a lease, the 2 best visits china saw september 27th on dw, the toms animals and humans have a locked in common. for instance, old living things we've moved to to suffice, which is not available in the same amounts of freelance. one reason i li coach has become diverting h 2 ways to use today we continue to bring it to wherever it's needed. shaping landscapes and the person that story and more on the showing. well, this time we dive into toast or to work to, to tomorrow, a today the in the to land and these, these people's, the channels in trenches too, as they call it. so, and read water. it's an ancient practice that changes the landscape and also slows

down, run off, redirecting the fluid to seep into the ground in specific areas. the aim is to keep the moisture in the soil for longer. the fitness part is dry. it needs fresh soil in order to turn really green again because the, the comma desert is one of the driest places on earth, only the cold deserts and the polar regions are dryer. the comma covers an area of around 100000 square kilometers and chilly bolivia parts and tina and peru. it's so try that in some regions. not a single drop of rain has fallen for 400 years. but the desert is also home to zones of water and lice. the beaufort dollars. these are wetlands, in the high end,

these that are fed by rain and mount water from glaciers over generations. the high moder, our communities have developed a complex system for collecting and distributing the precious water the canals that force you not to reach as maintains to irrigate as fields was already used by his grandparents here and others under ken farming and the region made on the we built this canal because we wanted to plant potatoes in king y either with this and we were even able to plant garlic and vegetables here. that's what felicia. but now the canal is blocked out of because we still needed or we have to fix that. and then we'll get a little bit of lush pastures for the live stock are also fed by the water. people in this region depend on their lamas and out pocket does the both fit donna's egos system is vital to the well being of the animals and therefore also for the people

. pedro marines ancestors passed on their knowledge to his generation across the street from us. and our for fathers and mothers taught us that water has to come 1st so everyone can benefit from it. to animals, birds, everyone. so we aren't the only ones who depend on it. many things are only made possible by water. i want to stay my. the behind the old technique is a scientific concept that water flow is more slowly and ours. when it rains or when snow or glaciers melt the monitor and therefore try to retain as much run off as possible. so it has more time to sleep into the soil and replenish ground water reserves. a process called infiltration. the communities around the us who give all keno and the tenor of car region in northern chile. they've been hit hard by climate change. it's actually raining a level today and tetra. com. although it's known for its ultra dry climate,

temperatures are growing more extreme here while people say droughts last longer and less snow falls than in the past. many families lived from the sale of out of pocket. well, for the communities here, water and rain, or synonymous with life and economic stability. it's so they've got dealing with just on the soil is very salty. so if it doesn't rain, but everything is covered in solved e. c. u, when it rains, it washes away all this solved so difficult, but when it doesn't, everything is yellow. so when it rains, we're happy content. the rain helps replenish the ground water reserves that feed the wetlands. the soil here absorbs the water like a sponge and stores it for dryer stretches. the beaufort dot is play a key role in the ancient technique of sewing and harvesting water.

the methods developed in parallel in different places during the pre inca ending of periods, at least a 1000 years ago, are still used today, both in latin american countries and in spain. the centuries old techniques ensure that less water evaporates and that it can flow greater distances. that's why they're important to water supply in nearby towns and communities. the both the dollars still provide water even in times of drought. so they can mitigate the effect of extreme weather events as a child, pedro lucas learned all this from his grandfather as somebody know about our way. we so the water so that it returns to the surface later in winter. so in august and september the, the beaufort,

donnelly's eco system, also stores large amounts of c o 2. and it provides a home for many species that live in the green oases in the midst of the desert. but as more and more people leave the country side for the city, knowledge about the old techniques as last. see for me it always, you know, my children and grandchildren are no longer here. they study and work in this city . and i admit the climate here is a bit harsh. ok, move to the city to get away from here. now they don't have the experience. and they don't want to come back either because the work is very hard. hard labor but also very sustainable work that can reduce the impact of

extreme weather conditions without the boat for dollars. that would be much less lights. indeed, it's a comma desert. water covers with nice 3 quarters of planning tasks. certainly around 3 percent of it is fresh water and most of thoughts is stored frozen in the polar ice calms. the rest is soulful tech that makes up the world's oceans. and them differences and solemnity temperature and other factors can create strong current and food. knock on effects on climate this research vessel in the north atlantic often has to ride out heavy swell. on her expeditions, marine scientist eleanor fica williams measures changes in ocean temperatures and currents. the oceans are an important part of the climate system. and so they also have ations of the ocean sea temperatures warming of the ocean circulation. more

main. without these observations, it would be a lot harder to understand what's actually changing in the ocean climate. this great band shows the range of average c temperatures during the past 40 years or so . since march of 2023, they've been higher every day, then any previously measured. it's a trends that has continued in 2024 natural fluctuations in oceans, contrive temperatures up and down, but they can't account for the current spike for the system. scientists you a honda beer is concerned about the values and one ocean in particular bosses. he has a wonderful lunatic is what's very unusual. a lot of the temperatures at different points in the atlantic, which are rising to levels never measured before this commission warden. on the one hand, it's very surprising. but on the other, it's exactly what's been said for years. didn't know that this is what climate

change impact is. can look by what can i know speaking this, keep i wonder. it's also in temperatures, particularly in the north atlantic, have a direct effect on whether in europe, record see temperatures contribute to sheet waves and southern europe, and storms and central europe like those in 2023 in the long term. however, a climate change also threatens the vital gulf stream. the transports from warm water from the gulf of mexico far to the north and east, is delivering a massive amount of sheets to the north, north atlantic, which is drops to the west of europe just to the west of the u. k. and it's providing a source of warm to the continent that if we didn't have the weather in the climate in europe, we looked very different. ocean currents are changing as the ice in the arctic melts, due to climate change because that ice plays an important role. when the warm salty water from southern climes reaches the cold areas in the north of the

atlantic, it cools and grows heavier, sinking and flowing back south in the downs. but when the ice melts into it, the fresh water mixes with the salty sea water and it becomes too light to sing. that slow is the current town. a tipping point looks eminent. so you add a little fresh water, a little fresh, while the little fresh water, not much happens, but suddenly just a little more fresh water and the whole circulation collapses. so this is what we mean by a tipping point. there's no debate, but it's possible that bait is more on of what it would take to push the circulation pass that threshold. and when that might occur, the intro governmental panel on climate change, your i p c. c, predicts that warming will slow the gulf stream. this century, leading to more winter storms in europe. details are still being calculated by super computers like this one in germany. how much greenhouse gas we emit will play

a role in how serious things get. does this team in stock the system is being challenged more and more and every new challenge that can perhaps be stopped in the future by reducing emissions now will make life on earth easier for these doesn't even off day? i don't. and so actually there's a nice calculation in the i p c c report that demonstrates this and says how much more carbon can be admitted to limit to a certain amount of warming. and there's not very much left in this budget. so every ton of c o 2 that isn't admitted, makes a difference. and we'll play a role in the ocean temperatures of the future. it's also getting hotter and hotter in all cities. and then stone and concrete is everywhere and not enough shade. trees can help cool things down, they absorb water from the soil and release it as well to bypass through that

leaves. the larger and older tree is the great to the effect. for job on trees often don't live long enough. something that's, that's a trying to change in zurich. when temperatures get oppressive in summer, asphalt and concrete heat up. many surfaces and cities are sealed causing vegetation to suffer, especially the trees that act as an urban centers, lungs. in many places there are fewer and fewer of them. and this was city of zurich, figure showed that $67.00 heck there is of tree cannot be, have disappeared in the last few years, mostly due to construction. that's the equivalent of 90 soccer pitches worth of shade that's gone. missing space is already at a premium in zurich. so targeted solutions are required. a strip of grass shrubs and trees in the west of the city serves as a kind of test lab for x. the fisher and thomas use a from zurich,

civil engineering department, and the future trees will be more important than ever the claim of onto evidence, fish. that seems to be climate change could make our cities even hotter than they already are, especially densely built up in our cities, shall we know that temperatures and zurich are already 10 degrees hotter on a bright summer day is and they are in the surrounding countryside and give them the long shelf and the trees act as a kind of natural air conditioning system came all they provide cooling by creating shade, but they also cool things through transpiration, which takes place and their lead and the last label. so they absorb water and transport it to the crown where it evaporates through the leaves. and this provides evaporative cooling, yet another echo system service provided by trees, which also act as homes for other organisms. and so on this file diversity services are key to huge mitigation submitted to the gold special soils are being tested

here that can store lots of water. the underlying concept is known as sponge city. these trees will be scientifically monitored until 2025 for parameters like stop flow in their trunks. the better the sponge elements in the soil is more, the more water the trees will be able to draw from them the rainwater will also be directed into a specific greens zones. the soil is meant to soak it up like a sponge and store it. while the trees absorb and retain the water for longer, increased evaporation, then cools this around soundings. the different trees were planted here in 2020 during the corona virus pandemic. at that time, research are under the sun rose explained what soils substrates in a sponge. city should look like google for the substrate is based on a crushed gravel component that provides lots of gaps as you can tab that very

firmly. but those cavities remain, and you could theoretically build roads or sidewalks over and i still to, to provide these cavities are filled with a kind of shale that absorbs a lot of water along with charcoal goods on the body for them. so the only smoke through all of this is organic material or a depth of clamp renee what is need. so we're adding nutrients to the cavities and it makes a great fertilizer to him position. it's good for store and water but also for the micro organisms in the soil, so the trees will drive here. i'll be the square corte plaza cooler. i had ice on, gram of good charcoal has inner surface area is totally 400 square meters. that's huge. block is where the water is stored and that's exactly the goal we're trying to achieve with the sponge like substrate is. a man provides a as we already took the 1st temperature measurements back in 2021 show and they show a difference of 12.3 degrees between soil surface and road surface is on

a bright summer day dock. and clearly showing that it has an effect, they'll still some effected the sponge city concepts comes originally from china since 2013 absorbing the land areas have been successfully developed in major cities. they're on a big scale. riverbank restorations like here in high cool in southern china are creating huge wetlands and parks as much space as possible is slated to be converted, especially near larger cities that should help improve climate and cooling and congested areas. a renovated section of a street in zurich shows what's possible in the race to help cool things down in this west city. yes, this is going to know this is fundamentally different. now. to start with, we made small changes to an existing section of the street. the classmates,

and now we've redeveloped it entirely to hit scan. so almost they used to look completely different here. and i see there was a long row of parking spaces up to about here. and you can see now that they're all gone. if we made the section of the street narrower and made space for the strip, you see here for heat mitigation measures and especially to plant trees. we redid everything from the ground up know installed the 4th at an average tree, and zurich is currently 25 to 30 years old and has around 12 cubic meters of space for routes in the future. connected sponge city substrates will create 35 cubic meters of underground space per tree, and they could then easily live for 60 to 80 years. that's much better for the city to. in zurich, swift exports are now looking at exactly how sponge elements can be integrated into the existing city scale. let us read via and provide houses to

questions like do you have one you've always wanted onset, then send it to us as a video, text or voice mail. if we also your query on the show, you'll receive a little surprise as a sign this time around. but the question comes from santa k, in some via the do fish breeds oxygen like humans, do all living organisms have to be exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment. humans and other animals inhale oxygen because their bodies needed to work the when you free, then your loans absorb the gas from the air and release it into your blood. it carries the oxygen to all parts of your body. there's also oxygen dissolved in water, put much less of this and an air fish don't have loans. instead they absorb oxygen

from the water with special organs. the gills in many fish, the delicate gills lie laterally behind the hat and are protected by bony covers. they consist of a series of stiff arches covered with filaments, structures made of thin and permeable tissue. the blood flows just beneath the surface of these fine gills. when a fish opens, its mouse draws in oxygen dissolved into water. when it closes its mouth again, the gill covers open and the water with the oxygen floes over and past the gills. the fish can absorb the oxygen from the water via the gills. it flows past to do so, they have to be immersed and water after absorption, the oxygen is transported all over the body by the blood, just like in humans in the same way. carbon dioxide flows with the blood from the

body back to the gills. fish can therefore absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide at the same time. not all water has the same amount of oxygen running water. it contains more of its been standing water like that and a lake fish that live in rivers in brooks like trout need more oxygen than other species. sunfish can also breed through their skin, especially the young animal south are hatching. however, a commercials these, these like cod loach and sold can also absorb oxygen through their skin. that helps lower the strain on gill, respiration, and circulation. the slice of the water has gone noisy in many places, and marina animals on paying a price. that's what x, that's an ocean acoustic loan called for concepts to help protect the research has

have developed a range of models to do so, including looking sound waves with bubbles. i'm not help lose a non germany's north sea coast here at the institute for terrestrial and aquatic wildlife research. a team led by the belgian marine biologist jeff schmidt, stuff is involved. and then when you do projects, looking at the impact of shipping on animals, ships are the biggest noise polluters in and on the water the course of what really the big problem with sound is that it's an integral part of the marine environment. it's therefore difficult to determine when something is harmful to shape. there are currently no real threshold values for it. so in this project we're trying to determine which frequencies and which sound levels are harmful to the animals, understand how it affects the page. to do so, she gets the 1st test to find out which frequencies are important for marine

wildlife, if the research or can pinpoint those exact frequencies. that would be the 1st step in the development of technical solutions for avoiding them. while the marine biologist transfers archived sound files from the measuring station, he also monitors noise made by the trawler ahead. he's already investigated the effects of marine noise for other german federal agencies and conducted experiments to find out what the levels of sound are harmful for purposes. he discovered their stress threshold is around $160.00 decibels for what's called impulse noise. his current team is worked with a model to find ways to keep noise from different ship propellers under this testable limit. then we pushed out co as a standard 3 bane marine propulsion system usually generates more and more noise as propeller power and speed rises. the researchers are there for testing,

propellers with different numbers of blades to do more of them at the same towers, slow the propellers, rotation, making less noise. new. the main problem is the bubbles that form at the end of the vein. so fewer are actually better. however, perforating propellers could help reduce the noise, they make. zip and hope you can see that the propeller design generates different levels of noise. each animal species has its own specific acoustic spectrum. so it's also important to see how well the animals can hear, whether they're hearing has already been damaged by noise or other factors. that's important in order to acquire an overview of the population, still conflict, so in, so i got on the team is therefore also investigating what kind of physical damage and marine noise causes to do. so the researchers die sick animal,

get that or is that have washed ashore to see whether they die from infection aging or possibly noise damage? we examine the use of the fumes and waves, the toughest trend it and died. the interviewer is like a mux. the low frequencies are included in the tape of this fire, the high frequencies interface. and if the anymore has been exposed to noise site, just for example, from, from seismic surveys. and then we, we expect to see the lesions starting in dfcs. and the researchers found that $1.10 animals suffered hearing loss due to underwater blasting $1.00 and $3.00 died after air canada explosions. so they tend to choose based on the what the noise of its noise in general is if we stop producing noise, it's gone. and silent, and so we can also find some solution. so i hope that the future developments in

technology, for instance, can help us about how many elements smith that shows us an example of a simulation of how we could potentially pile drive foundations for offshore wind turbines. in the future, to reduce noise compressed air hoses laid out on the sea floor. crude create a kind of curtain made of air bubbles that hinders sound wave propagation. with it, constructors could remain under the 160 decimal impulse noise stress limit. such bubble curtains could reduce emitted sound by up to 80 percent technical solutions like monitoring, shipping roads, speed limits, or new propellers could greatly reduce destructive marine noise pollution. and that would help protect marine life the

that so this time around on dw science, i thought we look forward to seeing you again seeing on tomorrow today. bye for now the the

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