the tech, the tech has to check the bags, so you're planning a trip to make sure you miss nothing about is on the w travel. i hope you enjoy the trip here as much as i did. what about you? what's your opinion? feel free to write your thoughts and the comments the do you sometimes get mountains of packages that has from stressed out delivery people who only seem to stop at every 2nd address? for wes, yet of a wasted for a package that never arrives because the driver is stuck in traffic for hours polluting the environment with exhaust good news. there's a solution in the though it will require new rules the most, that one today show victim from serbia. a new mind stocks protests

are we running out of oil? how long the reserves lost? and a miracle material that's a base step system. the cell drones have long been seen as the future of delivery services from parcels to food and even medical supplies. less traffic, fewer emissions delivering even to remote areas. sounds perfect, right? well, not quite. this guys above us are crowded with more and more aircraft. if thousands of drones are added to the mix, how can they all share the same air space, especially in densely populated urban areas? the idea of sharing the sky is simple. the lower aerospace belongs to drones. while,

you know, altitudes are reserved for airplanes. just like roads on the ground, highways for drones will be a central drone car. doors are currently being tested and developed around the world. britain is working on a pretty big one, a 265 kilometer route connecting several towns and cities. drones can enter the carter at any point the a monitoring system will detect the potential collisions and redirect to the unmanned aircraft. it's still a work in progress, but once completed, it promises to be a significant step forward in dro delivery. the system is set to be available for commercial use by early 2025. i think that's one of the best ways we could organize a lot of drones lying and one aerospace at the same time. because we do the same thing with mandation and most man aircraft, they don't fly wherever they want, they follow court orders. and this guy, the drum corridors,

are just one piece of the infrastructure puzzle. a major challenge would be integrating drawings victim or se system, because that's where the main uh, safety aspect comes into a bit. heavier drones require a remote id, basically a license plate for drones. they can be tracked and assigned to an owner. crucial in the case of accidents, for example. the drones are also controlled by a detect and avoid system to prevent collisions after a hopefully safe journey they need somewhere to touch down. at the moment, drones are still not allowed anywhere near airports, but in the future landing areas could be added to them. that would also be arrival pads and city centers. but even if you live in this city, you probably won't get your delivery at your doorstep. you still need to go somewhere to pick it up. or if the landing spot is close by,

you might be notified by this tell tale sound to the most people, when they think of a drunk, they should think of a small d g. i clark copper and it doesn't make a lot of noise, but if you're doing something for drone package, delivery needs to be a much larger unit. it sound like homeless lawnmower is running next year has when amazon tested drone delivery and college station texas residents complained about the noise, prompting the mayor to write a letter to the federal aviation administration. amazon insists that the new drones are quieter. let's assume everything works out. drones aren't too loud, flying happily and their drone corridors monitored by sage systems and kept away from airplanes that solves lots of issues except for one major legal, one in countries such as the us and india. the aerospace above homes belongs to

land owners. we are still in a piece valley that is our decision making to be done as to what might be the sure which are above which the drones can be up in the us, the idea of a marketplace has been introduced to offer land owners, a monetary incentive they can rent or sell their air space to be used by drones. besides the challenges of integration, a global market for drone services is forecast of growth significantly in the years to come to one country that wants to be part of that is india. with liberalized regulations and incentive scheme for the country wants to become a drone hub. by 2030 we can see it approximately on, on bringing talk to you. we might have a basic in foster care. i've received an integration of drawings that man has based in our limited to matter. so when will your pizza be delivered by a drone?

not for a while yet. although the technology is advanced, various uncertainties remain regarding regulations, safety, and disruptions to everyday life. and honestly, we better take it slow because drones dropping out of the sky could cause serious injuries or material damage. drones could revolutionize delivery services that whether they will actually deliver to your doorstep isn't clear yet. and who knows whether it's really safe to have countless drones buzzing around in the air. drones lead powerful back to ease to flight 2. and these usually contain lithium. but no, no lithium supplies, unlimited. china has had the monopoly on most of the world's reserves fee is to decrease reliance on china the and will soon also be mind in europe too. but at what price in serbia,

precedents via it could home the environment and costs and then likelihood lod, google kind of inches is 7th generation farmer tends to, is to, doesn't cows every day. and loves village live here in going, you know, needs, uh, the lobby must sit for the cattle farmers. and every year we sell about a $100000.00 leaders of milk. my family, my 5 children, we lived from maddox and we don't plan to change anything on the middle. the medium was way, navigate usefully to these, just like many other farmers on the western edge of serbia. but a global mining giant does have plans for the yadda valley due to its large deposits of lithium, a key component and electric vehicle batteries reopen, so has bought up land and farms across the valley. it plans to mine 58000 tons of the metal annually, enough to supply batteries for over a 1000000 vehicles. we're aware of savvy as rich resources and the enormous

potential with confirmed reserves of 158000000 tons of lithium bar. it's on all of it and he had, as it'd be, the government insists mining operations will meet the use strict environmental standards. while serbia isn't a member, it's seeking to join the block. so most of the only state institutions can control this industry. the investor will say, i'll give you the documentation, that's the basis of all what and also, and then up to the government of the republic of serbia to monitor the weakest sort of be a java to should control. many in the opposition. don't believe these words member of parliament, alexander giovanna vege takes part in mass protests against the lithium mine to the godaddy. every way we are to into has been around the world is left behind devastation and misery. and that's wake, including civil wars and the destruction of nature and cultural monuments. here the

quite name of his skepticism is shared. this expert has seen studies on the potential environmental impact more after that. most problem you have to chat with us about the just talking the over his mind with the help of intensive subterranean explosions. and the lithium processing will involve 1100 tons of concentrated. so if your gas in a daily it will lead behind a mountain of ways that will pollute the environment for century, all should be met quite so basically my that's what he is a guide you is you what the civilian. okay. 3. 010. terry says it's willing to talk, it's invested 600000000 euro so far with plans for a further to bill. again, the company claims the mining will be done using precise planning and environmentally friendly methods and create thousands of new jobs. while i want to assure everybody this project is 100 percent size, it's been designed to the high standards in the world, and we will not be a big hole in the grand. in contrast, we're in, i'm the grandma on agriculture co exist on the surface with them on together. and

in terms of what we would not impact any agricultural water, any drinking water, we would not be poisoning any water sources. but it's not cool, kind of rich and his neighbors don't trust any of the parties involved. the corporation, the government, the courts or the state controlled media style is always disappear about whether the mine is coming or not the dollar, they should be the not, of course i'm against the mind. it's not good for us. there's always an exception to be in the does it when nobody lives will be left with no will test the mood and the yadda valley is tons. this farmer is determined to keep his land and his livelihood. not only so the nickel you mustn't dig up these graves and i am prepared to sacrifice my life to prevent that that's for z was allergy into that the sits on it. this compromise on the list of mine is a long way off base trust and started

b as institutions and rewards center. so is to grade. so the government has announced that it will approve the mine in 2 years at the earliest the future may be electric, but there's still a long road ahead. e v have yet to become widespread, and most of our economy is still based on fossil fuels. so will be reliance on oil for a while to come. so based on various studies, as we use, should we have run out of oil long ago. let's check it out. in 1956, a g, a scientist for a show and professor at stanford projected the global oil production with peak around the year 2000. this came as a huge shock at a time when well was driving more and more of the economy. some people thought it would mean a global financial crisis and others a full on apocalypse. since then,

predictions about peak oil have popped up again and again. supply problems were supposed to start in 2011, but the effects noticeable by 2015. there was talk of high prices for food and fuel, supposed to impact agriculture and electricity. but none of this ever happened. the supply problems that everyone freaked out about never came. so what did happen, and so to be worried about running out of oil 1st, looking at this question now is completely different from the decades ago because there been huge changes in our lives, in the early 2, thousands we weren't really thinking about life, that fossil fuel electric vehicles for nearly unheard of, to an end of our oil supplies seems like it's like the central crisis for the planning. the growing awareness of climate change renewables of taken off, and the amount of them in the mix of guns usually is not cheaper to generate electricity from solar and wind then from fossil fuels. or there's also a way more attention on electric vehicles. 14 percent of new vehicle sold globally

in 2022 or electric compared to just 5 percent and 2020. even the united states and china to huge polluters are making has the investments into green technology. and something pretty special happened in 2023. when we're looking at renewables, investment, which clearly is been growing rapidly and trends trends to connect up from top to field in 2023 far exceeded that maybe the stock doctor's already set to widen one that much would move without fossil fuels and oil in particular the future of renewables is looking brighter and brighter, and that is me the end of oil take on a whole new meaning to go back to say about 15 to 20 years back. there was a concern that bio supply is going to be run out of wyatt. now the concern is somewhere there from the images that really hit the p card, apply to a demand. this is a really huge shipped and october 2023. the international energy agency published a report predicting the end of oil and other fossil fuels. only this time, the end of the peak in demand, not supply, and is predicted to come in 2035 demand and low supply means

a high price. low demand and high supply means a low priced oil executives around the world were up in arms over the report because less demand for the same amount of supply to mean following prizes for fossil fuels and less profit for the industry. this is a big deal since demand for oil, it's been growing every year except 2021 covet hit. this wouldn't mean that we wouldn't use fossil fuels anymore for that it would become much harder to justify new fossil fuel projects. because our supply of fossil fuels is doing great. the oil it, i'm probably not going to the base of the cut of the reserves we have about 40 years old. i am. and that doesn't even count on the new plan projects. this is mostly thanks to newest technology called hydraulic fracturing of tracking. tracking is a process that involves injecting a slushy of water and chemicals into rock, getting tons of tiny cracks. this allows oil and gas to escape and be collected at the surface. the waste water has been often injected deep under ground,

which can contaminate the local environment and cause of great quick tracking took off in the united states in the early 2, thousands and the country now produces more oil per year than any other nation in the world. so much that it's affecting other countries to solve the area or you or your corvettes. and i'm actually right now because of so much over supply the market. they are producing lot less than what they can produce. on one hand, they might have an over supply of oil and on the other plateauing demand. also, investors turning away from fossil fuels. the oil companies are used to expanding and major oil producers like show exxon until towel. energies are also bedding on rising demand. data suggested that to companies, i think that may be p, we're increasing that oil production. total energy stated it was full costs to spend 25 percent of its carfax to 2022 and renewables in that tricity. so when you look at what that includes, it also includes some kind of gas fired power. they may seem like they're shifting

towards the renewables, but they're actually still banking on a fossil fuel future. the business operations on changing particularly or the pace needed that will says it will be against policies that would polls that change or bringing about quicker, but at the same time promoting this very public narrative that they are doing well . they can stay don't oil. companies like russian ross, nest, and savvy around color also betting on future money from fossil fuels. even though projects approved now may never be profitable. new sites take years to build up infrastructure and to get ready for drilling and financial times they might become stranded assets. something that was invested in that became obsolete to some countries 30 to 40 percent of in talk. fiscal budget could be at risk as the foundation of folds. quite an old price is full. that's going to have a massive impact on the economies. these countries increase from livingston to, to those in these countries. and that impact to also help individual citizens directly, many pension funds around the world are invested in oil and gas. if these companies

fail spectacularly, millions of people could be plunged into financial insecurity in their old age. so faced with the end of, well, it seems like investing in renewables at the smart financial decisions they're cheaper and there's less risk of new projects becoming stranded and unprofitable in the future. all of that is one of the timeframe of move away from all of those. but there's not going to be overnight because according to all predictions, we're going to continue to meet fossil fuels for a while. they're used as a backup power when wind and solar are running and widespread. nuclear isn't likely to come on line and time transport and energy storage also need to improve for us to be able to equip them entirely. but the more investment goes in, the more renewables improve, i mean, desperately need that to keep existing on this planet. it's critical for all future that we keep making breaks. what you say menu able energies, want quantity. all the potential for mess. adoption is important. qualities to,

for instance, finding ways to get more energy, saving yourselves before using materials expection doesn't harm the environment. like perhaps the skype, for example. what you sense this tiny solar cell might be about to revolutionize solar energy as we know it. it's way more efficient than you'll spend that silicon solar cell. it can be easily synthesized and doesn't need to be mind like silica, as it can work on in the field to poly as not how speak up, but it also it can go on your roof. say hi to this crystal structure, colds peril. scott. it promises improvements to solar cells, but are almost too good to be true to understand why they are so superior to your standard silicon. so i went here the helm holds institute invalid baseband researching, cross cards. as a sign of solving material for more than a decade, hey, how are you doing?

good last week. and this is the guy in charge of the research, steve i. but he even said world right codes for the most efficient paradox, scott solar cells. so on a very basic level, what does perhaps cut look like the temper off good is a very generic term for a specific crystal structure, right? you can see that here over there. so the close to the structure has the x 3 formula . and like each component is a certain i've elements for molecule. one of the most common combinations in the structure is methyl ammonium as the a on the corners, the metal left for be in the center and chloride all iodide as the x which form around the metal. but there is a vast range of materials that can be used 10 combined, and it's quite wild how easily these can be put together. so this is 11 volume. and before we do that, security 1st, as we're going to work with toxic less with one of the, of all of

a nice colleagues. it's good to go. you look a bit like event scenario. okay, time to get to an hour based materials. matthew makes this methyl ammonium, chloride, and let iodide so latex 8, our abs, fried crystal structure. so what is now the advantage of these materials compared to silicon? so i believe that one of the main advantages of prostate or silicon as material is the ease of processing. so silicon is something that is relatively energy intensive to fabricate. but this is something that can be done at a hose to room temperature. so it doesn't require much energy, so it's easy to do. everything is relatively abundant. and so it, it's, it shouldn't be a bottleneck for production. now that we have the base materials we need to produce, i'm solving paradox. got out of it. matthew does this by using

a technique called spin coating, but perhaps kind of sort of sales can also be directly printed onto surfaces using similar processes to those needed for printing. newspapers. spin coaching however can be tedious. matthew accidentally dropped the glass, not a big problem in the lab environment, but for commercial production, this is not viable. matthew gives it a 2nd try. and this time everything works. after this been coaching, it goes onto a heating plate. and the darkening shows us that the crystals are being formed. it works the same way as when salt water evaporates and you start to see salt. there also is like this one here which are only made out of rough guy, but in many cases there's a silicon layout beneath. so these cells, i called kind themselves and looked like this. right now they have the most promising candidates when it comes to increasing the efficiency of solar cells. but

at some point, it might be also possible to abandon the silicon completely to test that 10 themselves efficiency. the research is at hand holds institute, use this on simulator, it determines exactly how much sunlight is converted into electricity. what kind of efficiency that we just measured? so when we measure almost 30 percent, it's a quite nice achievement. why does it tend them? so a cell reach that much more efficiency than single johnson cell phone. so sometimes all samples may much more use of the incoming lights, so we have a lot. so low spectrum, the solar cells, they shane on this spectrum kind of so the federal side soul also in this case makes use of the visible wavelength. so everything which we can see by i, it's been converted into pay perilous console on sale into electrical energy. whereas the in for red light passes through the parasite sale and he's been converted into silicon salsa which is quite deficient in converting in for right.

so the share of the spectrum in each cell is very efficient in the region. that doesn't sound like that much, but i could tells me that this way, roughly 50 percent more sunlight can be converted into electrical energy. so more overall sunlight can be saw. you can find any of these tendons. so yeah, because before they go into serious productions, there's a lot of stuff that needs to be fixed. a major issue is the stability of the pearl scott structures using 10 themselves or cells. pearls cut structures easily put together at low temperatures as we saw earlier, but they also come apart easily. even the charges that travel through the perhaps cut in a solar cell can for a defect and destroy the power of god. structures. also, external factors like moisture, heat, oxygen, and u, v. lights can break it down further and quickly decrease its records breaking efficiency. this whole process is called degradation,

which researches and companies are trying to fight with different forms of encapsulation. it's yields of the solar modules from external influences and is an essential step for commercialization. q sales, which is part of a european academia and industry partnership plans to develop commercial sized modules with an efficiency of 26 percent over a lifetime of. so 2 years, a box for tv, a company founded by oxford university graduates, has rates and efficiency of 28.6 percent and supposedly solve the degradation issue . already bought me, the company has published verifiable data yet nor is there a lot of published research on real world outdoor tests. i. these are a lot of so that you test. yeah. wow. this is catalina. oh, she oversees the degradation tests of 10 them. solar sales at the helm holds institute at what kind of the abilities we currently looking at here,

sometimes to fail after a few days old. but sometimes they last 4 years. literally measured the loss of 20 percent and efficiency and just half a year it takes to look them solar cells roughly 20 years to reach that level of degradation. some companies say they've already fix this issue and ready to go to market next. yeah. do you believe that's possible because sometimes here we must also have conferences, but they normally don't show the data. it's all very secret or 10 them solar cells would also need to price match existing cells. a task that experts view as difficult to achieve as costs for electricity from solar have declined by 89 percent since 2010. it's no more expensive to install so they can sell a penalty then to produce them. solar panels, those have a rates potential, but there's still a lot of things that need to fall into place for them to work. and i'm really,

really curious if they're actually going to be on the market next year or ready for another edition of mays where we have playing high and freshly energized. let's do away with the old head into a sonia right. each. see you next time the

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