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this is where east meets west there a vote. the capital of bosnia and herzegovina is a cultural crossroads. the turkish old town is characterized by centuries of autumn and rule and byzantine and orthodox influences. the austro hungarian monarchy left behind catholic churches and synagogues, and a monument to the austrian archduke franz ferdinand, who was assassinated tier. in 1914, the lot scholars from the bosnian war also remain sparked in 1992 by the serbian minority in response to the founding of the independent republic of bosnia and herzegovina. the war claimed around 100000 lives the, you know, it's the of the,

one of the people still driving division in the country is me a little hot dog dick the strong man, if they prove like a sub scott, the part of bosnia and herzegovina with a ser majority of bulk and ally of beijing and moscow thought exceeds bosnia is an artificial country. the serbian separatist leader has been promoting independence for years the shoulder well then i don't believe in bosnia and herzegovina at the use annual western balkan summit in december 2022 leaders felt that the war and ukraine had inflamed tensions in order to prevent the conflict from spreading to bosnia and herzegovina, they fast tracked the decision to make the country a candidate for you, accession the americans that doctors just, we can clearly see that the war

a new frame is not only russia's crew war against ukraine. it also raises a crucial question we'll talk, receive, and the rule of the strongest, prevail. what is it for democracy and the rule of law? and we feel the struggle. also when the western balkans by russia is trying to exert its influence there, as is china, this discussion is about which side you choose to take in this and try and almost 3 decades after the date and the chords ended, the war in 1995 bosnia and herzegovina remains fragile and divided. a country of 3 constituent peoples balls in the acts, serbs and croats. proof of how difficult it is to end a war. and how much more complicated to bring genuine peace, the

every year. thousands of marchers commemorate the fall of surrender. anita. on july 11th 1995. the buzz me enclave. a band and by the un fell into the hands of general managers. bosnian serb troops murdered. 8000 muslims. thousands were killed, trying to flee in what's become known as the death march, the mr. through deal. that is, i promised my mother that had protected was i held my brother's hand like a father hold his sons to be, but my brother was killed the slicker because it was. 6 6

the the, it remains the only recognized genocide in europe since world war 2 now will cause most of the bodies were left behind us. the lots are still here to law class. could you know the people of various ethnic backgrounds, both in the acts, grow up serbs, but also tourists take part in an annual memorial march. many are troubled. the war

and ukraine awakens. old wounds says come a solid suspension because it's easy at the end of the i actually come from sun check serbia from vehicle. yeah. yeah. okay. but i have a lot of family in bosnia and i know the history, of course, kind of there are many parallels to the war and ukraine, the old folk say the nightmares. keep coming back, the cool things happened here. they all help the war will never return. bosnia is still divided because it's a non mclee. bosnia is very weak. i already mentioned, but people here still want to live together in this stage, doc, mazda neo remains a multi ethnic state. in the last census, in 2013, around 50 percent or mazda cx, often secular urban muslims, around 30 percent orthodox terms, and around 15 percent, predominantly catholic pro us plus jews, roma,

and many who reject such ethnic classifications most want to live together in peace . but not all you obviously the bureaus or not or the boys think that's one. this one said they would have been better for the people of bosnia and herzegovina if we had separated and each created our own states in the crow, us would probably join croatian people. the serbs would have their own separate state, already formed called republic services, governors of places, and they would say, close ties with serbia. it'd be nickel boys, and the muslims would have the rest as a separate states which could be called boss nissan. him over the control shows us and there's a lot of some of those like boston that reflects the serbian goals of the bosnian war and would unravel the current state recognized by the whole world, including e. u. member croatia and serbia falls now and here's the covina is a state composed of 2 political entities and the boss,

no crow out federation of bosnia and herzegovina with sara gave always, its capital and republican service got ruled from vanya lucas with its own flag administration. and textbooks that public search, scott is me don't, i don't accept strong hold the there are also crow at national listen to dream of their own 3rd entity in the countries west, which would divide bosnia and herzegovina even further or something i'm missing the country should have been created as a federation with 3 federal unit 3, forming 2 entities with 3 constitutive peoples was problem attic from the start dealer. probably much of the

a mid these tensions the piece march reaches its destination forever needs. every july 11th, thousands of boss in the acts gather to commemorate the 1995 genocide. the former ducks you in peace keeper bass has been transformed into a memorial. each year. bodies of victims discovered in the proceeding 12 months are buried here. many officials from the bosnian federation have come to make more or less conciliatory speeches as have ambassadors from europe. the united states, turkey, iran, and various arab countries. high ranking representatives of the un and nato are also concerned by the tensions but no bosnian serb russian, chinese or serbian representatives are to be seen. the world's divisions are palpable here. long bringing peace to the country and its memories is

a slow process. as if to prove that point, just outside strever needs, the bosnian serb activists have provocatively displayed portraits of their war victims. it's about defining territories, the natural. yeah, these are our service victims. my brother is one of them. you seen that they did? 3267 dead by 1995. yeah, just saying it makes me tremble. the

worst thing here is that any vomit bosnia and herzegovina is the outer edge of the orthodox world. or so it starts in moscow and ends in vanya lucas. further west, there are no more orthodox christian blood as a couple of the same applies to. the catholic world begins in europe or show and ends up somewhere in bosnia and herzegovina order. and the same for the islamic world, all 3 worlds meet here and where they rub. there's tectonic tensions indicate that most people image of the in 1992, the war incited by the dissolution of former yugoslavia had become europe's bloodiest conflict since 1945. the ethnic cleansing had driven out

hundreds of thousands of people. the siege of san diego had already killed more than $11000.00 and was dragging on all peace efforts had failed the after the massacre of scrubber anita, during the summer of 1995 nato decided to put an end to the carnage and began a military offensive the air strikes finally forced the bosnian serb troops to retreat the after months of shuttle diplomacy between belgrade, zagreb and sorry, gable. the american diplomat, richard holbrooke, summoned the warring parties to a huge u. s. air force base and your dayton, ohio. the

on november 1st, he received of the delegation leaders, serbian president slow, but the army law should rich. who would negotiate for the bosnian serbs? president from your to demand, representing the bosnian croats and the bosnian president aaliyah. he's megabits margaret is up to meet the causes more than a drum yet. he talked a lot about the atmosphere of the talks. they were confined to a military base when this was attacked, anything employed to force the adversaries to treat each other as human beings that it was uh, like the

assembly. they tend to be which ones that you don't need to go to most think your to go into your some m deaton. i was a delegation member of the state of bosnia and herzegovina. was a member of the collegial presidency. for me, the most important thing was to preserve the integrity of bosnia and herzegovina. such remained tina single territory with an internationally recognized boarders. these are things that i need some me for years of war had hardened their positions. for 3 weeks, every village, neighborhood, and hill was discussed with data and we'll set as ice the night. we should ask a lot of all in dayton. we mainly discussing territories which areas of bosnia and herzegovina would come under the control of republic, a search scott thoughts, which part under the federation's administration at least try to figure it out to you. e. holbrook, it with whole group, let the negotiations that way. particular order,

all the rest and both political objectives, which didn't seem to matter to the american government that the need for them. the most important thing was to stop the war. this is always the negotiations or tents . and several times the talks almost collapsed. finally, it was agreed that 51 percent of the territory would go to the bosnian cro add federation and 49 percent to bosnian serbs. but little time was left to draft the constitution. each of the 3 constituent peoples, as they were called, would have to compromise to understand the service that they are going to be focus tomorrow, take some time. and reconciliation is extremely difficult. thing to do is very easy to start, of course, but it's very difficult to pay the due dates. most of us have a nice, easy degree of herbs that is taught from living. they allow that the bosnian serbs did not get their independence today,

but were integrated into unified bosnian hits and the boss me x did not get a unitary state that could be governed by a majority vote. and i may have to something that was there during them before because they were in the majority. they thought they could have much greater influence on lucas, but they had to settle for a federal deposit. i am said that all of this had fit on both in the crow as did not receive the political entity. they had hoped for only control over some captains of the federation of their budget. to go out of the this and go, they say it's better to negotiate for 10 years than to fight for 10 days. for me that about sums updates cool. the accord stopped the spelling of blood and destruction of the multi ethnic fabric of bosnia and herzegovina, skin. what the scope to keep up was that you had to go in to stuck with the data and stop the war and the destruction of the explosion of hatred and the desire for vengeance. literally, that was the best thing about the data. but last time,

they thought of the a month later in paris, the great powers met for the official signing of the dayton peace accords. including at the time russia that gave birth to the current state with its rotating 3 party presidency, 14 governments, and 100. 65 ministers and quote is reserved at every level from boston. the ex serves and cro us. it is one of the most complex constitutions in the world. they thought skin sport as we most things just took the night, which in the dayton accords turn to bosnia into a state which is dysfunctional, irrational and on democratic national dates on skiing on democratic because the agreement did not give equal rights to all citizens dysfunctional because it is now a state with far more levels of government than necessary. i think we have the

largest number of ministers in the world. there is no other small country with so many ministers now that you brought in really started on the city at the obviously, and it was the my not the email that we keep doing. we have a huge administration on the consumers. 60 percent of our g d p feed pick, which is this it puts in at the appraisal that the system is completely irrational . voc heavier now, and they're not so not of the 30 years later, bosnians have given the post date and institutions, all sorts of nicknames. frankenstein headache strait jacket once a refugee in berlin lawyer, i mean the heritage how ratchets returned to sara hugo in 2006, she clearly sees our country's progress since 1995, a common currency,

common license plates, a common central bank and army. but like most bosnians, she also readily pokes fun at this overly complex federal state order. so now is the most because the guy that paid for the stuff class and that was used as a matter of the, even though it's a good either you're behind me, we have the beautiful presidential building, 3 presidents have their offices here. so, and i mean, 3 members of the presidency, they to be precisely, ma, it's a gift from the data and the courses for medical. there are large countries like the united states with many citizens, but only one president due to one. but we have 3 members at the presidency and we don't have many people here on the street today. i can't tell you how it all works . because it's so complicated. and according to actually it's all so comfortable on the plus. the

clearly visible in the center of sarajevo is another remnant of data in the office of the high representative of the international community for bosnia and herzegovina as a controlling and supervisory body that can pass laws and remove corrupt representatives. system schmidt, former german minister of agriculture keeps his copy of the date and the cords which give him special powers and his office is listed as his complete tickets. i'm good. i've um awesome. guy knew it would be complicated to see it, but frankly i had no idea it would be that complicated heater of the signatures a. mr. is a big of image, stuff to touch months time must be mr. coachman, davia and. and the last last and the last of which countries take a tape article 5,

very important type of resent the high representative or we just the final authority. so i have the last word let's to try to be involved, hired. how did the internet's knowledge truces? and once my freed assessors say between 20052007 had accomplished the essentials, like establishing the state or nations as laws from by the international community felt there was nothing more to do as can i knew more explosions up next things were going find this thing done. so we lost interest in bosnia manhattan. does interest . i found one the but the fall of 2021. when says john schmidt had just arrived brought a rude awakening. taking advantage of the crises in the middle east and ukraine, bosnian serb leader, amino dick sees to the serbian part of the army customs, duties, taxes, and health care system dealing a death blow to the fragile federation. keep it so can this fight and that's how i

didn't have to set goals that fold i much. sec. we were indeed very alarmed how to us of interest. i suppose it didn't business lavine and president at the time mister packard told me that talking people are talking about dissolution by breaking up the state to flourish on this thought this. but you should notice that there is no peaceful dissolution of states in this region. uh, dish dot is empty survey to your new bill. it asks you as long as the answer to your call for the international community didn't react, which greatly encourage the separate to the so to that. but also they exploited the shift in the power bound mississauga, the americans were withdrawing from syria enough to understand the russia and china were gaining strength. all this encouraged the separative. so at this time, afterwards it gets funds finish that with all due respect. mister donates political stature resembles original cancel air, more than the head of state and of new stuff there and they're stopping. think us

been the last most school? welcome center. in the pays attention to in it is more because they hope to use his influence to destabilize the country for smugglers type notes into a distributed sample. by may 2020 to the bosnian crisis, had reached the you in security council deeply divided by the war in ukraine. i invite mr. christians that hi representative for bosnia and herzegovina to participate in this meeting. i'm not sure it was all ready trying to destabilize the republic of mold over georgia, bulgaria. the wagner group was recruiting in serbia. would boss now be the next front? and 2nd, you will put this together in front of my office, appealing for my intervention. to prevent that from happening, we will not sit still as part is seek to dismantle 26 years of p. stipulate in

focus in the last month we do not consider german citizen crest judge smith, the legitimate hi representative for bosnia and herzegovina. we emphasized that mister schmidt has no right to speak for the international community and his level no soaps to the system. schmidt was also becoming increasingly contentious in bosnia, many, it's used to move off over at terry and ism, and partisan support for the bosnian croats. but neither the us nor the do you dare to close his office. the high representative remained one of the few who could block don dix separatist efforts. today, as i representative, i have issued an order suspending application of the public us ups car

law on removal property. i have made the use of my executive powers to bring the country a hat and to bring some people to reason. thank you very much. i'll feed us in the us and visit to put the remote. i've won the elections here for the 10th time, you know, in a foreigner tells us this is not enough to be legitimate. accordingly, in bosnia and herzegovina cannot function without foreign monitors. this nearly 30 years after signing the dayton accords and it can then it should not even exist suppose to russia has never impose conditions on us. is there no quail? the other thing? yeah. the

and yet russia's influence is clearly visible throughout rep who because of scott yvonne nicole 9, which is the executive director of transparency international. in bosnia, she oppose as dante and has for years been denouncing the ramp and corruption that is directly linked to foreign influence. pushed on me for you to be stuck on the support of all of the tests that i talked about before they did. what i'm inside of the dayton agreement makes our job more difficult in terms of having to basically monitor 13 or 14 governments at the same time, having to look at all the levels of the government. and basically having too many people in a position to have power to have the opportunity to steal public funds to abuse their positions. the 3 ivana and her team,

the privatization of the oil industry and republic. a sub scott is a textbook case with covert payments. and kickbacks at the industry was bought supposedly by to russian companies. and you have the guys even card ends that will bear sniffed. but there is still a large percentage of ownership of these group of investors that is suspected to actually belong to people from the local government, either dot or people close to him. we can only speculate because this was kept secret. and the, the so called consortium, all the companies who bought the refinery was seated in moscow was at a post office box. you know, this was all a project to basically on one hand, longer, dirty money on the other. loads the resources here and extract this funds somewhere

else done to is also underlining his close ties to russia by building this church dedicated to serbian russian friendship. it stands in the middle of bundio luca, directly opposite the central government and the public television station. but russian funding for the project has yet to materialize. the faces trains, tadpoles. just one of the examples of me what i darted here in the pool. because subscribe showing that he has free relationship with 14, with the russian officials. it was presented as a part of the russia investing in the republic. scott, at the same time, all of the money for this, the construction of the subject basically came either from april because of scott or from serbia. the, the

in bosnia, the fight against corruption remains complicated. and sarah gable transparency international invited all parties to discuss the issue in an online debate. all the parties responded except to don't exp, serbian social democratic party, and coal, which is correlation, democratic union. in parliament, these parties have blocked anti corruption laws required by the you. their leaders favor other relationships. these all to crowds like to hang out together and, and support each other. so the recently, when there was a situation and, and talk about sanctioning body for his secessionist intentions, the autobahn was his biggest allies. we've been b, you basically coming to the little cut to me,

came in restaurant where they made all sorts of deals. and after that, we can see the increase of the hung, gary and money and companies, including money for agriculture, but also concessions for solar plans. these can be seen as a consequence of, of this support because nobody's giving anything for free. a good kind of conclusion. and corruption is even ravaging the famous rivers of bosnia and herzegovina for years activists, abena chavez and many other environmental lists in the balkans have been fighting the legal construction of many hydro power plants. the

green, a saw asperity because up to a broad sucrose stands, adrena, the sava and all the great river is crossing the whole of the balkans united states that he's 910 fortunately, foreign investors as well. i know they can easily obtain building permit is uh, you know, some build dams in the balkans without permits and circumvent the last the they come to build dams in the balkans. all isn't of others dig. mine's cell, is it the only natural resources have been under threat for years, even decades? and so have, are live a, that's a new overall is any call the nurse 0, the that'd be in a shop. it's interactive. his colleagues regularly uncover a legal power plant construction sites. thousands are said to be planned in the balkans. around 150 have already been built in bosnia alone, often approved and exchange for bribes. the investors are

locals, serves austrians and even chinese. interested in the balkans energy sources or raw materials the into one of your reps most polluted cities. chinese entrepreneurs have been trying to expand the operation of a huge coal power plant. so far the city and its inhabitants have resisted in republic, us to discuss. china has signed contracts to build highways and sarah gabriel, that'd be nice. salvage and her and geo recently won a ban on many dams a great victory. but due to the dayton accords, the decision only applies to the bosnian, croatian federation, not to the other half of the country. republicans subscript that's the absorbs of

bus, the, at the bus, the out in hopes we now has such beautiful nature. you have now many of the arab to is coming here just to enjoy it is salvage continues to find what she knows, the weight of the nationalist parties influence on government policy and business. these are easier if you're doing some of the parties to get a job because they are buying your loyalty and your role and then they can control the institutions. this is how it's so easy to control people, some parts of the citizens. because we are stuck in this country. as long as the people are separated, it will be more space for making profit and crimes and correction.

with every new crisis, the world fears that bosnia and herzegovina will fall apart. but besides the rights and publications the institutions created in dayton, r destabilizing the country. democracies are based on the principle of individual rights in the united states. we have republicans and democrats and other countries . there are greens, maybe there are communist. maybe there are nationalist. the thing about dating is it and try and not a liberal democracy based on individual rights, but an ethnography based on group rights. there are many people, especially in the muslim crow out federation, who do not view themselves as ethnic actors who want to engage in politics. who may

be interested in climate change, who are interested in, in other forms of, of civil rights and not only ethnic, right? civil society has been fighting for years for a more democratic constitution. but amending the constitution requires the votes of elected representatives in parliament and of the presidency and all those whose careers are based on just these ethnic identities. have little interest in that every now and then you have a political actor who is interested in crossing ethnic lines, but they don't have institutional incentives to cross ethnic lines to seek the votes of people outside of their ethnic group. when you have politicians who moderate, you have more extreme political actors out bidding the moderate political actor saying, you know, you are not sufficiently representing our group. we are the true representatives of this group. and so in the end, you have as a result of these institutions,

we have politicians tending to push towards extremely fragile, ethnically based governments like in bosnia, often need long term support from the international community. these howard an expert on un peacekeeping, interviewed numerous diplomats involved in the dayton accords. when i was interviewing people about the process, it surprised me the extent to which they actually agreed with this analysis. and richard holbrooke himself. and his memoir expressed an expression of regret that the american negotiator simply adopted of this rigid ethnic idea without reflecting on it. particularly what it would mean for the long run in bosnia the dayton accords tend toward crisis, but it's not just dating. it's actually all regimes that are set up this way. they

tend toward mobile as i'm and they tend toward an ela, the inability to come to political decisions for no one knows whether a different agreement indeed might have ended the massacres. but the legacy still weighs heavily 3 decades later. vehicle small, i'm still very bitter of a data and will sure to go through because i knew what was going to happen is i probably stay it was you've seen the sly, we would achieve pieces. weird talk, but we would remain at war impala to or such, and will hopefully touch on that. and that is still the case today. they've done that machine the as far as the a wants to join the

e u in. we'll also have to eliminate all discrimination against those who do not identify us or grow out or boss the act yakima. vincy is jewish. several times since 2009 t and other minority leaders have filed complaints with the european court of human rights. each time the court in strasburg has condemned to bosnia. but these decisions have never been enforced. talk with us so not only invisible to him, to save them a little closer to the he got the answer and of course they have to go in it. and because of our electoral system, hundreds of thousands of citizens of bosnia and herzegovina are denied the right to be elected to the highest offices. says there's a or so. oh, everyone clings through this constitution like a drunkard to his bottle. as we say in our language trulia though everyone is

afraid to change anything because they don't know how it will affect their participation and government it as it seems on you whole side of this unit which is of loss to the, the in brussels. these developments are viewed with concern. the problem is that boss, me, as political divisions are also present in the european parliament. it's very feasible in the european parliament that there are different groups. if you look at the pro us, for instance, no matter which party, they all support the pro ration efforts to to intervene in boston has a golfing. now it's cross party, nationalistic support. so i think this is a really a toxic barksdale and we need to have more unity in the you,

in order to combat the foreign interference from certain countries. if we already split and we are in this way, actually fueling the deficient between the 3 groups in boston, i have the coffee now, how will we be successful in combating the influence of, of mr. put in for instance, or turkey, or are china. i mean, there are so many who make a tom think of this gay ocean this, this empty landscape. i think that you is really has the obligation to serve those people and not the political reasons with their own self interest. the some suspect, the nationalist parties in bosnia and herzegovina, deliberately sabotaging the institutions in the hope that the fragile state will one day collapse on its own. meanwhile, it citizens balls in the acts, grow out,

serves, and others yearned for normalcy. massive out migration has been going on for years or as a citizen, as i already said, it's frustrating, it's, it's d motivating, nobody cares about ordinary citizens. everyone talks about national interests, legitimacy of people's constitutional issues, etc. and nobody's talking about everyday problems about the economy. but at the same time, i do love this country and i want to do whatever i can to change the situation to basically have some kind of hold that there. there is a chance for things to change your she in fact

i had few times very bad movements and think i was thinking to leave that as well. and this moment, hundreds of young people are leading by so you know, i'm not sure if i'm going to leave, but i'm pretty sure and that side out and be able to travel in the world to credit to, to villages are emptying over bosnia and herzegovina since 2013, more than 20 percent of the population is thought to have left the country. ringback at this rate, soon only the elderly will be left and ukraine leadership has already rejected the idea of signing a peace treaty similar to the dayton accords the

ocean review history. but above the, in the next this item, the big plastic tubs is still in keeping with the red in 30 minutes on dw threats from the right. young germans with immigrant background react to the country's political climate.

they live in germany tassel on the search. and like when i'm so royce of aisd stuff in 90 minutes on d w, the in many countries, education is still a privilege. property is one of the main causes some young children walk in minecraft. instead of going to class others can attend classes. the minions of children of the well let's go to school. we also want to just education makes the world

make up your own mind made for mines the this is dw news and these are the top stories. germany is to expand border controls to all it's land front is from next monday. the measures will initially last 6 months. the coalition government is under pressure to both to secure c following a series of islamist links to attacks. intel re administer nancy face the associates. i missed them a regular migration. the measures come off to a strong electro showings by the fall of rights sac you shall store, seize, have vowed to bring the.