the good news of the ocean comes today's september. the 2 were all full, then what did they look like? how did our ancestors live? what did they eat? researches can now glean information from even tiny fragments it, boom. dna sequencing and artificial intelligence have grown as important to the discipline as shovels and brushes. the join us on a trip to an archaeological dig in southern front, which is especially rich and when your story excites that 9 more this time around on dw science. so welcome to tomorrow. today is a bit eclipse to heads up an archaeological digs for the university of bordeaux looking

for traces left behind. finding yonder towels and anatomically modern humans like stone tools, cheap and bones that have been buried for over 40000 years. often just minuscule fragments. we are recording everything at the very small level. and what is super important as to have the spice to an organization of all the fragments. to record the positions of the fines. the researchers use tried and tested land surveying methods but say delete provide has another, a separate slave photo, grama tree. they see a piece, they call it, we establish the top a graphical context for each find what, in other words, we map it's exact location and create a 3 d model for each excavated layer. so there's going to do this. i photographed the excavation from different angles listen to the computer,

recognizes the marker points to so it can link the individual images together correctly. to create a detailed spatial image. we call this photo grama tree or do i get the secrets? looks like a high resolution allows us to check retrospectively whether to find really war and exactly the same layer. and therefore from the same periods, you can even see what the settlement was. like. the thanks to photo grab a tree archaeologist can precisely determine the spatial relationship between individual objects found and the dig. especially under 2nd descriptions. it's a useful tool that allows the excavation to be documented to layer by layer digital, late and shared with researchers all over the world. photos of individual fines are linked and can be viewed from any angle. the relative position of a find is important because the archaeologists are trying to discover any connections between the objects they are nursed like inspectors at

a crime scene. in the end, however, to carry out a more detailed analysis, the funds have to be removed from the ground. each artifact as carefully retrieved, provisionally identified, measured, given an individual id code and stored for later examination. we are basically recording anything that is more than to send to matter, even if we don't know yet what it is under field. and we take back the that, that be an arrow to a and receive that up to 2 minutes or so. anything that is more than 2 minutes or will be stalled and we'd be started. this means even the soil that's been painstakingly scraped away is initially kept important. funds might still be hidden in buckets like these, broken into fragments that have to be sifted out and reassembled after hours of painstaking work. it fits

a laborious process that takes the team at least as long as the excavation itself distinguishing special fines from the stones. that occur naturally in the area takes care patients and a sharp. i say land who g from california state university in northridge helps volunteers differentiate between what's worth while and what's waste. she has a finely trained di to distinguish its own from so rock. we would look at their weight, their texture, the screening activity between your fingers, and whether you, we could noise some particular features that helps you identify a particular bone as opposed to just a piece of stone. but in some cases these criteria still don't clear things up, then a lender will j. it has a special trick that personally i actually

use a lot my front teeth. and if you just do this, if you're gonna have a more meaningful sounds, if it is a piece of stone, and if it is a bone, you're going to hear a deep per sound. so that he's not going to be cleaning as much as when it is a rock. and sometimes when they are a visually difficult to differentiate, we tend to do this and people who just go by things that were if you see this, a fragment turns out to be bone. the next question is, of course, what animal did it come from? is the sliver from a human from what part of the scale was a very difficult questions when you don't have much to go on. but for the scientist,

stafford is worth it. we went through all the collection that were collected by uh, fonts. when the evac within these um positives and positives of fragment, we managed to identify a human remains that were not recognized as such during live excavation. and there is one good reason why that is not because nice as it was because it was a period that all remains from the end of that. so it's extremely difficult to identify and they were labeled as small mammals. so there are 2 additional mandatory individuals that were found afterwards through the reassessment of the collection in this side. archaeology therefore requires an important skill and ability to put together puzzles, sometimes from tiny pieces, sometimes from larger ones. it took a lot of patience and expertise to reassemble this goal of this neanderthal woman

and even reconstruct her face. but doing so helps give us unparalleled glimpses into the past. the archaeologist also regularly discovered complete skeletons on human remains in mexico city, around 500 years old. the buttons that belong to the aspect people whose culture was destroyed by spanish quinn, pistols, early 16th century. today, many mexicans all passionate about keeping the memory of their indigenous ancestors alive. on research, deeds have virtually reconstructed the empire as ancient capital. 10 notes to done the legendary aztec capital was located on the side of what is today mexico city. one of the modern world's largest urban conglomeration,

and around 500 years ago as tech, temples and palaces started here with the help of new research projects, archaeologists, historians, and even programmers are now able to draw an increasingly accurate picture of the ancient aztec city, tennessee, and on this is sometimes called the defenders of the american house, which is i would say kind of, i mean, so through the say, the biggest things you've done was so much bigger and better. modern technology is teaching us more about the as techs, talent for organization and invention. what can we still learn from them today? in mexico city, the capital of mexico. this is where researchers are looking for traces of the as tech empires, former capital, federal eco never gets a works as a historian and anthropologist at the national a ton of miss university of mexico, where he specializes in indigenous studies. he describes what happened to $10.00 to

$10.00 during the spanish conquest. last year i didn't see glove with the city was almost completely destroy. it was torn down house by house building by building fatal. what a few years later, the spanish decided to resettle in the same region and build what is now mexico city on the old city, attached to town seemed to have been on the west. got it in the ruins of 10, not cheap. land are therefore hidden beneath today's metropolis. that makes it very difficult to find out more about the aztec capital. what did it's houses, canals and squares look like scientists of long puzzled, over those and other questions. now, computer specialists are helping solve the mysteries. how most fort near amsterdam, in the netherlands, where the video game design or thomas color lives and works. he's also created highly detailed models of tenants to lock my imagination is not so good, i'm i, i need to see things in order to understand them. and so when i started looking for images of dental sheep on,

i couldn't find them and i couldn't kind of find anything that satisfied my my understanding of, of what the city would look like. and you know, i had the time i had the technical expertise and so i thought i would just try coal begin analyzing historical documents and studies. he asked mexican scientists for help and got feedback from historians, archeologists and other designers. but the process was far from simple. first idea was that you could take the camera all the way down into every city streets. and when i put everything into place and i, i put like i took like a, a for the model of a person. and i put them in the scene, i thought, oh my god, this place is enormous and is so so, so big that immediately became a problem. and the whole idea of a going down them to like, like urban level is completely went out of the window and i kept it to this drone type, a aerial shots step by step code created a digital model of 10 not steep learn can use the free open source software blender

. so anyone with graphic scales can build on his work. i could grade these rules why i would say okay, a square, that's my starting point. a square might be a 100 by 100 meters and it says hours, it's only it's in threes and canals and that sort of stuff and it just kind of populates it for me. and if i, if i find out that the, the layouts have to change. i can just question and push them, pull them, and everything works out. according to dutch, programmer caught the spirit of the as tech city with its sophisticated network of streets and canals standing out in the center, the pyramid shaped tempo. my are along with other policies and temples. individual districts are arranged around each with a school, a local administrative center, a market and a place of worship, with up to $400000.00 inhabitants in its heyday, around a year 1500 tenants. cheetham was one of the largest capitals in the world. if you

zoom out further, you'll notice that the as tex built their capital in the middle of a late 2 famous volcanoes, purple catch up with uh these to see what the tower in the background of all places wide at diaz tex, choose to build the city here on the lake with volcano is nearby in the middle of an earthquake. so the answer is hidden in mexico's modern coat of arms. and i look to understand why using this place involved a miracle, beautiful, their patron god named, which in a post today who had accompanied the aztec on their travels, my dear to them in the form of an eagle and the landed on a prickly pear cactus that grew out of a stone dose as the vision of the eagle sitting on the account to solve the stone was interpreted by diaz tech because aside from the god, i mean, if you enabled them to found their city of tenants. cheap, done. few of us been make you put in a building on a lake, means dealing with

a caprices of water about with help from a clever system of dikes. canals and salutes is diaz tex managed to keep their city dry. they harness the water to grow grains and vegetables, and created floating gardens, known as she numbers from tree trunks and clay south to their conquests to spanish drains to lake and destroyed most of the aztec build water systems, one of their structures is still visible today on the hills of chip with the peck springs here supplied inhabitants with drinking water via n knock. what doc or the muscle a lot, what keep the water that float in chapel to peg also allow them to build different paths. infinity is that what we see today are modern versions of the baths or pools, or the places where you could go into the water again, i squared vegetation could grow in great splendor rather than before the sea level hit this on the level. and that's if you zoom out to take a birds eye view of mexico city even today, the traces of 10 not cheap. land are clearly visible and get these, these,

in some cases, something quite cool overlaps between, between the cities. even though a lot of it has been destroyed and what happens quite often in, in history easy it is and see if he's all over the place is that the major road stay the same. because a city usually is not replace a neighborhood by neighborhoods. but the house, my house, and when you replace one house with a new one or 5 houses with one new house, and the infrastructure kind of stays the same. the as tex, urban planning, especially the smart ways they use the water still inspires today's city. planners tempered by using the landscape but also building artificial islands and artificial gardens is very good for water regulation. we'll see that your numbers, in particular, had channels through which water could flow because they were made of layers of clay, they could absorb lots of water as well. yeah, that's assuming, thanks to kohls projects, we now have a more accurate picture of the tenants to them. and its inhabitants despise all the

problems with earthquakes with different kind of get safety with the altitude and was the very 1st i'll place them if you could grow a lot of crops there because of the soil. you had the leg of eric and i've always providing water and i think it shows over everything. human ingenuity, no matter are your technological advancements or your science. you know, humans are smarts and when they have a problem, they will try to solve it. and they really do so new research and technology are providing access to ancient knowledge. when the aztecs arrived in the area in the 14th century, they found a mysterious ruins 15 in the future capital that had been abandoned centuries before. they viewed the science as a place of men and called it tale to walk on, which in that language meant the place where gods swivel and the name still lives on today in the center of the ruined city. as the huge parent made up the sun at

its edge, the paramount of the moon. both celestial bodies play essential rolls in as technology, as they do. in this view, a question from tow mirrors in brazil the why don't the moon in the sun fall to earth. gravity keeps us on the ground. the more massive body has more gravity it exerts. but the effect decreases with distance. however, a gravity can be overcome santa carousel, the faster you scan, the stronger the centrifugal force. it can counteract the force of gravity, the satellites and the international space station orbit the earth. so quickly that there centrifugal force almost completely cancels out the effective or as gravity. when the 2 forces are balance, an object enters

a stable orbit. the celestial bodies within our solar system are also constantly in motion. the planets rotate around the sun. the balance between the gravity our star exerts and their centrifugal force keeps the planets in stable orbits. planet earth, hers through space at 30 kilometers a 2nd. at this speed, the earth strikes up perfect balance between the gravitational force exerted by the sun and the centrifugal force, flinging it out, and the way the moon is in stationary either in a similar way its speed keeps it from falling to earth and the or its gravity keeps it from escaping orbit. as it exerts that huge gravitational force that keeps all the planets of our solar system in orbit. our son is itself and orbit around the center of our galaxy, the milky way, moving at 220 kilometers per 2nd. nothing in the universe stand still

let is read. why do you have a science question? flores send it in as a video, text or voice mail. if we answer it in the show, you'll receive a little surprises. a thank you. so go on just task. where are you sitting while you watch tomorrow, today? maybe in a climate controlled room? well, you're not the only one. as temperatures rise around the world, more and more people on demanding air conditioning. and as you probably know, they can be real energy because less so air conditioners play a significant role in global warming. can we change the pilot on take a look at these buildings for thoughts and single poor and even new delhi new york and hong kong. noticed anything, and these parts of the world life without air conditioning can be uncomfortable or downright dangerous. more than a dozen people have died and in,

during the past 2 months, due to a severe heat wave. 5th, heat wave waste heat wait. but that brings us to our dilemma. technology needs lots of energy. in fact cooling, building accounts for 10 percent over global electricity consumption. and that's bad news for global warming. but there are solutions, some traditional, some modern that don't even have massive amounts of energy. so can they help us break out of this visual circle? the, the story behind this conundrum begins in new york city in 1982. that's where the engineer will as carrier, leave the foundations for the modern air conditioner. he designed an engine to control the humidity and a printing plan because it was warping the paper. nowadays, americans are still some of the most prolific users globally 90 percent of us households on an air conditioner and some of the hardest parts of the roof. it's not even 10 percent, but other countries want to catch up. just look how much more energy some of these

emerging economies are projected to use in the coming decades to colder homes and buildings. this is 2016, and this is 2050. if you see in the air conditioning market is going in, the visits on good clunky is working to open up the global market for high efficiency. air conditioners in the us population is growing in the is getting even more of like the but i'm also a large portion of the population as part of the nice thing is moving to cities and all that together wants to do it is to a huge to demand flooded conditioners because of trensler, these global energy demand for space cooling is projected to triple by 20. 50. the question is how to meet the soaring demand without exacerbating the heat? because and much of the world, the energy because when technology is powered by fossil fuels, these are the lots of greenhouse gases which make the abaski or hotter. and nowadays,

is these have refrigerants running through their coils to absorb heat from the warm air. some of them are literally greenhouse gases. you don't want those leaking out of your unit on top of that air conditioner, it's cool indoors basis, by pushing out the heat, that refrigerants absorb. that means they make the immediate surroundings hotter to, and people who can't afford to suffer most from that. so you go to 3 for the effect as a result of air conditioning on that my skin and be able to reduce it down to either efficient, cooling or to cooling without air conditioning is usually a smart solution to get that this is per side by the an expert in passive solar design, he says there are 3 steps to quit sustainable here. first, we need to reduce heat at a city wide scale. you may have heard of the urban heat island effect. it's when the urban areas like these get warmer than the surroundings, because all of this concrete absorbs and retain seats, creating more spaces with shady trees and other plants less than a specific. like here in berlin. and minimizing heat, expelled by cars,

also makes a difference. the next step is designing buildings that aren't as reliant on air conditioners. and this is where we can really learn from traditional architecture before technology or keep the runs awards phone solutions to, to show by the preferred chunk of, of done leads bio climatic architecture projects. and countries like vietnam and mauritania, that means that designs take local climates into accounts. some modern buildings are already doing as such as outside university, which uses wind towers to keep its buildings cool. this method has been used in iran and other middle eastern countries for centuries. the so called wind captures are designed to trap fresh air and directed indoors. the hot air gets pushed out. you may also have noticed that houses in hot climates are some light. some countries like india are bringing back this approach by painting grooves with line

based whitewash, which absorbs less heat. this can reduce indoor temperatures by 2 to 5 degrees celsius. knowing the wind direction is important to design openings that encourage cross ventilation. other features that can help save off heat or shading devices to keep the facade cool. and insulation prevents heat from traveling through your roof . for example. issues may still need to be used sometimes, but to a much lesser extent. the problem in many countries going to a construction boom, new buildings often look like this. but it does tend to bid them with floor to ceiling glass. and that's the glove problem, because every time you put a glass into a building, you've done it basically into a hot box. it's like associate architects and engineers say this. acetic is popular because it's perceived this week, modern and left a natural life. changing that would require more rigorous building regulations around energy efficiency and a maps of cultural shift to actually get them enforced on the grounds. another big

obstacle is that this approach tackles new construction. but what about all the old badly insulated buildings that already exist? this takes us to our next solution, more efficient air conditioning because there is no technological reasoning for a cease to use as much energy as many commercial models to now. but what if we thought about efficiency mechanical cooling on a much larger scale system like this is already functioning and singapore here and underground air conditioner touted as the largest in the world. close residential buildings back eggs falls and this iconic hotel. the technology is called district cooling and it can save up to 50 percent on energy and emissions. that's because having one big planned cooling an entire district makes it super efficient. the water is chill. 25 meters below the ground before its pipes across different buildings. cities like toronto, paris and hong kong have already taken on the colossal task of cooling,

dozens of buildings with one system. in some cases, district cooling makes use of networks that already exist. most of the system and parents runs through the cities to which networks. but for the most part, district cooling is better suited for new constructions. for example, i would, you're right, international finance, tech city, also known as gift city. while building the new hyper dense engine district developers had a blank canvas to implement any cooling solution, they wanted their choice, district cooling because it's more efficient and cheaper to maintain. this may sound utopian, but like all other solutions, it requires lots of upfront capital. know how and of course awareness, the good uses cooling doesn't always have to look like this. but if we don't move in a more sustainable direction, fast enough, we risk thing trapped in a solution that is actually part of the problem. something to think about, even if it also sends should, is daniel spine,

that's all for now. thanks for joining us and see you next time onto morris today. by the the, the, the

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. this is the w news live from the land. israel benjamin netanyahu the rejects accusation, but he's blocking a hostage deal with him off the prime minister and 5th, but 6 executed hostages found last week were not killed because he prevented a deal despite an apology to hostage families knox protests against mess. and you all who continued also coming up from the program officer historic with gemini, small rights in a states election. the country's political establishment seeks a way to keep the, the policy out of the pallet. but calmly. we look to one of germany's neighbors to see how it's dealt with this.