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this is where east meets west. they're a vote. the capital of bosnia and herzegovina is a cultural crossroads. the turkish old town is characterized by centuries of ottoman rule and byzantine and orthodox influences. the austro hungarian monarchy left behind catholic churches and synagogues, and a monument to the austrian archduke franz ferdinand, who was assassinated tier. in 1914, the lot scholars from the bosnian war also remain sparked in 1992 by the serbian minority in response to the founding of the independent republic of bosnia and herzegovina. the war claimed around 100000 lives. oh, you know, it's the,

one of the people still driving division in the country is me. little hot dog dick list on man of the pool. because to discuss the part of bosnia and herzegovina with a ser, majority of bulk and ally of beijing and moscow. dont exceeds bosnia is an artificial country. the serbian separatist leader has been promoting independence for years. the shoulder well then i don't believe in bosnia and herzegovina. the, the at the use annual western balkan summit in december 2022 leaders felt that the war and ukraine had inflamed tensions. in order to prevent the conflict from spreading to bosnia and herzegovina, they fast track the decision to make the country a candidate for you, accession the mountains at august us, we can clearly see that the war

a new frame is not only russia's crew war against ukraine, on it also raises a crucial question we'll talk, received, and the rule of the strongest, prevail. what is it for democracy and the rule of law? and we feel the struggle also in the western vulcans, best by russia, is trying to exert its influence there, as is china. this discussion is about which side you choose to take. in this, i can try and almost 3 decades after the date and the chords ended. the war in 1995 bosnia and here's a go. v now remains fragile and divided a country of 3 constituent peoples, bosnian serbs and croats. proof of how difficult it is to end a war. and how much more complicated to bring genuine peace the

. every year. thousands of marchers commemorate the fall of scrubber anita. on july 11th 1995. the bosnia enclave of band and by the un fell into the hands of general managers, bosnian serb troops murdered. 8000 muslims. thousands were killed, trying to flee in what's become known as the death march the mr. through deal. that is, i promised my mother that i protected was i held my brother's hand like a father oldest sons, but my brother was killed the slicker. 6 6 2

0, the, the, it remains the only recognized genocide in europe since world war 2 now will cause most of the bodies were left behind us, the lots are still here. the law class could be enough, or the people of various ethnic backgrounds bothering the acts grow up, serves, but also tourists take part in an annual memorial march. many are troubled. the war and ukraine awakens old wounds, houses,

and i actually come from sun check serbia from pre a polio. but i have a lot of family in bosnia and i know the history, of course, kind of there are many parallels to the war and ukraine. the old folks say the nightmares. keep coming back. real things happened here. they all hope that war will never return. bosnia is still divided decay which cannot medically bosky, it is very weak. i already mentioned, but people here still want to live together. in this stage, doc, mazda neo remains a multi ethnic state. in the last census, in 2013, around 50 percent or mazda, the ex, often secular urban muslims, around 30 percent orthodox terms, and around 15 percent, predominantly catholic pro us plus jews, roma,

and many who reject such ethnic classifications most want to live together in peace . but not all you, obviously the bureaus are not on there, but i think that's one. this one said they would have been better for the people of bosnia and herzegovina if we had separated and each created our own states in the crow, us would probably join croatian people. the serbs would have their own separate state, already formed called republic services, governors office. and they would say close ties with serbia. nickel, boys and the muslims would have the rest as a separate space which could be called box. and the sodium over the control shall cause us and there's a lot of some of those like boston that reflects the serbian goals of the bosnian war and would unravel the current state recognized by the whole world, including e. u. member croatia. and serbia falls now, and here's the covina is a state composed of 2 political entities. the boss,

no crow out federation of bosnia and herzegovina. with sarah gave always, its capital and republican service got ruled from vanya luca with its own flag, administration, and text books public search. scott is me, don't, i don't accept strong hold. the there are also crow at national list to dream of their own 3rd entity in the countries west, which would divide bosnia and herzegovina even further. or some of the missing the country should have been created as a federation with 3 federal unit cities forming 2 entities with 3 constitutive peoples, was problem matic from the starts vila, probably much of the

amend these tensions the peace march reaches its destination forever needs every july 11th, thousands of balls the acts gather to commemorate the 1995 genocide. the former ducks you in peace keeper bass has been transformed into a memorial. each year. bodies of victims discovered in the proceeding 12 months are buried here. many officials from the bosnian federation have come to make more or less conciliatory speeches as have ambassadors from europe. the united states, turkey, iran, and various arabic countries. high ranking representatives of the un and nato are also concerned by the tensions but no bosnian serb russian, chinese or serbian representatives are to be seen in the world's divisions are palpable here. long bringing peace to the country and its memories is

a slow process. as if to prove that point, just outside strever needs, the bosnian serb activists have provocatively displayed portraits of their war victims. it's about defining territories, the national. yeah, these are our service victims. my brother is one of them. you seen that they did? 3267 dead by 1995. yeah, just saying it makes me tremble. the

worst thing is that me, bowman, bosnia and herzegovina is the outer edge of the orthodox world or so it starts in moscow and ends in vanya lucas, the further west. there are no more orthodox christians. let us a couple of the same applies to the catholic world, begins in europe or show and ends up somewhere in bosnia and herzegovina order, and the same for the islamic world. all 3 worlds meet here and where they rub, which there's tectonic tensions indicate that most people image of the . in 1992, the war incited by the dissolution of former yugoslavia had become europe some bloodiest conflict since 1945,

the ethnic cleansing had driven out hundreds of thousands of people. the siege of san diego had already killed more than $11000.00 and was dragging on all peace efforts had failed the after the massacre of scrubber anita, during the summer of 1995 nato decided to put an end to the carnage and began a military offensive the air strikes finally forced the bosnian serb troops to retreat. the after months of shuttle diplomacy between belgrade sondra and sarah gave all the american diplomat. richard holbrooke summoned the warring parties to a huge u. s. air force base and your dayton, ohio. the

on november 1st, he received of the delegation leaders, serbian president slow, but the army law should rich, who would negotiate for the bosnian serbs, president from your to demand, representing the bosnian croats and bosnian, president alia, he's bengal rich. margaret is up to meet the colleges more than a he told me he talked a lot about the atmosphere of the talks. they were confined to a military base when this was attacked and employed to force the adversaries to treat each other as human beings. that way, and it was like the

yeah, so they tend to be which ones that you don't need to go. i see it was a good to go into your some deaton, i was a delegation member of the state of bosnia and herzegovina. was a member of the collegial presidency. for me, the most important thing was to preserve the integrity of bosnia and herzegovina. such remained tina single territory with an internationally recognized boarders. these are things that i need some a me for years of war had hardened their positions. for 3 weeks, every village, neighborhood, and hill was discussed with. nathan said as i stopped navy, she has a lot of all in dayton. we mainly discussing territories which areas of bosnia and herzegovina would come under the control of republic, a search scott thoughts, which part under the federation's administration at least try to figure it out to you. e. holbrook here with whole group let the negotiations that way regular order . all the rest involve political objectives,

which didn't seem to matter to the american government. that's the nature then the most important thing was to stop the war. this is almost the negotiations or tens several times the talks almost collapsed. finally, it was agreed that 51 percent of the territory would go to the bosnian crow at federation and 49 percent to bosnian serbs. but little time was left to draft the constitution. each of the 3 constituent peoples, as they were called, would have to compromise to understand the service that they are going to the office tomorrow. take some time. and reconciliation is extremely difficult. thing to do is very easy to stop, which is very difficult to visit dates. most of us have enough easy take reading groups that just thought i'm living the. a lot of the bosnian serbs did not get their independence today, but were integrated into unified bosnian hits and the boss me x did not get

a unitary state that could be governed by a majority vote. and i may have just one. no, that was their journal before because they were in the majority, they thought they could have much greater influence because, but they had to settle for a federal deposit. i am fed at all because they had said all the, most in the croats, did not receive the political entity. they had hoped for only control over some captains of the federation of their budget. to go out of this and go, they say it's better to negotiate for 10 years than to fight for 10 days. for me that about sums updating cool, the accord, stopped the spelling of blood and destruction of the multi ethnic fabric of bosnia and herzegovina. skin. what the score to keep up was that you have to go in to the core, the data, and stop the war and the destruction of the explosion of hatred and the desire for vengeance. literally, that was the best thing about data, but also on a date to the

a month later in paris, the great powers met for the official signing of the date and peace accords. including at the time russia that gave birth to the current state with its a rotating 3 party presidency, 14 governments, and 165 ministers, and quote, as reserved at every level for boss me, ask serbs and cro us. it is one of the most complex constitutions in the world. they thought skin sport as we most think gets took over the night, which in the dayton accords turned bosnia into a state which is dysfunctional, irrational and on democratic national data excuse on democratic because the agreement did not give equal rights to all citizens dysfunctional because this has no est with farm or levels of government than necessary. i think we have the

largest number of ministers in the world. there is no other small country with so many ministers now what you brought to really start on the city is the obviously, and the for say, my not the email that we keep doing, we have a huge administration. you're going to consume 60 percent of our g d p feed pick, which is this, it puts in not the police or that the system is completely irrational. lock of your name and they're not so not of the 30 years later, bosnians have given the post date and institutions all sorts of nicknames. frankenstein headache, a strait jacket once a refugee in berlin, lawyer, i mean the heritage how ratchets returned to sara hugo in 2006, she clearly sees our country's progress since 1995, a common currency,

common license plates, a common central bank and army. but like most bosnians, she also readily pokes fun at this overly complex federal state order. phonology was for the guy that paid for the stuff class. and that was the only thing is amanda. even though you're behind me, we have the beautiful presidential building. 3 presidents have their offices here, so, and i mean all 3 members of the presidency, they to be precise. lemme, it's a gift from the data and the courts for medical. there are large countries like the united states, with many citizens, but only one president due to one. but we have 3 members of the presidency and many people here on the street today can't tell you how it all works. because it's so complicated and according to actually it's all so comfortable on and plus, the

clearly visible in the center of sarajevo is another remnant of data in the office of the high representative of the international community for bosnia and herzegovina as a controlling and supervisory body that can pass laws and remove corrupt representatives. system schmidt, former german minister of agriculture keeps his copy of the date and the cords, which give him special powers in his office is listed as his complete seats. hundreds of them off and i knew it would be complicated, see it, but frankly, i had no idea it would be that complicated heater of the signatures a mr. is a big of a huge stuff to touch months. that must be mr to richmond avia. and the last, mr. mo, most of which countries take a tape article 5 very important that i ever sent the high representative. are we

just the final authority? so i have the last word. let's try to be involved. i'd have to didn't, and that's not like the truth is in once my freed assessors say between 20052007 had accomplished the essentials like establishing the state and nations as laws from by the international community eats. and this region, uh dish dot is empty service. your new bill. it asks you as long as it to y'all. cool. have the international community didn't re, uh, which greatly encourage the separatists and the software up or, or they exploited the shift and the power bound mississauga, the americans were withdrawing from syria enough to understand the russia and china were gaining strength, shall all of this encourage the separatists, so at this time to, to get get some finish that with all due respect. mister buildings, political stature resembles original cancel air. more than a head of state in the midst of the and they're stopping. think us been yeah,

that's most school welcomes. haven't seen that pays attention to him. it is more because they hope to use his influence to destabilize the country as nucleotide notes. and so they're starting to 0. by may 2022. the bosnian crisis had reached the un security council deeply divided by the war and ukraine. i invite mr christians that hi representative for bosnia and herzegovina to participate in this meeting. russia was already trying to destabilize the republic of mold over georgia, bulgaria. the wagner group was recruiting and serbia would boss need, it'd be the next front. and 2nd, you will put this together in front of my office, appealing from my intervention to prevent that from happening. people not sit still as part is seek to dismantle 26 years of peace,

stipulate in progress and get us what we do not consider german citizen, christ, john schmidt and the legitimate hi representative for bosnia and herzegovina. we emphasize that mr. schmidt has no right to speak for the international community and is metal no soaps to a jim schmidt was also becoming increasingly contentious. in bosnia. many, it's used to move off over at terry and ism and partisan support for the bosnian croats. but neither the us nor the do you dare to close his office. the high representative remained one of the few who could block don dix separatist efforts. today as i representative, i have issued an order suspending application of the river picked us up sca

law on the move on the property. i have made the use of my ex security powers to bring the country a hat and to bring some people to reason. thank you very much. i'll feed us in the us and visit the board, but we're doing anybody mode. i have one the elections here for the 10th time, you know, in a foreigner tells us this is not enough to be legitimate. accordingly of bosnia and herzegovina cannot function without foreign monitors. this and nearly 30 years after signing the dayton accords. and it can flush it and then it should not even exist suppose to russia has never impose conditions on us. is there no quail, the other thing? yeah, the the, and yet,

russia's influence is clearly visible throughout rep who because of scott yvonne, nicole violets is the executive director of transparency international. in bosnia, she opposed as dante and has for years been denouncing the ramp and corruption that is directly linked to foreign influence. pushed on me for you to be stuck on the support of all of the tests that i talked about before they did. what i'm sorry, i still thought the dates and agreements makes our job more difficult in terms of having to basically monitor 13 or 14 governments at the same time, having to look at all the levels of the government and basically having too many people in a position to have power to have the opportunity to steal public funds, to abuse their positions for yvonne and her team, the privatization of the oil industry and republic us of scott is

a textbook case with covert payments and kickbacks at the industry was bought supposedly by to russian companies and you have the guys even card ends that'll bears nest. but there is still a large percentage of ownership of these group of investors that is suspected to actually belong to people from the local government, either dot or people close to him. we can only speculate because this was kept secrets and the um, the so called consortium. all the companies who bought the refinery was seated in moscow was at a post office box. you know, this was all a project to basically on one hand, longer dirty money on the other. lou, it's the resources here and extract this funds somewhere else

done to is also underlining his close ties to russia by building this church dedicated to serbian russian friendship. it stands in the middle of bundio luca, directly opposite the central government and the public television station. but russian funding for the project has yet to materialize. the faces trains, tadpoles. just one of the examples was of me what i thought it here in the pool. because subscribe showing that he has free relationship with 14, with the russian officials. it was presented as a part of the russia investing in the pool would cut some scott, at the same time, all of the money for this. the construction of the subject basically came either from april because of scott or from serbia. the

in bosnia, the fight against corruption remains complicated. and sarah gable transparency international invited all parties to discuss the issue in an online debate. all the parties responded except to don't accept the serbian social democratic party and co, which is correlation democratic union. in parliament, these parties have blocked anti corruption laws required by the you. their leaders favor other relationships. these all to crowds like to hang out together and, and support each other. so the recently, when there was a situation and, and talk about sanctioning body for his secessionist intentions, the autobahn was his biggest allies with them be you basically coming to

buy me a little cut to me, came in restaurant where they made all sorts of deals and after that, we can see increase all of the hung gear in money and companies including money for agriculture, but also concessions for solar plans. these can be seen as a consequence of, of this support because nobody's getting anything for free. a good kind of conclusion, and corruption is even ravaging the same as rivers of bosnia and herzegovina. for years active as sabina chavez, and many other environmental lists in the balkans have been fighting the illegal construction of many hydro power plants, the

green saw asperity because up to a broad super stands adrena, the sava and all the great river is crossing the whole of the balkans united states that he's 910 fortunately, foreign investors as well. i know they can easily obtain building permit is uh you know, some build dams in the balkans without permits and circumvent. the law says they come to build dams in the balkans. all isn't of others dig mines, those are the only natural resources have been under threat for years, even decades. and so have our live a that's a new overalls and calling us about the that'd be in their shop. it's interactive, his colleagues regularly and cover a legal power plant construction sites. thousands are said to be planned in the balkans. around 150 have already been built in bosnia alone, often approved and exchange for bribes. the investors are

locals, serves austrians, and even chinese. interested in the balkans energy sources or raw materials the into the one of your ups most polluted cities. chinese entrepreneurs have been trying to expand the operation of a huge coal power plant. so far, the city and its inhabitants have resisted in republic, us to discuss china has signed contracts to build highways and sarah gable. that'd be nice salvage and her and geo recently won a ban on many dams, a great victory. but due to the date and the chords, the decision only applies to the bosnian correlation federation, not to the other half of the country republic. i subscribe. that's the absorbs of bus, that this bus the and have 3 now has such beautiful nature. you have now

many of the arab to is coming here just to enjoy it is salvage continues to find, but she knows the weight of the nationalist parties influence on government policy and business. these are easier if you're doing some of the parties to get a job because they are buying your loyalty and your role and then they can control the institutions. this is how it's so easy to control people, some parts of the citizens, because we are stuck in this country. as long as the people are separated, it will be more space for making

a profit and crimes and correction. with every new crisis, the world fears that bosnia and herzegovina will fall apart. but besides the rights and the publications, the institutions created in dayton, r destabilizing the country. democracies are based on the principle of individual rights in the united states. we have republicans and democrats and other countries . there are greens, maybe there are communist. maybe there are nationalist. the thing about dating is it and try and not a liberal democracy based on individual rights, but an ethnography based on group rights. there are many people, especially in the muslim crow at federation, who do not view themselves as ethnic actors who want to engage in politics. who may

be interested in climate change, who are interested in, in other forms of, of civil rights and not only ethnic, right? civil society has been fighting for years for a more democratic constitution. but amending the constitution requires the votes of elected representatives in parliament and of the presidency and all those whose careers are based on just these ethnic identities. have little interest in that every now and then you have a political actor who is interested in crossing ethnic lines, but they don't have institutional incentives to cross ethnic lines to seek the votes of people outside of their estimate group. when you have politicians who moderate, you have more extreme political actors out fitting the moderate political actor saying, you know, you are not sufficiently representing our group. we are the true representatives of this group. and so in the end, you have as a result of these institutions,

we have politicians tending to push towards extremely fragile, ethnically based governments like in bosnia, often need long term support from the international community lease, howard an expert on un peacekeeping. interviewed numerous diplomats involved in the dayton accords. when i was interviewing people about the process, it surprised me the extent to which they actually agreed with us analysis and richard holbrooke himself. and his memoir expressed an expression of regret that the american negotiator simply adopted of this rigid ethnic idea without reflecting on it. particularly what it would mean for the long run in bosnia the dayton accords tend toward crisis, but it's not just dating, it's actually all regimes that are set up this way. they tend toward and mobile as

i'm and they tend toward in the inability to come to political decisions for no one knows whether a different agreement indeed might have ended the massacres. but the legacy still weighs heavily 3 decades later. vehicle small, i'm still very bitter of a data and will shift to go through because i knew what was going to happen is i problem i. it was 15 east why we would achieve pieces mute. he thought that we would remain at war impala to our section, but hopefully touched on that. and that is still the case today, donna, dash the baseballs neo wants to join the

e u. it will also have to eliminate all discrimination against those who do not identify us or crow out or balls the act yakima. vincy is jewish. several times since 2009. he and other minority leaders have filed complaints with the european court of human rights. each time the court in strasburg has condemned to bosnia. but these decisions have never been enforced. quoted us so not only invisible to him, to save them as low cost to you that he got the answer. and of course they have to go in there. and because of our electoral system, hundreds of thousands of citizens of bosnia and herzegovina are denied the right to be elected to the highest offices as a says there's a or so i'll call everyone cleans through this constitution like a drunkard to his bottle. as we say in our language, truly it though everyone is afraid to change anything because they don't know how

it will affect their participation and government it as it seems like the whole side of this unit will test. so last of the in brussels. these developments are viewed with concern. the problem is that bosnia as political divisions are also present in the european parliament it's very feasible in the european parliament that there are different groups. if you look at the pro us, for instance, no matter which party, they all support the corporation. a efforts to, to intervene in both they have to go for now. it's cross party nationalistic support. so i think this is a really a toxic barksdale and we need to have more unity in the you, in order to combat the foreign interference from certain countries. if we already

split and we are in this way actually fueling the deficient between the 3 groups in both my hands, the coffee. now, how will we be successful in combating the influence of, of mr. put in for instance, or turkey, or are china. i mean, there are so many who make a font each of the scales in this, this empty landscape. i think that you is really has the obligation to serve those people and not the political reasons with their own self interest. the some suspect, the nationalist parties in bosnia and herzegovina deliberately sabotaging the institutions in the hope that the fragile state will one day collapse on its own.

meanwhile, it citizens, bosnia ex grow outs, serbs and others yearned for normalcy. massive out migration has been going on for years. the, as a citizen, as i already said, it's frustrating. it's, it's d motivating. nobody cares about ordinary citizens. everyone talks about national interests, legitimacy of people's constitutional issues, etc. and nobody's talking about everyday problems about the economy. but at the same time, i do love this country and i want to do whatever i can to change the situation to basically have some kind of hole that there, there is a chance for things to change your shipment to as

i had few times, very bad movements and think i was thinking to leave at this moment, hundreds of young people are leading by us the i'm not sure if i'm going to leave, but i'm pretty sure and that side out vill traveling. the world's credit to tool villages are emptying over bosnia and herzegovina since 2013, more than 20 percent of the population is thought to have left the country. ringback at this rate, soon only the elderly will be left in ukraine. leadership has already rejected the idea of signing a peace treaty, similar to the dayton accords. the

threats from the right young germans inbetween background react to the country's political climate. they live in germany and passed on the search in white green. i'm so royce of s d as in 30 minutes on d. w. well, hollins, the hydrogen high use guessing involved by packing the sustainable gas

about the costs out ways the benefits the energy sold is mostly on this thing. and only a few level k, a 3. the amendment process made in germany in 19 minutes on d w. the crises was, every single connection mapped out shows the geopolitical reality. the on the board is what makes things the way they are mapped out, navigating a changing world. now on youtube, the,

this is the, the, the news line from for that you as presidential hopefuls campbell of harris and donald trump by itself in the 1st and perhaps only device. it stops with the 2 shaking hands. but just how civil did things die. who managed to land in most places to get the malice us from washington coming out also on the program. us secretary of state anthony blinking, that means you can't count upon travel. thank you crying. that's what blinking calls the critical moment for keith at it. if it's to repel russia and the german government is criticized by its neighbors and a huge.