told the leasing to stop at every 2nd address. for wes yet ever waited for a package that never arrives because the driver is stuck in traffic for hours, polluting the environment with the exhaust. good news. there's a solution in the though it will require new rules the most that one today show mr. young from serbia, a new mine stocks protest. oh, we running out of oil. how long the reserves lost and a miracle material that's a base desk system. the sound drones have long been seen as the future of delivery services from parcels to food and even medical supplies. let's traffic,

fewer emissions delivering even to remote areas. sounds perfect, right? well, not quite. this guys above us are crowded with more and more aircraft. if thousands of drones are added to the mix, how can they all share the same air space, especially in densely populated urban areas? the idea of sharing the sky is simple. the lower aerospace belongs to drones, while higher altitudes are reserved for airplanes, just like roads on the ground, highways for drones will be a central drone car. doors are currently being tested and developed around the world. britain is working on a pretty big one. a 265 kilometer route connecting several towns and cities. drones can enter the card or at any point the a monitoring system will detect potential collisions and

redirect to the unmanned aircraft. it's still a work in progress, but once completed, it promises to be a significant step forward in drove delivery. the system is set to be available for commercial used by an early 2025. i think that's one of the best ways we could organize a lot of drones flying and one aerospace at the same time because we do the same thing with mandation and most manned aircraft. they don't fly wherever they want, they follow court orders and miss scott drove the car. there's just one piece of the infrastructure puzzle. a major challenge would be integrating drones with the matter as space systems, because that's where the main uh, safety aspect comes into a bit. heavier drones require a remote id, basically a license plate for drones. they can be dragged and assigned to an owner. crucial in the case of accidents, for example, the drones are also controlled by

a detect and avoid system to prevent collisions after a hopefully safe journey they need somewhere to touch down. at the moment, drones are still not allowed anywhere near airports, but in the future landing areas could be added to them. they would also be arrival pads and city centers. but even if you live in this city, you probably won't get your delivery at your doorstep. you still need to go somewhere to pick it up. if the landing spot is close by, you might be notified by this telltale sound. the most people, when they think of a drawing based on think of a small di john quad copper that doesn't make a lot of noise. but if you're doing something for drone package, delivery needs to be a much larger unit. it sound like homeless, long hours running next year has when amazon tested drone delivery and college

station texas residents complained about the noise, prompting the mayor to write a letter to the federal aviation administration. amazon insist that the new drones are quieter. let's assume everything works out. drones aren't too loud, flying happily and they've droned corridors, monitored by siege systems and kept away from airplanes. that solves lots of issues except for one major legal, one in countries such as the us and india. the aerospace above homes belongs to land owners. the us in a piece that is our decision making to be done as to what might be done for sure which are above which the drawings scan the operator. in the us, the idea of a marketplace has been introduced to offer land owners on monetary incentives. they can rent or sell their air space to be used by drones. besides the challenges of

integration, a global market for drone services is forecast of growth significantly in the years to come to one country that wants to be part of that is india. with liberalized regulations and incentive scheme, the country wants to become a drone hub. by 2030 we can see it approximately on on brandy 13, we might have a basic in foster care receipt or an integration of drawings that mind has been in a limited amount of. so when will your pizza be delivered by a drone? not for a while yet, although the technology is advanced, various uncertainties remain regarding regulations, safety, and disruptions to everyday life. and honestly, we'd better take it slow because drones dropping out of the sky could cause serious injuries or material damage. drones could revolutionize to delivery services that whether they will actually deliver to doorstep isn't clear yet. and who knows

whether it's really safe to have countless drones buzzing around in the air. drones lead powerful back to east to flight 2. and these usually contain lithium, but known lithium supplies are limited. china has had a monopoly of most of the world's reserves fee is to decrease reliance on china the and will soon also be mind in europe too. but at what price in serbia residents via it could home the environment and costs and then likelihood lod, google kind of which is a 7th generation farmer. he tends to his to doesn't cows every day and loves village live here in going, you know, needs, uh, bobby, must it for the we've cattle farmers. and every year we sell about a $100000.00 leaders of milk. my family, my 5 children, we live from that and we don't plan to change your thing on the middle. the medium

was way navigate usefully studies. just like many other farmers on the western edge of serbia. but a global mining giant does have plans for the valley due to its large deposits of lithium, a key component and electric vehicle batteries. rio 10 to has bought up land and farms across the valley. the plans to mine $58000.00 tons of the metal annually. enough to supply batteries for over a 1000000 vehicles where aware of so it'd be as rich resources and the enormous potential with confirmed reserves of 158000000 tons of lithium bar. it's on all of it and it has that to be. the government insists mining operations will meet the use strict environmental standards, while serbia isn't a member id seeking to join the block. so most of the only state institutions can control this industry. the investor will say, i'll give you the documentation,

that's the basis of luck and also, and then up to the government of the republic of serbia to monitor this. that if we can sort of be a java to set control, many in the opposition don't believe these words member of parliament alexander giovanna. vege takes part in mass protests against the lithia. mine is a godaddy every where we are to, into a spin around the world. it is left behind devastation and misery, and that's wake, including civil wars and the destruction of nature and cultural monument. it's here, the, quite a name. i mean, his skepticism is shared. this expert has seen studies on the potential environmental impact more practice problem. you have to chat with us about the just talking the over his mind with the help of intensive subterranean explosions. and the lithium processing will involve $1100.00 tons of concentrated, so fewer gas in the daily, it will lead behind a mountain of ways that will pollute the environment for century also be met quite a bit called him and that's what he's

a guy shows you what the civilian. okay. 3. 010. terry says it's willing to talk. it's invested 600000000 euro so far with plans for a further 2000000000. the company claims the mining will be done using precise planning and environmentally friendly methods and create thousands of new jobs. while i want to assure everybody this project is 100 percent size, explained is on to the high standards in the world. and we will not be a big hole in the grand. in contrast, where an underground on agriculture co exist on the surface with the mon together and in terms of water, we will not impact any agriculture water, any drinking water. we would not be poisoning any water sources. but slide cocoa kind of rich and his neighbors don't trust any of the parties involved, the corporation, the government, the courts, or the state controlled media. the style of police always disappear about whether the mind is coming or not. it doesn't, it should be not, of course i'm against the mind. it's not good for us. there's always an exception

to be in the desert when nobody lives will be left with no will. so the mood and the yada valley is tons. this farmer is determined to keep his land and his livelihood. not only so the nickel, you mustn't dig up these graves and i am prepared to sacrifice my life to prevent that. that's boy z was allergy and is that the sits on this compromise on the list of mine is a long way off this trust and started because institutions and rewards vento is to grade. so the government has announced that it will approve the mine in 2 years at the earliest the future may be electric, but they're still a long road ahead. e v have yet to become widespread, and most of our economy is still based on fossil fuels. so will be reliance on oil from wild to come. so based on various studies that we use,

should we have run out of oil long ago. let's check it out. in 1956, do you scientist for show and professor at stanford projected that global oil production with peak around the year 2000. this came as a huge shock at a time when well was driving more and more of the economy. some people thought it would mean a global financial crisis and others a full on apocalypse. since then, predictions about peak oil have popped up again and again. supply problems were supposed to start in 2011, but the effects noticeable by 2015. there was talk of high prices for food and fuel, supposed to impact agriculture and electricity. but none of this ever happened. the supply problems that everyone freaked out about never came. so it did happen. and so to be worried about running out of oil 1st, looking at this question now is completely different from the decades ago because

there been huge changes in our lives, in the early 2, thousands. we weren't really thinking about life, that fossil fuel, electric vehicles, for nearly unheard of, to an end of our oil supplies seems like you like the central crisis for the planet . the growing awareness of climate change renewables of taken off, and the amount of them in the mix of guns usually is not cheaper to generate electricity from solar and wind then from fossil fuels. or there's also a way more attention on electric vehicles. 14 percent of new vehicles sold globally in 2022 or electric compared to just 5 percent and 2020. even the united states and china to huge polluters are making has the investments into green technology. and something pretty special happened in 2023. when we're looking at renewables, investment, which clearly has been growing rapidly and in trends, trends to net dot from top to field in 2023 far exceeded that maybe the stock doctors already set to widen one that much would move without fossil fuels and oil in particular, the future of renewables is looking brighter and brighter,

and that is mean the end of oil take on a whole new meaning to go back to say was 15 to 20 years back. there was a concern that part of supply is going to be run out of wire. now the concern to someone here from the bridge is that right hit the p card applied to a demand. this is a really huge shipped and october 2023. the international energy agency published a report predicting the end of oil and other fossil fuels. only this time, the end of the peak in demand, not supply, and is predicted to come in 2035 demand and low supply means a high price. low demand and high supply means a low priced oil executives around the world were up in arms over the report because less demand for the same amount of supply to mean following prizes for fossil fuels and less profit for the industry. this is a big deal since demand for oil, it's been growing every year except 2021 covet hit. this wouldn't mean that we wouldn't use fossil fuels anymore for that it would become much harder to justify new fossil fuel projects. because our supply of fossil fuels is doing great.

the oil it, i'm probably not going to the base of the kind of the reserves we have about 40 years old. i am. and that doesn't even count on the new plan projects. this is mostly thanks to newest technology called hydraulic fracturing affected. tracking is a process that involves injecting a slushy of water and chemicals into rock, getting tons of tiny cracks. this allows oil and gas to escape and be collected at the surface. the waste water has been often injected deep underground, which can contaminate the local environment and cause earthquakes. tracking took off in the united states in the early 2, thousands and the country now produces more oil per year than any other nation in the world. so much that it's affecting other countries to solve the area or you or your corvettes. and i'm actually right now because of so much over supply and the market. they're producing lot less than what they can produce. so on the one hand, they might have an over supply of oil and on the other plateauing demand. also,

investors turning away from fossil fuels. the oil companies are used to expanding and major oil producers like show exxon and total energies are also betting on rising demand. data suggested that to companies, i think that means the p were increasing. that will production, total energy, stated it was food costs to spend 25 percent of its carfax to 2022 in renewables in that tricity. but when you look at what that includes, it also includes some kind of gas fired power. they may seem like they're shifting towards the renewables, but they're actually still banking on a fossil fuel future. the business operations on changing particularly, or the pace needed that will says it will be against policies that would polls that change or bringing about quicker. but at the same time promoting this very public narrative that they are doing well, they can stay don't oil. companies like russian ross, enough inside the around color. also bedding on future money from fossil fuels, even though projects approve now may never be profitable. new sites take years to

build up infrastructure and to get ready for drilling and financial times they might become stranded assets. something that was invested in that became obsolete for some countries 30 to 40 percent of and talk fiscal budget could be at risk as the foundation of folds. quite an old price is full. that's going to have a massive impact on the economies. these countries increase the livingston to today's, in these countries, and that impact to also help individual sessions directly. many pension funds around the world are invested in oil and gas. these companies fail spectacularly. millions of people could be plunged into financial insecurity in their old age. so based with the end of, well, it seems like investing in renewables at the smart financial decision. they're cheaper and there's less risk of new projects becoming strange and, and unprofitable in the future. to all of that is one of the time for us to move away from all as much. there's not going to be overnight because according to all predictions, we're going to continue to meet fossil fuels for a while. they're used as

a backup power when wind and solar are running and widespread. nuclear isn't likely to come on line and time transport and energy storage also need to improve for us to be able to equip them entirely. but the more investment goes in, some more renewables improve, and we desperately need that to keep existing on this planet. it's critical for all future that we keep making breaks. what you said renewable energy was quantity or the potential for mass adoption is important. qualities to, for instance, finding ways to get more energy, saving yourselves before using materials expection doesn't harm the environment. like perhaps the skype, for example. what you sense this tiny solar cell might be about to revolutionize solar energy as we know it. it's way more efficient than you'll spend that silicon solar cell. it can be easily synthesized and doesn't need to be mind like silica,

as it can work on field to poly as not how speak up, but it also it can go on your roof. say hi to this crystal structure, colds peril. scott. it promises improvements to solar cells that are almost too good to be true to understand why they are so superior to your standard silicon cell. i went here the helm holds institute invalid baseband research and cross cards. as a sign of solving material for more than a decade, hey, how are you doing? good last week? and this is the guy in charge of the research, steve. i wish he even said world right codes for the most efficient pearl scott solar cells. so on a very basic level, what does perhaps cut look like the temper off good is a very generic term for a specific crystal structure, right? you can see that here over there. so the close to the structure has the x 3 formula . and like each component is the sort and i,

the element for molecule. one of the most common combinations in the structure is methyl ammonium as the a on the corners, the metal left for be in the center and chloride or iodide as the x which form around the metal. but there is a vast range of materials that can be used and combined, and it's quite wild how easily these can be put together. so this is a lab environment. before we do that security 1st as we're going to work with toxic less with one of the of, of a nice colleagues. you look a bit like event scenario. okay, times who gets in our base materials. matthew makes us methyl ammonium, chloride, and let iodide so latex 8, our abs, fried crystal structure. so what is now the advantage of these materials compared to silicon? so i believe that one of the main advantages of prostate or silicon as material is

the ease of processing. so silicon is something that is relatively energy intensive to fabricate. but this is something that can be done at post to room temperature. so it doesn't require much energy, so it's easy to do. everything is relatively abundant. and so it's, it shouldn't be a bottleneck for production. now that we have the base materials we need to produce, i'm solving paradox. got out of it. matthew does this by using a technique called spin coating, but perhaps kind of sort of sales can also be directly printed on to surfaces using similar processes to those needed for printing. newspapers. spin coaching however can be tedious. matthew accidentally dropped the glass, not a big problem in the lab environment, but for commercial production, this is not viable. matthew gives it a 2nd try. and this time everything works. after this been coaching, it goes onto

a heating plate. and the darkening shows us that the crystals are being formed. it works the same way as when salt water evaporates and you start to see salt. there are sales like this one here, which i only made out of for rough guy, but in many cases there's a silicon layout beneath. so the sales, i quote 10 themselves and looked like this. right now they have the most promising candidates when it comes to increasing the efficiency of solar cells. but at some point, it might be also possible to abandon the silicon completely to test that 10 themselves efficiency. the research, as at how holds institute use the sun simulates, it determines exactly how much sunlight is converted into electricity. what kind of efficiency that we just measured? so when we measure that almost 30 percent, it's a quite nice achievement. why does it tend them solar cell reach that much more efficiency than single johnson cell phone?

so it's a lot symbols make much more use of the incoming lights, so we have a long so long spectrum there's a lot. so they shane on the spectrum. the power sky, so a lot, so in this case makes use of the visible wavelength. so everything which we can see by i, it's then converted into pay perils console on sale into electrical energy as far as the infrared light passes through with the parasite sale and it's been converted into silicon salsa which is quite deficient you converting in for right like so the share of the spectrum in each cell is very efficient in the region. it doesn't sound like that much, but i could tells me that this way, roughly 50 percent more sunlight can be converted into electrical energy. so more overall sunlight can be saw. you can find any of these tendons, so yeah, because before they go into serious production, there's a lot of stuff that needs to be fixed. a major issue is the stability of the pearl

scott structures used intend them solar cells, pearls, cut structures, easily put together at low temperatures as we saw earlier. but they also come apart easily. even the charges that travel through the perhaps cutting the so so it can create defects and destroy the power of god. structures. also external factors like moisture, heat, oxygen, and u. v. lights can break it down further and quickly decrease its records, breaking efficiency. this whole process is called degradation, which researches and companies are trying to fight with different forms of and calculation. it's yields of the solar modules from external influences and is an essential step for commercialization to sales, which is part of a european academia and industry partnership plans to develop commercial size modules with an efficiency of 26 percent over a lifetime of so 2 years, a box for tv, a company founded by oxford university graduates,

has rates and efficiency of 28.6 percent and supposedly solve the degradation issue . already bought me. the company has published verifiable data yet, nor is there a lot of published research on real world outdoor tests. these are a lot of so that you test. yeah. wow. this is catalina. oh, she oversees the degradation tests of 10 them. solar sales at the helm holds institute at what kind of stability is we currently looking at here, sometimes to fail after a few days. so, but sometimes they last for years literally measured the loss of 20 percent and efficiency and just half a year. it takes to look them solar cells roughly 20 years to reach that level of degradation. some companies say they've already fix this issue and are ready to go to market next. yeah. do you believe that's possible? because sometimes here you must also have conferences,

but they normally don't show the data. it's all very secret. a ton of solar cells would also need to price match existing cells at hospital experts view as difficult to achieve as costs for electricity from solar have declined by 89 percent since 2010. it's no more expensive to install silicon solar panels then to produce them. solar panels, those have a rates potential, but there's still a lot of things that need to fall into place for them to work. and i'm really, really curious if they're actually going to be on the market next year or ready for another edition of mays where we have playing high and freshly energized. let's do away with the old headed into a sonia right. each. see you next time the to the point. strong opinions,

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