a darren goal to health smart nature, the more likes watching it on youtube, dw documentary, who were all full then what did they look like? how did our ancestors live? what did they eat? researches can now glean information from even tiny fragments. it, boom, dna sequencing. an artificial intelligence have grown as important to the discipline as shovels and brushes. the join us on a trip to an archaeological dig in southern front, which is especially rich and where you story excites that 9 more this time around on dw science. so welcome to them, or is it a he's

a bit eclipse to heads up an archaeological digs for the university of bordeaux looking for traces left behind. find the answer calls and anatomically modern humans like stone tools, teeth, and bones that have been buried for over 40000 years. often just administer fuel fragments. we are recording everything at the very small level and what is super important as to have the past in organization of all the fragments to record the positions of the fines. the researchers use tried and tested land surveying methods less. but say delete provided has another, a separate slave photo grama tree and see a piece they call it. we establish the top a graphical context for each find one. in other words, we map it's exact location and create a 3 d model for each excavated layer. so there's a way to do this. i photographed the excavation from different angles,

listen to the computer, recognizes the marker points to so it can link the individual images together correctly. to create a detailed spatial image, we call this photo grama tray. what do i get? the secret looks like a high resolution allows us to check retrospectively whether to find really war and exactly the same layer. and therefore from the same periods, you can even see what the settlement was. like the face, the photo grab a tray archaeologist can precisely determine the spatial relationship between individual objects found and a dig. especially under 2nd descriptions. it's a useful tool that allows the excavation to be documented layer by layer digital, late and shared with researchers all over the world. photos of individual fines are linked and can be viewed from any angle. the relative position of a find is important because the archaeologists are trying to discover any connections between the objects they are nursed like inspectors at

a crime scene. in the end, however, to carry out a more detailed analysis, the funds have to be removed from the ground. each artifact is carefully retrieved, provisionally identified, measured, given an individual id code and stored for later examinations. we are basically recording anything that is more than to send to matter, even if we don't know yet what it is under the field. and we take back the that, that be an arrow to a and receive that up to 2 minutes or so. anything that is more than 2 minutes or will it be stalled and we'd be started. this means even the soil that's been painstakingly scraped away is initially kept important. funds might still be hidden in buckets like these, broken into fragments that have to be sifted out. and reassembled after hours of painstaking work. so it's

a laborious process that takes the team at least as long as the excavation itself distinguishing special fines from the stones that occur naturally in the area. takes care patients and a sharp. i say land who g from california state university in northridge helps volunteers differentiate between what's worth while and what's waste. she has a finely trained di to distinguish its own from so rock we would look at that weight there, texture, the screening, and you have to leave it between your fingers and whether you, we could noise some particular features that helps you identify a particular bone as opposed to a just a piece of stone. but in some cases these criteria are still don't clear things up . then a lender will ga, has a special trick. i, personally i actually use

a lot my front teeth. and if you just do this, if you're gonna have a more meaning will sounds, if it is a piece of stone. and if it is a bone, your goodness, here, deep or sound that he's not going to be cleaning as much as when it is a rug. and sometimes when they are a visually difficult to differentiate, we tend to do this and people who just go by things that where if you see this a fragment turns out to be bone. the next question is, of course, what animal did it come from? these the sliver from a human from what part of the scale was a very difficult questions when you don't have much to go on. but for the scientists,

stafford is worth it. we went through all the collection that were collected by a false when the back within these positives isn't positives of fragment, we managed to identify a human remains that were not recognized at such during live excavation. and there is one good reason why that does not recognize that it was because it was apparent that all remains from the end of that. so it's extremely difficult to identify and they were labeled as small moves. so there are 2 additional me, anytime individuals that were found afterwards through the reassessment of the collection in this side, archaeology therefore requires an important skill and ability to put together puzzles, sometimes from tiny pieces, sometimes from larger ones. it took a lot of patience and expertise to reassemble this goal of this new yonder tall

woman, and even reconstruct her face. but doing so helps give us unparalleled glimpses into the past. the archaeologist also regularly discovered complete skeletons on human remains in mexico city, around 500 years old. the buttons that belong to the aspect people whose culture was destroyed by spanish quinn, pistols, early 16th century. today, many mexicans all passionate about keeping the memory of them. indigenous ancestors alive and research deeds have virtually reconstructed the empire as ancient capital . 10 notes to done to legendary aztec capital was located on the side of what is today. mexico city. one of the modern world's largest urban conglomerates, sions, around 500 years ago as tech, temples,

and palaces start here. with the help of new research projects, archaeologists, historians and even programmers are now able to draw an increasingly accurate picture of the ancient aztec city, tennessee. now this is sometimes called the defenders of the american house, which is, i would say kind of, i mean, so through to say the biggest things we've done with so much bigger than that of modern technology is teaching us more about the as text, talent for organization and invention, what can we still learn from them today in mexico city and the capital of mexico? this is where researchers are looking for traces of the aztec empires, former capital, federal eco never gets a works as a historian and anthropologists at the national economists university of mexico where he specializes in indigenous studies. he describes what happened to tenants to ton during the spanish conquest. last year i didn't see the left,

the city was almost completely destroy. it was torn down house by house building by building fatal wood. a few years later, the spanish decided to resettle in the same region different and build what is now mexico city on the old city, attached to town seemed to have been on the west. got it, and the ruins of 10, not cheap. land are therefore hidden beneath today's metropolis. that makes it very difficult to find out more about the aztec capitol. what did its houses, canals and squares look like. scientists of long puzzled, over those and other questions. now, computer specialists are helping solve the mysteries. thomas ford's near amsterdam and the netherlands where video game design, or thomas color lives and works. he's also created highly detailed models of tenants to my imagination. there's lots of good i'm i, i need to see things in order to understand them as when i started looking for images of dental cheese on i couldn't find them and i couldn't kind of find

anything that satisfied my my understanding of, of what the city would look like and you know, i had the time i had the technical expertise and so i thought i would just try call begin analyzing historical documents and studies. he asked mexican scientists for help and got feedback from historians, archeologists and other designers. but the process was far from simple. first idea was that you could take the camera all the way down into every city streets. and when i put everything into place and i, i put like i took like a, a for the model of a person. and i put them in the scene, i thought, oh my god, this place is enormous and is so so, so big that immediately became a problem. and the whole idea of a going down to like, like urban level is completely went out of the window. and i kept it to this drone type, a aerial shots step by step code created a digital model of cannot steep learn,

can use the free open source software blender. so anyone with graphics scales can build on his work. i could grade these rules why i would say okay, a square, that's my starting point. a square might be a 100 by 100 meters, and it says, hours is on it, and threes and canals and that sort of stuff and it just kind of populates it for me. and if i, if i find out that the, the layouts have to change. i can just question and push them, pull them, and everything works out. according to the dutch programmer caught the spirit of the as tech city, with its sophisticated network of streets and canals standing out in the center, the pyramid shaped temp row my are along with other palaces and temples. individual districts are arranged around it, each with a school, a local administrative center, a market and a place of worship, with up to $400000.00 inhabitants and its heyday around a year 1500 tenants. cheetham was one of the largest capitals in the world. if you

zoom out further, you'll notice that the as tex, built their capital in the middle of a late 2 famous volcanoes. hope to catch up with uh these to see what the tower in the background of all places. why diaz tex choose to build the city here on a lake with volcano is nearby in the middle of an earthquake. so the answer is hidden in mexico's modern coat of arms. and i look feeling this in using this place involved a miracle north with their patron gods, named which in a post today who had accompanied the aztec on their travels, appeared to them in the form of an eagle and landed on a prickly pear cactus that grew out of a stone dose, as the vision of the eagle sitting on the cactus on the stone was interpreted by diaz tech because aside from the god, i mean if you enabled them to found their city of tenants cheap, done. few of us been make you put in a building on a lake, means dealing with

a caprices of water about withheld from a clever system of dikes. canals and salutes is diaz tex managed to keep their city dry. they harness the water to grow grains and vegetables created floating gardens, known as she numbers from tree trunks and clay staff to their conquests to spanish drains to lake and destroyed most of the as tech built water systems. one of their structures is still visible today on the hills of to put the tech springs here supplied inhabitants with drinking water via and not what doc or the muscle a lot. what keep the water that float in chapel pack also allow them to build different paths. infinity is that what we see today are modern versions of the baths or pools, or the places where you could go into the water. again, that's where vegetation could grow in great splendor rather than before. the state level hits a certain level. and if you zoom out and take a birds eye view of mexico city even today, the traces of 10 not ship land are clearly visible and get these these,

in some cases, nothing quite cool overlaps between, between the cities. even though a lot of it has been destroyed and what happens quite often in, in history easy it is and see if he's all over the place is that the major road stay the same. because a city usually is not replace a neighborhood by neighborhoods. but the house, my house, and when you replace one house with a new one or 5 houses with one new house, and the infrastructure kind of stays the same. diaz tex, urban planning, especially the smart ways they use the water still inspires today's city planners. template using the landscape, but also building artificial islands and artificial gardens is very good for water regulation. we'll see that your numbers in particular had channels through which water could flow because they were made of layers of clay. they could absorb lots of water as well. yeah. that's assuming, thanks to colds projects, we now have a more accurate picture of the tenants to them and its inhabitants. so despite all

the problems with earthquakes, with different kind of get therapy with the altitude, there was a very fertile play select and you could grow a lot of crops there because of the soil. and you had the leg of eric and i've always providing water and i think it shows over everything. human ingenuity, no matter are your technological advancements or your science. you know, humans are smarts. and when they have a problem, they will try to solve it. and they really do so new research and technology are providing access to ancient knowledge. when the aztecs arrived in the area in the 14th century, they found a mysterious ruined sitting in the future capital that had been abandoned centuries before. they viewed the science as a place of men and called it tale to walk on, which in that language meant the place where god's swivel and the name still lives on. today, in the center of the ruined city is the huge parent made up the sun at its edge.

the parent met at the moon. both celestial bodies play essential roles in as technology. as they do. in this view, a question from tow mirrors in brazil the why don't the moon in the sun fall to earth? gravity keeps us on the ground. the more massive body has the more gravity it exerts. but the effect decreases with distance. however, a gravity can be overcome santa carousel, the faster you scan, the stronger the centrifugal force they can counteract the force of gravity, the satellites and the international space station orbit the earth. so quickly that there centrifugal force almost completely cancels out the effective or as gravity. when the 2 forces are balance, an object enters

a stable orbit. the celestial bodies within our solar system are also constantly in motion. the planets rotate around the sun, the balance between the gravity our star exerts and their centrifugal force keeps the planets and stable orbits. planet earth hers through space at 30 kilometers a 2nd. at this speed, the earth strikes up perfect balance between the gravitational force exerted by the sun and the centrifugal force, flinging it out, and the way the moon is in stationary either in a similar way its speed keeps it from falling to earth and the or its gravity keeps it from escaping orbit. as it exerts that huge gravitational force that keeps all the planets of our solar system in orbit. our son is itself and orbit around the center of our galaxy, the milky way, moving at 220 kilometers a 2nd. nothing and the universe stands still. let us

read, why do you have a science question? flores send it in as a video, text or voice mail. if we answer it in the show, you'll receive a little surprised as a thank you. so go on just task. where are you sitting while you watch tomorrow, today? maybe in a climate controlled room? well, you're not the only one. as temperatures rise around the world, more and more people on demanding air conditioning. and as you probably know, they can be real energy because less so air conditioners play a significant role in global warming. can we change the pilot on take a look at these building for thoughts and single poor and even new delhi new york and hong kong. noticed anything, and these parts of the world life without air conditioning can be uncomfortable or downright dangerous. more than a dozen people have died and then during the last 2 months, due to

a severe heat wave. 5th, heat wave waste heat rate. but that brings us to our dilemma. technology needs lots of energy. in fact cooling, building accounts for 10 percent over global electricity consumption. and that's bad news for global warming. but there are solutions, some traditional, some modern that don't heat up the massive amounts of energy. so can they help us break out of this visual circle? the, the story behind this conundrum begins in new york city in 1982. that's where the engineer will as carrier and lead the foundations for the modern air conditioner. he designed an engine to control the humidity in a printing class because it was warping the paper. nowadays, americans are still some of the most prolific users globally 90 percent of us households on an air conditioner and some of the hardest parts of the roof. it's not even 10 percent, but other countries want to catch up. just look how much more energy some of these

emerging economies are projected to use in the coming decades to colder homes and buildings. this is 2016, and this is 2050. if you see in the us air conditioning market is going, another visits on good clunky is working to open up the global market for high efficiency. air conditioners in the us population is growing in the is getting even more of like the, but i'm also a large portion of the population is one of the nice thing is moving to cities and all of that together wants to do it, is to a huge to demand flooded conditioners because of trends like these global energy demand for space cooling is projected to triple by 2050. the question is how to meet the soaring demands without exacerbating the heat? because and much of the world, the energy goes when technology is powered by fossil fuels, these are the lots of greenhouse gases which make the atmosphere hotter. and nowadays,

issues have refrigerants running through their coils to absorb heat from the warm air. some of them are literally greenhouse gases. you don't want those leaking out of your unit on top of that air conditioner, it's cool indoors basis, by pushing out the heat, that refrigerants absorb. that means they make the immediate surroundings hotter to, and people who can't afford to suffer most from that. so you go to 3 for the effect as a result of air conditioning on that my skin and be able to reduce it down to either a person holding or to cooling without air conditioning is usually a smart solution to get that. this is per side by the an expert in passive solar design. he says there are 3 steps to quit sustainable you 1st, we need to reduce heat at a city wide scale. you may have heard of the urban heat island effect. it's when the urban areas like these get warmer than the surroundings, because all of this concrete absorbs and retain seat, creating more spaces with shady trees and other plants less than a specific. like here in berlin. and minimizing heat, expelled by cars,

also makes a difference. the next step is designing buildings that aren't as reliant on air conditioners. and this is where we can really learn from traditional architecture before technology or piece to runs awards phone solutions to, to show by the property, chunk of of dime leads bio climatic architecture projects and countries like vietnam and mauritania. that means that designs take local climates into accounts. some modern buildings are already doing as such as the university which uses wind power is to keep its buildings cool. this method has been used in iran and other middle eastern countries for centuries. the so called wind captures are designed to trap fresh air and directed indoors. the hot air gets pushed out. you may also have noticed that houses in hot climates are some light. some countries like india are bringing back this approach by painting grooves with line based whitewash,

which absorbs less heat. this can reduce indoor temperatures by 2 to 5 degrees celsius. knowing the wind direction is important to design openings that encourage cross ventilation. other features that can help save off heat or shading devices to keep the facade cool. and insulation prevents heat from traveling through your roof . for example. issues may still need to be used sometimes, but to a much lesser extent. the problem in many countries going to a construction boom, new buildings often look like this. but it does tend to bid them with floor to ceiling glass. and that's the love problem, because every time you put a glass into a building, you've done it basically into a hot box. it's like associate architects and engineers say this aesthetic is popular because it's perceived this week, modern and left a natural life changing that would require more rigorous building regulations around energy efficiency and a massive cultural shift to actually get them enforced on the grounds. another big

obstacle is that this approach tackles new construction. but what about all the old badly insulated buildings that already exist? this takes us to our next solution, more efficient air conditioning because there is no technological reasoning for a cease to use as much energy as many commercial models to now. but what if we thought about efficient mechanical cooling on a much larger scale system like this is already functioning and singapore, here and underground air conditioner touted as the largest in the world quotes, residential buildings, back x malls, and this iconic hotel. the technology is called district cooling and it can save up to 50 percent on energy and emissions. that's because having one big planned cooling an entire district makes it super efficient. the water is chill. 25 meters below the ground before it's piped across different buildings. so these, like toronto, paris and hong kong have already taken on the colossal task of cooling,

thousands of buildings with one system. in some cases, district cooling makes use of networks that already exist. most of the system in paris runs through the cities to which networks. but for the most part, district cooling is better suited for new constructions. for example, i would gerad international finance, tech city, also known as gift city. well, buildings and you hyper dense engine district. developers had a blank canvas to implement any cooling solution they wanted their choice, district cooling because it's more efficient and cheaper to maintain. this may sound utopian, but like all other solutions, it requires lots of upfront capital. know how and of course awareness. the good news is cooling doesn't always have to look like this. but if we don't move in a more sustainable direction, fast enough, we risk thing trapped in a solution that is actually part of the problem. something to think about, even if it also sends should, is daniel spine,

that's all for now. thanks for joining us and see you next time on tomorrow today. by the the, the, the

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