves is um and it means examining along with others, whether what we think is right is also tenable. and that is what he means by intel conses, enlightenment is man's emergence from his self imposed in maturity. maturity sure. why self imposed is part lee road fault. but the howard is, is certainly furthered by the ruling powers. also the church,

of course. and he says the so called guardians, treat the people like the house fee, dumb animals, ok, and dumb animals are tame and they're much easier to control. and that's, of course, a really radical message. the, the world cons, lived in was deeply shaken in 1789 by the french revolution in paris, some 1700 kilometers away from clinics. that the best steve was stormed and heads rolled, literally in a quest for liberty and a better life. what did come to make of it all kinds of tight conscious ideals, the fuel, the french revolution, the idea of equality of equal freedoms. the idea of republicanism, the people should also be politically mature and capable of governing themselves, said phil again. even though count rejected, uprising send for votes,

he now bluntly criticized the privileges of the nobility. the paternalism of the church and colonialism. a fair world seemed possible and comp wanted his philosophy to have a practical effect to leading to a better life and freedom. the political consequences can still be observed today. i actually sings the cons. philosophy is the only basis for a living liberal left the values that we desperately need. today, we're all there in conte on tasks. i believe this is an incredibly demand thing like to see which if we are honest, maybe also shames this because in many ways we do not live up to this standard and do some unfortunately get us together. that's especially the case in regard to global justice. print comes with the visual, just think the group,

the groups supposed to be is out of injustice, is the visit or for issues that come from international financial institutions that are introduced. the notary rosemary, norfolk and in your voicemail of countries i was led to, to breed the line, to grab being corruption and so on. so this is, i mean just is con, told you that this is a violation of this. got to go to the clean power to the very few people demonstrating for peace today are likely to know they owe a debt to count who was passionate about preventing war. he was over 70 when he formulated his thoughts on the subject in his as a perpetual piece. the ideas in it were radically modern for 1795. a time when war was the order of the dead. count experience 3 wars in his lifetime and the

russian occupation of couldn't expand. he knew what war meant, that the quote was most radical about his rising of the demands that each arise from this ideal of world peace. and from today's point of view, these to and so just as unfulfilled as they were back then that states trust each other to such an extent that they no longer maintain standing armies considered a threat to others. so these are still utopian ideas. today were prohibition forced in wars have certainly taken place in the years since constance. yet his ideas found almost likely how to guide for establishing the united nations 150 years after his peace proposal. a serious set, at least partially successful, attempt to ensure peace in the world. the, the comes may have lived in the age of enlightenment. but as he recognized it was not an enlightened

age. and he himself was not an enlightened person either as modern as many of his ideas seem to us now. he was blatantly wrong on other points. humanity has its highest degree of perfection in the white race. especially disturbing is that in his theory of the alleged human races, cancelling external characteristics with intellectual and moral qualities. for him, the american indians which represent the so called rad raise or in cable culture, that means the, the basically cannot even leave the state of nature. the and then the black race a capable of only colacho slate slavery name, but they cannot, you know, at the vast to more advanced culture. and that's what the yellow race represented by east indians and chinese, among others,

cannot engage in more advanced the culture cops thinks that only western europeans can have all the talents and drives to keep going ad, realizing to natalie with respect to, to it's more destiny today. that way of thinking is completely unacceptable, and it would seem to totally contradict, comes idea of universalism. the idea of the human dignity is derived from our ability to reason, to his racist statements. erase comes philosophy and his thinking on justice. we will go to see the closest as of the field and according to many conscientious coins. so these are the ideas about 2, this is not quite the better for waiting because this so the core was, was always for level. so we also assume basically want to core medical assistance, so he's, it's model that is x amount of physics. in fact, in his later work, conte advocated equal rights for all people. so did he recounts his earlier racist

statements that hotly debated among cons. scholars. it is clear that comes opinions in this matter were firmly rooted in thinking of his type that also applies to his anti semitism. and his disregard for when still as an old man come to meet a radical demand, calling for a right of world citizenship, a global ride of visitation for all people above all, refugees should not be turned away from tech that most of these. and then time contest saw something that unfortunately was no longer accepted. as a matter of course, in the 20th century, the people namely that every citizen must be allowed to leave their country and seek shelter somewhere else. if they are accepted. don, bin monday, it would be great if the world would remember that these are things that are actually self evident in perspective.

because utopian is comes ideas of perpetual piece, global citizenship, and just a sound. he was certainly not a dreamer. on the contrary, he looked very soberly at reality, but he did so even hope. so the question is, how called understood hope. he didn't understand it as a feeling or emotion. he understood it as a moral obligation and the coast of practical reason in that if we want to survive and keep going, we need hope. even if sometimes there is nothing to support or twist, i mean the worst will happen if we give up hope. hope is precisely something that you need when you are feeling close to despair. let's summarize it like this. as long as we don't know that everything is meaningless, like our efforts for justice and peace, we must keep trying according to time. so that sounds like a pretty good idea the what do

you think to counselor? do you have any relevance to you? let us know in the com. the thing and a good mood can make you feel like don saying it also makes it easier to learn. it helps you accomplish more alone or in a team. we like being together with others, particularly with close friends, audits really feeling good in both psychological well be all the ways to achieve this and what can you do to restore you in a balance when everything feels out of kilter mental health. this week's topic on in good shape the .