oh story. i for detail it just going to be find it here. repos every weekend on d w. the toms, animals and humans have a lot in common. for instance, all living things we want to to survive. which is not available in the same amounts of freelance. one reason i li coach has become diverting h 2 ways to use. today we continue to bring it to wherever it's needed. shaping landscapes and the person that story and more on the showing. well, this time we dive into what toast for to welcome to tomorrow, a today the in the chilean and these, these people,

the channels and trenches too, as they call it so and read water. it's an ancient practice that changes the landscape and also slows down, run off, redirecting the fluid to sleep into the ground in specific areas. the aim is to keep the moisture in the soil for longer. the fitness part is dry. it needs fresh soil in order to turn really green again because the, the comma desert is one of the driest places on earth, only the cold deserts and the polar regions are dryer. the comma covers an area of around 100000 square kilometers and chilly bolivia, argentina, and peru. it's so try that in some regions. not a single drop of rain has fallen for 400 years. but the desert is also home to

zones of water and lice. the beaufort dollars. these are wetlands, in the high end, these that are fed by rain and mount water from glaciers over generations. the high moder communities have developed a complex system for collecting and distributing the precious water the canal that for to not have reaches maintains to irrigate his fields, was already used by his grandparents here and others under ken farming and the region made on the system. we built this canal because we wanted to plan potatoes and king why you that with this. and we were even able to plant garlic and vegetables here. that's what felicia. but yeah, now the canal is blocked out of because we still needed or we have to fix that. and then we'll get a little bit of lush pastures for the live stock are also fed by the water. the people in this region depend on their lamas and dial paco's. the beaufort,

donna's egos system is vital to the well being of the animals and therefore also for the people. pedro motor ins, ancestors passed on their knowledge to his generation. processor. nice. and y'all are for fathers and mothers taught us that water has to come 1st so everyone can benefit from it. to animals, birds, everyone. so we aren't the only ones who depend on it. many things are only made possible by water. i want to stay mind, you know, behind the old technique is a scientific concept that water flow is more slowly in ours when it rains or when snow or glaciers melt the monitor and therefore try to retain as much run off as possible. so it has more time to sleep into the soil and replenish ground water reserves. a process called infiltration. the communities around the us who good volcano when the tenor of car region in northern should a have been hit hard by climate change. it's actually raining

a level today and 10 are com, although it's known for its ultra dry climate. temperatures are growing more extreme here while people say droughts last longer and less snow falls than in the past. many families live from the sale of out of pocket. well, for the communities here, water and rain, or synonymous with life and economic stability, it's so they've been and we just as the soil is very salty. so if it doesn't rain, but everything is covered in solved e. c. u. when it rains, it washes away all the sort of look at it when it doesn't, everything is yellow. so when it rains, we're happy, something. the rain helps replenish the ground water reserves that feed the wetlands. the soil here absorbs the water like a sponge and stores it for dryer stretches. the beaufort, daughters play

a key role in the ancient technique of sewing and harvesting water. the methods developed in parallel in different places during the pre inca ending periods. at least a 1000 years ago, there still used today both in latin american countries and in spain. and the centuries old techniques ensure that less water evaporates and that it can flow greater distances. that's why they're important to water supply in nearby towns and communities. the both of dollars still provide water even in times of drought. so they can mitigate the effect of extreme weather events. as a child, pedro lucas learned all this from his grandfather. somebody know about our cubic way. we so the water so that it returns to the surface later in winter. so in august and september

the, the beaufort, donnelly's eco system, also stores large amounts of c o 2. and it provides a home for many species that live in the green oases in the midst of the desert. but as more and more people leave the country side for the city. knowledge about the old techniques as last. the see for the mid always going to my children and grandchildren are no longer here. they study and work in this city. and i admit the climate here is a bit harsh. ok, move to the city to get away from here. now they don't have the experience and they don't want to come back either because the work is very hard and color hard labor,

but also very sustainable. a work that can reduce the impact of extreme weather conditions without the both or dollars. that would be much less lice. indeed, to calmer desert covers with nice 3 quarters of thomas high. but certainly around 3 percent of it is fresh water. somebody stops is stored frozen in the polar ice caps. the rest is soulful tech that makes up the world's oceans. and them differences and solemnity temperature and other factors can create strong coverage and boast, knock on effects on climate. this research best so in the north atlantic often has to ride out heavy swell on her expeditions, marine scientist, eleanor fica williams measures changes in ocean temperatures and currents. the oceans are an important part of the climate system. and so they also have ations of

the ocean sea temperatures warming of the ocean circulation warming. without these observations, it would be a lot harder to understand what's actually changing in the ocean climate. this gray band shows the range of average c temperatures during the past 40 years or so. since march of 2023, they've been higher every day than any previously measured. it's a trend that has continued in 2024 natural fluctuations in oceans contrive temperatures up in town, but they can't account for the current spike parts system. scientists. you a honda beer is concerned about the values and one ocean in particular bosses. he has a wonderful lunatic is what's very unusual. a lot of the temperatures at different points in the atlantic, which are rising to levels never measured before this commission warden. on the one hand, it's very surprising. but on the other,

it's exactly what's been had for years. and now that this is what climate change impact is, can look by what a con, i know, speaking this team, i wonder, it's also in temperatures, particularly in the north atlantic, have a direct effect on weather. in europe. record see temperatures contribute to sheet waves in southern europe and storms and central europe like those in 2023. in the long term, however, a climate change also threatens the vital gulf stream. the transports and warm water from the gulf of mexico far to the north and east is delivering a massive amount of sheets to the north, north atlantic, which is drops to the west of europe just to the west of the u. k. and it's providing a source of warm to the continent that if we didn't have the weather in the climate in europe would look very different. ocean currents are changing as the ice in the arctic melts, due to climate change because that ice plays an important role. when the warm

salty water from southern climes reaches the cold areas in the north of the atlantic, it cools and grows heavier, sinking and flowing back south in the depths. but when the ice melts into it, the fresh water mixes with the salty sea water and it becomes too light to sing. that slow is the current town. a tipping point looks 10 minute. so you add a little fresh water, little fresh, while the little fresh water, not much happens, but suddenly just a little more fresh water and the whole circulation collapses. so this is what we mean by a tipping point. there's no debate, but it's possible that bait is more on what it would take to push the circulation pass that threshold. and when that might occur, the intro governmental panel on climate change or i p c. c predicts that warming will slow the gulf stream this century, leading to more winter storms in europe. details are still being calculated by

super computers like this one in germany. how much greenhouse gas we a med will play a role in how serious things get. that's this team in stock, the system is being challenged more and more and every new challenge that can perhaps be stopped in the future by reducing emissions now will make life on or easier doesn't even off day. i don't. and actually it is a nice calculation in the i pcc report that demonstrates this and says how much more carbon can be admitted to limit to a certain amount of warming. and there's not very much left in this budget. so every ton of c o 2 that isn't admitted makes a difference and will play a role in the ocean temperatures of the future. it's also getting hotter and hotter in all cities, and then stone and concrete is everywhere and not enough shade. trees can help cool

things down, they absorb water from the soil and release it as well to vapor through that leaves . the larger and older tree is the great to the effect. the job on trees often don't live long enough, something that's, that's a trying to change in zurich. when temperatures get oppressive in summer, asphalt and concrete heat up for many surfaces and cities are sealed causing vegetation to suffer. especially the trees that act as an urban centers, lungs, in many places, there are fewer and fewer of them. and this was city of zurich. thank you, showed that 67 heck there's of tree canopy have disappeared in the last few years, mostly due to construction. that's the equivalent of 90 soccer pitches worth of shade that's gone. missing space is already at a premium in zurich. so targeted solutions are required. a strip of grass shrubs

and trees in the west of the city serves as a kind of a slab for exit. fisher and thomas hughes, it's from 0 at the civil engineering department, and the future trees will be more important than ever. the claim of onto the insufficient and climate change could make our cities even hotter than they already are, especially densely built up in our cities. sure. we know that temperatures and zurich are already 10 degrees hotter on a bright summer day, and then they are in the surrounding countryside and give them the long shelf. and the trees act as a kind of natural air conditioning system came. all they provide cooling by creating shades, but they also cool things through transpiration, which takes place and their lead and the last slave. and so they absorb water and transport it to the crown where it evaporates through the leaves. and this provides evaporative cooling, yet another echo system service provided by trees, which also act as homes for other organisms. and so on. this file diversity services are key to huge mitigation submitted by the gold. special soils are being

tested here that can store lots of water. the underlying concept is known as sponge city. these trees will be scientifically monitored until 2025 for parameters like stop flow in their trunks. the better the sponge elements in the soil is more, the more water the trees will be able to draw from them the rainwater will also be directed into a specific green. so the social is meant to soak it up like a sponge and store it. while the trees absorb and retain the water for longer, increased evaporation, then cools the surroundings. the different trees were planted here in 2020 during the corona virus pandemic. at that time, research are under the sun lose explained what soil substrates in a sponge, city should look like google for the subs rate is based on

a crushed gravel component that provides lots of gaps. if you, you can tap it very firmly, but those cavities remain and you can see your radically build roads or sidewalks over and i still to, to provide these cavities are filled with a kind of shale that absorbs a lot of water along with charcoal goods. on the body for them. so the only smoke through all this is organic material or a deaf of plant. renee, what is nice, so we're adding nutrients to the cavities and it makes a great fertilizer to and position it's good for store and water, but also for the micro organisms in the soil, so the trees will drive here. i'll be this quick. quickly, plaza, cool. i had ice one gram of good charcoal has inner surface area is totally 400 square meters. emilio, that's huge. block is where the water is stored and that's exactly the goal we're trying to achieve with the sponge like substrate is. a man provides as we already took the 1st temperature measurements back in 2021 show and they show

a difference of 12.3 degrees between soil surface and road surface is on a bright summer day. my thoughts and clearly showing that it has an effect, they'll still some effected. the sponge city concept comes originally from china since 2013 absorbing land areas have been successfully developed in major cities. they're on a big scale. riverbank restorations like here in high cool in southern china are creating huge wetlands and parks as much space as possible is slated to be converted, especially near larger cities that should help improve climate and cooling in congested areas. a renovated section of a street in zurich shows what's possible in the race to help cool things down in this west city. yes, those is good, old thoughts and all this is fundamentally different. now, to start with,

we made small changes to an existing section of the country as a classmate. and now we've redeveloped it entirely to hey, it's going to almost get used to look completely different here. and i see there was a long row of parking spaces up to about here. and you can see now that they're all gone. if we made the section of the street narrower and made space for the strip, you see here for heat mitigation measures and especially to plant trees. we redid everything from the ground up, know installed the 4th or an average tree and 0. it is currently 25 to 30 years old and has around 12 cubic meters of space for roots in the future connected sponge city substrate to create 35 cubic meters of underground space per tree. and they could then easily live for 60 to 80 years. that's much better for the city to . in zurich, swift exports are now looking at exactly how sponge elements can be integrated into the existing city scale. let us read science and provide houses to

questions like do you have one you've always wanted nonsense, then send it to us as a video, text or voice mail. if we also your query on the show, you will receive a little surprise as a function. this time around, but the question comes from santa kate, in some, via the do fish breeds oxygen like humans, do all the living organisms have to be exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment. humans and other animals in hale, oxygen because their bodies needed to work the when you free, then your loans absorb the gas from the air and release it into your blood. it carries the oxygen to all parts of your body. there's also oxygen dissolved in

water, but much less of a sudden here fish don't have loans. instead they absorb oxygen from the water, which specials oregon's the gills. in many fish, the delicate gills lie laterally behind the hat and are protected by bony covers. they consist of a series of steps, arches covered with filaments, structures made of thin and permeable tissue. the blood flows just beneath the surface of these fine gills. when a fish opens, its mouse draws in oxygen dissolved in the water when it closes its mouth again, the gill covers open and the water with the oxygen floes over and past the gills. the fish can absorb the oxygen from the water via the gills as it flows past due. so they have to be immersed in water after absorption. the oxygen is transported all over the body by the blood just like in humans. and the same way. carbon

dioxide flows with the blood from the body back to the gills. fish can therefore absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide at the same time. not all water has the same amount of oxygen running water. it contains more of its been standing water like that and a lake fish that live in rivers and brooks like trout need more oxygen than other species. sunfish can also breed through their skin, especially the young animal south are hatching. however, a commercial species like cod loach and sold can also absorb oxygen through their skin. that helps lower the strain on gill, respiration, and circulation. the slice of the water has gone noisy and many places, and marine animals on paying

a price that what accepts an ocean acoustic zone, quotes the concepts to help protect the research has, have developed a range of models to do so, including looking sound weights with bubbles i'm not help lose a non germany's north sea coast here at the institute for terrestrial and aquatic wildlife research. a team led by a belgian marine biologist jeff schmidt, stuff is involved and then we need to project looking at the impact of shipping on animals. ships are the biggest noise polluters in and on the water course when the big problem with sound is that it's an integral part of the marine environment. it's easier for difficult to determine when something is harmful to shape. there are currently no real threshold values for it. so in this project we're trying to determine which frequencies and which sound levels are harmful to the animals, understand how it affects the page. to do so she didn't. so the 1st test to find

out which frequencies are important for marine wildlife, if the research or can pinpoint those exact frequencies. that would be the 1st step in the development of technical solutions for avoiding them. while the marine biologist transfers archived sound files from the measuring station, he also monitors noise made by the trawler ahead. he's already investigated the effects of marine noise for other german federal agencies and conducted experiments to find out what the levels of sound are harmful for purposes. he discovered their stress threshold is around $160.00 decibels for what's called impulse noise. his current team is worked with a model to find ways to keep noise from different ship propellers under this testable limit and pushed out go as a standard 3. the marine promotion system usually generates more and more noise. as

propeller power and speed rises. the researchers are therefore testing propellers with different numbers of blades. do more of them at the same tower slowed the propellers, rotation making less noise? no. the main problem is the bubbles that form at the end of the beam. so fewer are actually better. however, perforating propellers could help reduce the noise, they make. zip and hope you can see that the propeller design generates different levels of noise. each animal species has its own specific acoustic spectrum. so it's also important to see how well the animals can hear, whether they're hearing has already been damaged by noise or other factors. that's important in order to acquire an overview of the population. still conflict sewing, so i've got on the team is therefore also investigating what kind of physical

damage of marine noise causes to do. so, the researchers dissect animal kidnappers that have washed ashore to see whether they die from infection aging or possibly noise damage. we examine the use of the gulf in sun waves, the toughest run dates and diets. the interview is like a month. the low frequencies are included in the tape of this file, the high frequencies interface, and if the anymore has been exposed to noise. so just for example, from, from seismic surveys then we, we expect to see the lesions starting mdx. as the researchers found that one and 10 animals suffered hearing loss due to underwater blasting one and 3 died after air canada explosions. so they tend to choose if i know what the noise of this noise in general is, if we stop producing noise,

it's gone and silent. and so we can also find some solution. so i hope that the future developments in technology, for instance, can help us about how many elements should it shows us an example of a simulation of how we could potentially pile drive foundations for offshore wind turbines in the future to reduce noise compressed air hoses laid out on the sea floor, crude create a kind of curtain made of air bubbles that hinders sound wave propagation. with it, constructors could remain under the 160 decimal impulse noise stress limit. such bubble curtains could reduce emitted sound by up to 80 percent technical solutions like monitoring, shipping roads, speed limits, or new propellers to greatly reduce destructive marine noise pollution, and that would help protect marine life

that so this time around on the w science, i thought we look forward to seeing you again seeing on tomorrow today. bye for now the, [000:00:00;00] the, the,

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