todd costs how to make greener choices in your everyday lives. but honestly, try to do if you're going to working 32 hours a week and you'd be better for the environment than 40. but of course we shouldn't be 90 the. the living scientists just hits subscribe. whatever you listen to pod costs, the the ancient pyramids of the maya. what time piece is made of stone, the massive temples except the movements of the sun forming a precise side of the calendar. this method of american civilization was very advanced in astronomy. how did the maya know so much? to move coming on from the dw science shape. welcome to tamara today. since time immemorial the night sky has fascinated humanity. even today we still look upwards in our quest to understand the origin and future of our world.

technological progress has changed our understanding of the things we see. the sky is no longer the height and the stick on and yet we're still influenced by the discoveries of ancient civilizations. like the maya of central america, they left a unique legacy in the shape of this mysterious document compiled on my end, astronomers. what could it still tell us today? the sophisticated hieroglyphics reveal the accumulated knowledge of the maya. when will the next solar eclipse take place? when will venus appear as a morning star? experts around the world are still in or in the ticket as calculations of the maya basic. so imagine it's amazing that they were able to produce these calculations thousands of years ago. they say, i don't know why, but they do this. so how could they do it?

if they did have computers, it does scopes the uh, my end the day i. so until $1492.00, i know the maya, well, way ahead of the europeans in mathematics on and it's going to be 24 hours. it's not clear how the document made its way to your whether it was looted by the colonialist full cost of unofficial gift. that's still the subjective research. what's clear is that the document ended up and dressed in germany. and it still here today, stored at the sexton stage on to university library. it's one of just for authentic my encoder sees known to us worldwide researches like carlos by john, joy had helped us understand the document known as the address didn't codex deciphering it has a change the way we see my encourages. and courtney says, if it doesn't sound like the dress code, x has great the enriched our understanding of my and mythology religion,

astronomy and hardly fig. i guess it's funds. 39 pages written on both sides. the 3 and a half meter long document served as a bookkeeper for religious rituals for that phone ceiling. okay, today we assume that the tables on eclipses. we used to give warning about when a so that more lunar eclipse was due at the the people were very afraid of these events. this is an event goes with the measles really about religion. knowing the proper time to make an offering to the gods. it might have to do with the cure of a disease, a safe, healthy birth. a good problem the maya were obsessed with calculating on pinpointing the right time to do things. they were able to calculate a precise date way in advance, and it was a 4 times a big advantage for them was that they recognize the import and all of a 0 and a new account via because to 0,

which we can see here very nicely from the sign in here in red between the black digits. thoughts enables us to calculate long periods of time on the application and con, very long periods of time. even up to a modern day. one example, the total solar eclipse of 8 po, 2020 full could have been predicted just using the dressed in code x. it's a very regulatory revealing experience to see darkness in the middle of the day. and you might feel an identity with these people. nation maya, who would look up to the gods and say, where can i bring that offering slip inside like a stay believed the cosmic old and could be broken. hold on douglas, what i rituals would not upset, of course, in a couple. yeah. okay. but on that same, is this interview for this is the symbol of the sun on the dock. this is the eclipse. is that correct? that hangs on? that's the last you'll find on here, we have a substance wanted and so there was

a fear for the sun with never rise again. so it is a global sort. the field assignment of the sun could be disrupted, meaning it wouldn't go down to the underworld or i'm re of here the next day, i guess. again, the prospect of never ending 9th was great. the see it on my end. that's why they was so keen to be able to predict eclipses observing the sky was not driven by scientific interest, but by a desire to appease the goats, they were terribly motivated to find out the path of toe to ality. the geometry of eclipses a discuss. so the messa american coaches have to have scientific goals. they asked them to see i in order to have a reliable kind of the dress didn't code x coming to shows how science and religion went hand in hand. not something we see happening much today, but we can all relate to that desire to understand what's happening around us in

the comp have the end result is that people develop their own understanding of their lives on the cost models yet, building to the support from this interest in knowing about the past shouldn't just be driven by curiosity, but a vital need, the better we understand the possible, the more solid, the foundation will be the building all future and understanding all present to this. and then didn't was properly sent. so studying an ancient document on looking at secrets can help with our own understanding of the universe even today. question is enough timely. what do we see when we study the skies? but also what do we capable of seeing? would we be able to recognize extraterrestrial life if we run into it? why is it that we've never encountered alien life forms, even though there were undoubtedly enough products that could support an extraterrestrial civilization?

could it just be down to the right limits asians, the pieces? so that's the way i see it if we encounter intelligent extraterrestrial life in whatever form, it could be an opportunity. it might not end well, but it could and i was kind of know, but i know i exist. asian has been described in this book. that sounds incredible for snaked when i probably ain't 16. 65 succession of them were out fishing by hiring somebody when they suddenly saw ships in the sky above the firing of each of them cuz she could sees as evening approach to adopt. the disc appeared above the sky line and was city of chicago and to the to the dentist. and underneath this is an advanced, pretty expensive camera. we don't have the final events in it yet,

but this one is enough for our tests that covers a large part of the sky. hit them up to the fact obviously a little bit so for you, because maybe they just drank too much or smoke. some things cut off, of course, it could also have been something like a mirage, and i need to speak and those days, such a normally is often seen as miraculous designs from gone scripts, a window size, especially small. it's within studies, extraordinary. celeste and events throughout history to try to understand what they were talk on, kyle is looking for the unusual in this guys today in north, in a place called hatch. donovan and norway, the number of lights were seen repeatedly during the 1980s. they couldn't be a good land, it's still not completely over remodeled roughly once a month. there are citing some this guy. so here we'd have a better chance of detecting something to, to the gym or could and cookies light essentially coming from the intelligence

extra terrestrial beings to assist me. we don't know, i can't rule it out. as soon as we have to work with an open mind collecting data, evaluate it scientifically and then see what comes out of it. also, in 2021, the us intelligence services published a report on a series of aerial phenomena that couldn't be explained is what if one says they were recorded by various parties using very using instruments as a lead human i in for read and the radar side they were also seen by pilots, but still they can't be explained. and so i think these cases are worth investigate items to them. and actually a task less money. we tend to explain the things we can't understand by assuming there's an intentionality that is beyond what we're able to imagine. that except since there was no different than the 17th century of doc land to people believe

that anomalies in the sky stems from a higher intelligence. if so, we're not extra terrestrials, but got into it against just outside of the chapel court. but the alien life isn't thought improbable. according to the so called drake equation. all galaxy alone ought to be teeming with life, with a 100000000000 stuff in the milky way of sight on it. so on even intelligent life phones all probable. in 1950 physicist on rico, sammy aust, why haven't we encountered anything once they re explored by nasa? scientists is not a great filter that brings disaster to each civilization before it can make contact with other it's the nuclear. we'll artificial intelligence climate change pandemic. it would seem there's no shortage of options where our progress could lead to our destruction

decided i think it's very is unlikely that some civilizations would undoubtedly overcome the filter and then make contact with the others when done in contact and then ultimately will humanity the one that survives, we don't know if i get, it's not here. this. the question is, of course, if there is another intelligent life form, is it close enough to us in terms of evolutionary history? i think we can still perceive it as intelligent in the chipmunks giving 20000000 years before our time for which we defended condensation. we would not have recognized those as a special anomaly and it's well, when it's inside of it, it's gone. this to us, we would have been like the equivalent of a tree, crows, and then the flower or a cloud, inconvenienced in palm typically. i mean if it will not live with this highest. yeah. so to these life forms already be the reason which is not recognizing them with current technology, which we've decided is from new. yes, it's quite possible that because of our limitations,

we're not able to pick up on communications or even movements because we're not going to position to be able to search by that one's pull to tunes, christine, and so forth. and thinking about getting this done as soon as can i please help me if i sign with some of the costs. it could also be something where terms like technology just don't apply for like or category like intelligence. as we understand it, that doesn't apply to all the other guns, and these are all very specific and even criteria for our observations, often for some of which have only a mode in the last century or 2. that's why on the job and understanding sense. for the audience story, and it's clear that we just can't help, but interpret old anomalies according to current thinking and understanding. in fact, we often don't even realize how limited our knowledge actually is. a hi con guy on at least wants to do old. he comes to push basketball, covent invitations, and what we're able to upset is he's setting up upset of stations where recordings

can be made in parallel using a wide variety of instruments. even possible, changes in the gravity needs to be measured off of 2024. he's even able to monitor activity with his own satellite type of guns because the us side. no, no, no, that's really typical. you're an interest rate for various reasons. is and it lands on the movement is low. it's lean here and yeah, doesn't make any funny jumps. it doesn't zigzag, no, it's not displaying much celebration, so it's kind of groceries don't even get. so it's probably an airplane, somewhat defensive. but what would happen if we did discover aliens one day? why not so good? a sick without us. and the cost of secularization in the western world, philosophers went to great lengths to free the world of a higher intelligence, placing humanity at the top of the chain. the higher intelligence was pushed aside as religious nonsense. to god was declared to be dead besides, i think it's

a little of a sudden that higher intelligence would be back in feelings. is that the students you would change humanity in many ways. yeah. it would produce many new questions that we'd have to answer. and of course, it's possible that the slide forms are simply waiting for us to revolve it as a human race and would only contact us kind of a thing. we're ready to tell them. this is the right on what like they do to us with a in slave and exploits us. maybe not. maybe it will be the aliens who save us from our own destructive drive and help humanity survives the great filter. one can only hope this alien life forms came to us. the 1st thing they'd encounter is all the satellites, little between all planets around 10000 active satellites. accommodate positions around us. not to mention the many defunct ones. one view it from gemini had

a question about that of what happens to space satellites when they're doing commissions. the satellites need small amounts of fuel to align themselves and maintain their position. when that fuel runs low satellites are d commissioned. how they're disposed of depends on their orbit satellite circle the earth at various altitudes depending on what rules are designed for environmental satellites. for example, more but a few 100 kilometers above the ground in low earth orbit. navigation satellites are much further away. they are at an altitude of around 20 to 24000 kilometers in medium earth orbit. satellites were telecommunications, broadcasting, and weather forecasting. our furthest from the air in what's known as geo stationary orbit and their position above the equator and are always focused on

just one part of the year. and after their mission, the satellites are blasted into a graveyard orbit. it's located around 300 kilometers above the g o stationary orbit. this area is now densely populated. once a satellite is reached, the graveyard orbit, the control center must empty its tanks and drain the batteries to prevent an uncontrolled explosion through the fuel igniting, for example. satellites and low earth orbit are brought down in a controlled way and disposed of in the earth's atmosphere. the increasing frictional heat causes them to largely burn up with the remaining debris falling into the sea. satellites may also be damaged by media rights or space drunk and have their lives ben short. they can no longer be controlled. researchers are now hoping to recover them using risk q satellites. they'll either

grab hold of the defense spacecraft or capture it within that. the aim is to bring them down in a controlled manner. the european space agency is now preparing for its 1st disposal mission. to clear space one let us read. why do you have a science question for us? send it in as a video, text or voice mail. if we on switch on the shows, we'll send you a little surprise is a funky to go on. just ask in june 2020 for a chinese pretend from the mean. it was the 1st time that the space program had collected well, can soil samples from the fall side to, to me and brought them back to us. so now i'm going detailed analysis.

when it comes to new, new exploration, china is leading the way from this we always see the move from this same side. this has to do with its rotation. the us apollo emissions in the 19 sixties and seventies landed on the side facing via they left with hundreds of chinos of moving on to study. china has already managed to land on the fall side of the moon twice. and it's telling me 6 mission has now even managed to take soil samples. a huge success. landing on the far side of the moon is especially complicated often moon. the obviously family in various landings on this side of the main. so the side that faces it does come on for, for they can be track on this practically in real time, as a delay in the signal of one second. also, they might know if you landed on the fall side of the moon,

you don't have direct connection missed so you have to send such a light that would cause a radio bridge. if you liked the deal, break it. and so everything get some of the homes like obviously it's not difficult at the beginning of june, the chinese pro, less the moon, bringing the luminous samples back to the scientist one to analyze how the to science of the moon differ across the street is i make is the difference is that there's more law on this, it isn't always side of the mean me, i live off the old dyslexia is full kind of lava that was admitted millions of years ago. you out in boss to comment is the lava and all that covered. it only says it is like that. that means the samples from this side. so it's a relatively new active noise. the over fixed and such as the moon on the fall side is different. toby, of the functions from the a very much original sound rules of the lunar surface. it this morning, 3 young china wants to explode. the may not just be proves,

but also with us to notes. at the end of this decade, they jane plans to land a crew on the moon on set up a research station alongside the us. china has become the new leader in space expiration. russia postpone and behind the testing. we did just tell you all the things that the chinese have developed is based on russian something on a g from the 1970s by the but they've advanced it to such a degree that it no longer has anything to do with russian technology. it's in fact the chinese now monk profession space technology for complete the independent that i can finish who will put a crew back on the moon. first china, all the us with the awesome is program. the americans are planning to get extra notes back on the moon. before the chinese do, and this is where the european space agency isa comes in. unimportant module of the optimist. a ryan space cross comes you read. it will help pilot ryan. the europeans

are working closely with the us on the program. but a so say what with china on the current chinese 6 mission producing one of the instruments on board, the luna approved the green square monks is position the instrument has successfully measured negative ions on the moon. however, it seems unlikely that east, so we'll continue working with china, especially given the success staging chinese emissions this in pull the items this work is more preparing for the chinese landing a crew on the moon when i'm not. but it's china in competition with the american on this. i guess the americans also want to land on the moon in the next few years. now the visa has joined forces with the americans, but landing on the moon. i think that's why the us is saying the so if you want to the moon landings with us, then stopped working with china done to that machine. that was china is gold. and

all this, while the american see the moon more as a stop on the way to miles responsibilities, china has other interest vehicle including you to educate young people, uninspired. then we have a 2nd later to promote technology. and if you look at the find your client states, clearly we need new technologies on space. travel is a driver of technology to us and to motivate young people. and that's why they're doing that is really expensive, luna programs, you know, they want to cover them in with satellite. you find lots of communication satellites, noon observations on landings. more to boston, one feet and more than one chinese 6 is just one stepping stone on china. is jenny to the mean only a few decades ago that the fast rough kits were launched into space a short while later on the most. so i put some boats to cruise they could come back

on homes. monkeys sitting an american rocket, small monkeys, but not as small as a great type species that once populated itself in germany. as a recent fossil discovery were, feels less than one centimeter in size. this tiny little tooth belonged to a great 8. it lived here 11600000000 years ago in fox and in germany southern outgoing region. since 2011 researchers had been uncovering ancient remains here, like this vertebra from a prehistoric angelo. during their 1st excavation, they found 2 fossilized chief and didn't meet care from a great aid. but because the finds were so small, the experts assumed they were from a small old world monkey these off on devices the monkey species we expected. we

knew they lived here at that time, right? so we thought that's what we found it all media. but when they found parts of the skeleton of another great 8 in the same place in 2017, they began to have doubts because this one was clearly agree dates. daniel vs gluten mosey, was significantly larger. the fines drew global attention because the large primate could already walk upright. and then, after thinking beg center for human evolution, the researchers then examined to their earlier find more closely the small teeth than me. cap revealed the animal 8 leaves and weighed just 10 kilos. that makes it the smallest great shape known to date as long as so i'm sorry, it wasn't so easy to prove that these 3 objects came from a great 8 times. the new cap was an easier because i had an atomic leave, very similar to modern. great for me to get to tell you what we had to do. very

detailed examining sions of the teeth so that other experts would believe that this is a great a, that's a small as an old world, the monkey in klein. i type stuff. but it's not just the size that makes this fine . so special. discovering fossils from 2 different species of grade 8, living at the same time in the same place in europe. this is a 1st this is vicky. it's read on use something special gets and not only use it the 1st time we are fossil, everything that's too great in the sweet shoes go existed. we would you never really expected to find them in this region with as see here. come for heck, is that correct? because 11600000 years ago, but the southern germany is thought to have been covered with mixed forests, which wouldn't have been ideal for great, a mystery that further discoveries may eventually solve and that wrap stuff all jenny, into the cost of the future. even going to the mean and back whether it's pre in

story kate's aliens, or the ancient maya civilization, there's always more we can learn about how well i'm the galaxy. thanks for watching and see you. next time, the

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