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tv   Elementary Particles  Deutsche Welle  October 2, 2024 11:15pm-12:01am CEST

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a diverse, affordable and season starts with nature, a journey from our farms to our table where we come together to celebrate our cultural identities. world food, a food is a right every day for everyone. everywhere. the our universe, our planet earth, and even ourselves. everything is made up of the same components of elementary particles. if we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams and within them, electrons, quarks, and blue ones. without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. everything would fall apart. they literally hold
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the world together. elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. some can even penetrate any form of matter. the book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron, one of the world's largest fundamental physics research centers. more than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here, the particle, physicists because john sean and vega takes us into the enormous tunnel system below the daisy grounds. founded vega is one of the world's most recent sound
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particle, physicists, a professor at the university of humbled and lead scientist at daisy as only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. our team is allowed to film there. if i'm just, when does the we going on the ground to the hair acceleration? it's the largest exhilarates of the gym and he has to have a bill. i'm getting in touch. anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy and spun and vega. hello. i'm entering the here a tunnel and here a west going towards here. a news or not behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. the hair of tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator. the
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you guys, so long definitely have found a problem with something i'm some and then the camera is so long. you need a bike to get from one experiment to another, it's fine and you can see that it isn't actually a ring. you can get me riding through a straight section. now, the electrons and protons are accelerated through the strait sections. then the, the tunnel slowly starts to coach in the particle beams, onto accelerated in these section, just redirect it and hit the proton vein travels in the launch of a vacuum tube. and the electron beam goes through the lowest storage ring in the opposite direction. and if we were to travel much, much further, we'd eventually come out of the cub and see how this electron too much is with the price onto the electrons. so, shouts at the protons in the next to tech, to the port on control center 4 protons. first and release, new elementary particles. what physics is aiming for with these particle collisions is the reconstruction of beginning of space and time. the reconstruction of the big
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bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion some 13800000000 years ago. particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. but it can look back to a 1000000 of the billions of a 2nd after the big bang. the debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient greeks some 2500 years ago. the greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek to most meaning, indivisible. the debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. adams consist of electronic neutrons and protons. the term elementary particles 1st
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appeared in the 1930 in the 2nd half of the 20th century, teams from the us and daisy and humbled among others were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. the standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. the core group consists of 6 particles in total. the left tons, including electronic and ones, also comprises 6 particles the. the group of gauge bows on the forced particles currently includes 4 types, including blue ones and photons. finally, there are the scalar bones. so far physics knows of only one elementary particle in this group. the higgs both on detected in 2012. it is the most recent addition to
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the particle family, the berlin at the noise museum, we meet banana level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pi, right the she takes us to the pirates collection. some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display here were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets. so far they've had to be painstakingly unrolled and unfolded by him. the popularity isn't the wonderful guy right or very fragile. when we want to open, if he's, are pirates conservator decides if it's possible, or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts interesting. i was into pieces. of course, you don't want us out of interest interest me. some 60000 pi
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ryan, the other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7. back then huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river. with conservators, so fee elizabeth, but tell needs that hannah lisa is looking for a pi right, whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics without unfolding or damaging them. using a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with businesses, tons, eva, hod mancha. they have found a pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink, and have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. this is done at the helm holds the center for materials and energy in berlin's bonds. a district toby is specializes in time, a graphic imaging of
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a wide range of materials for the pirates pack it from the egyptian museum draws on the pioneering research of a well known german physicist. the wilhelm calling the honkin discovered x rays at the end of the 19th century. shortly after he succeeded in capturing the 1st images, revolutionizing medical diagnostics, and earning him the nobel prize in physics. for the 1st time, it was possible to visualize the bone structure of a living being without surgical intervention the, the principal is relatively simple. x rays are produced by the rapid acceleration of electronics that is, elementary particles the, the dense or the material. the less radiation can penetrate. it's very dense material like bone appears,
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white and the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense. and so appear great. the organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the rays through and appear black in the image. while x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for non destructive testing and materials research can 5 and please give us 5 mentioned toys accessing done the x rays pulse through vis franklin and then hit the detector team and we take a whole series of images noticed one of the 9 accounts. they rotate the sample once 3360 degrees. what? i'm gonna call it a projection of very many, very different angles. they ask you this way that we can generate a 3 d reconstruction of the volume. so that's the lights. really.
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the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers numerous 3 dimensional x rate images of the pirates packet. but the writing inside can still not be read. this is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, danielle baum and his team have developed software that can virtually own a full, the pirates packet. the trace as the individual layers in the 3 d model with the mouse. the computer programs in virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. the structure of the plan fibers is clearly visible. finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the, virtually on the folded piracy and distinct characters appear on the screen.
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you can see the pirates fibers really well up to the hand. the lamp is burst and 15 oriental scripts, and language is from different heroes, including higher radek or coptic aromatic and arabic, because of some model negotiated of a few was far strong, gets and, and visit the 1st time in the history of tyra's research. and we can read about pirates virtually, it's vicky without having to physically open it up. this is really sensational. this piece here is a topic, texas. here is a p which is the mass to an article, and then this symbol not freak as a cop there. i called this a so i'm not 5 and joe, a joy on for just goes to joy and to mean, oh lord, jesus christ as the quotes from this is the short form for lord jesus christ and early christianity that out of my hand, a wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on elephant team system from perhaps as early as the 4th century when the game had . then remember,
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this has to be folded amulet that someone would have carried wisdom, the monthly like spiders, to talk. thanks to physics and i t, some aspects of christianity's early history can now be rewritten. the geneva, the european organization for nuclear research for cern is the world's largest research center in the field of particle physics. here at the swiss border with france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the properties of elementary particles since 1954 we made german particle businesses because challenge funding back uh again its earn fees regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments. yes, this is an overview of the launch hadron collider. we here on the sun side and then
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at the certain score is the large hadron collider. the world's largest particle accelerator. the ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. alice think i can just, i know flash advice, i stuff i'm by such stuff petite as a little really starts with the both of the hydrogen. when that's hydrogen consists of one pro tillman one electrons on, as soon as the electron is extracted, and then the proton goes into a linear accelerator where it's energy is increasing. so huff, the speed of life finally got in uninspired and for the signing of the emails. now, like in the protocol, and it's been said through 3 more pre excel races for simple finally being directed into the large hadron collider. and that's where it's accelerated to new lights, to be done alphabetically, caught in that the baseline is to have a fuss. please explain this type. in the collider, protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other at 4 points in the ring at almost the speed of light. with 4 huge detectors measure the
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collisions i know these are the ductwork and one of the east cool to see a mess detector is located directly opposite the sun size and sound on the other side of the ring. i did as i think that's where we're going now documented c m s stands for compact and one solenoid. and it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time. here in the c m. s. control room, the experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored the other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time. including a scientific team from daisy and home board. i don't have a blog at all. some 4000 researchers from 55 countries worldwide
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are involved in the see a mess. experiment seamless experiment is at the large hadron collider. and it's an experiment to look at the fundamental building blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. it's taking place at certain because so it has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. and it's also a community that brings together institutes from all around the world and the expertise for them to, to really advance the field, a particle, f, as in 2012 researchers, etc, and achieve their greatest success. to date, experimental proof of the long sought higgs bows on it was named after british physicist peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague francois on last describes the properties of the at is yet unknown particle. the 2 are jointly awarded the nobel
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prize in physics and 2013 today is unusual to drive the proton collisions and the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do maintenance work on the late fee for its detectors is coming up for the last kind of might, it's how you doing this is a diagram of to see a method you take to take to concede them the, normally, the protons would be colliding in the center of the detector right now. and kind of put that there aren't any protons in the collider at the moment that will buy skins in these attach. and here's what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones you know who are under produced in cosmic rays that it takes to expedite possibly nearly through the detector. and so the detector reconstructed something non linear one, and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected 12. and so we use these calls, make new ones to calibrate out to take, to very precisely fiction on 10 appreciated the parentheses,
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this difference the cost of the because there are no particle collisions today, we're allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room to this would otherwise, not be possible. as harmful radiation could be released during operation. yes, it's the same as the tech to add that as a staff survey of for the tech during the whole can i give you the c m. s to take the here is the heaviest detector in high energy physics investigate the 65 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see in place that the protons come from here and also from behind. and then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech. when they collide, they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see another. then
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the focus to the proton collisions release, new elementary particles like bose ons, lift, arms, and clarks. which can then be measured in the see a mess detector. by identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies, and then piecing together all the information. the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision. the effects allow them and then let's see, and this is an equal condominiums. this allows me to visit study the micro causing the policy cool effects. and you have to give me a motivates, fascinating, that the more you learned about it's micro cause a man because the more you understand about the big picture with name, the origin of the universe when you've, as on by monday, monday, put total into protons collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions of the big bang time of the defect
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box. and the we can simulate the ice clocks and glue owns and swimming around. do me cycles mix suit by shooting protons at each of them with incredibly high energy and 5 on the screen. these kinds of a n, a, d off and then the see if it's mike traveling back in time to the origin, devalue universe and steals. this is the move as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions, leave their traces. and the individual segments of the detector, and these traces are translated into a huge phone use of digital data. it all happens in this underground computer room, where all the data from the c a mass detector is received as far standard and seem as to take to talk to you to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protons, a shelter to each other in the see
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a mess to take the was it couldn't get much send us that zip this minute, you know, ones but 40000000 packets. the 2nd only these cases for the tim interfere with each collision of these packets. some 60 protons collide with the protons and the impact its released hundreds and thousands of particles from titanium. psychiatric then letting them to take to else can i'm at least different particles are recorded by the detector. then that is if it's a cottage and in this room picked up a lease, a physical signal from the collisions in the detector may have been digitized settings that cornerstone and all sorts of these a lot of data. so huge files that we have to pre selected and built around the information we can use and expires. otherwise we can store. so this one is it that in falls, alex yet one on that is the, i'm missing christie, and them the heck of all the, the pyramids of diesel on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo,
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were built to stand for a turn, a deep and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. how many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery. the 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. but researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have been using particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging, they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. the in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of left on
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the lawns are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere. when particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. the particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stone around $10000.00 new ones, hit every square meter of the earth every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. those that pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave a relatively weak trace on the scanners. but if the new ones flow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. in this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and helped to discover previously hidden treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. in 2017, the research team is made
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a spectacular discovery using move on imaging. a previously unknown 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid, the one scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated food go seem a nuclear reactor in japan. engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from a greater distance. without having to physically enter the immediate highly radioactive zone, the blue on imaging is also used in bulk analogy, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. this enables a kind of early warning system for potential volcanic eruptions.
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but the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter but also transmit information. ready cellular phones are based on the discovery from the 19th century. they send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles. namely, photons. cell phones are rate using the electromagnetic force describing the standard model of particle physics. the silicon base sensors and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the band odd enough to institute for tropical medicine. just north of the piers is a research center where more than 400 scientists research dangerous pathogens they
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study, for example, the exact blueprint a virus is using extremely high intensity x ray technology. body and holes in the hall research has the structure of sonya viruses. a group of dangerous pathogens introduced to central europe long ago by exotic insects of fun. yeah. infection like the last a virus can be fatal. and there are currently no vaccines or effective drugs. this is why the molecular structure of vanya viruses needs to be completely decoded as well. but 1st we have to generate the biological sample for examinations. for example, we need protein crystals for x ray analysis, l 5, because a single protein is not enough for the food and the sample has to meet the certain conditions for crystallization to be possible at all. we can easily see cells under normal optical microscope. so we can see protein dash for this. we need her to call
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physics, which helps us to make even the smallest atomic unit i visible above. i'm high position the cell cultures are swirled for 2 days at around 27 degrees to supply them with as much oxygen as possible. this is important for the production of the protein. under the optical microscope mafia holes in tall checks whether the examples are suitable for further analysis. if a green, shimmering signal forms in the cells they have produced the desired protein before the sample can be examined and a particle accelerator, the proteins are sorted by size. though we can see the separation of proteins quite clearly here to use of the messing this protein signal is shown in blue un mission. it's a nice strong signal for james. and our target protein is in the peak here. so we
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can select which cubes were the target protein as well separated from all the other items. that will be our, your sample and we can continue working with it. in the final step, the target protein from the cold room is mixed with various chemicals to grow protein crystals. this can take days or weeks. busy time unfortunately, no ma'am. i susan's proteins are not visible under an optical microscope. we need x ray crystallography to see these proteins, these building blocks of viruses in the finest detail using the supports. and these are the protein crystals that have for him to phone time. they vary in size into a very nice, straight edges and fish, which shows their high quality rust save in size and from the one qualitative with a kind of miniature lasso. she fishes now the best crystals and stores them in
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a container filled with liquid nitrogen. monthly and holes in tall vend takes them to daisy, the german electron synchrotron in the west of humboldt. this is also home to the center for structural systems biology. c, s. s b for short. the biology, chemistry, medicine and physics research teams work together here in the field of infection biology. right next to the css b building is a huge experiment hall. it is directly connected to a particle accelerator. the 3rd generation of the positron electron tandem ring accelerator. petra, 3 for short. petra 3 is a particle accelerator and one of the wide strongest x ray generators. it allows researchers to examine the smallest samples,
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like the tiny crystals from the band hot enough to institute. the minds based firm by on tech has also used to petra 3 to investigate the effectiveness and messenger capability of all are in a vaccines the packets of electron slide through the 2.3 kilometer particle accelerator ring at near light speed, the special magnets force them into a sneaking pash causing them to admit high intensity and highly focused x rays. these x rays are millions of times more intense than those from conventional sources. and up to $5000.00 times finer than a human hair. the, the x rays pass through some 50 measuring stations in several experiments halls where the sample from the band hall no institute is now being further examined
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here. nothing of holes in tall meats, structural biologist christy. i'm live on the right. yeah, that sounds my sample. send it over the phone on this and i've even prepared it please tell me little research as how the human body absorbs in transport. it's nutrients and medications. the uses crystallography to study the structures of the molecule is responsible for transport. this is how protein crystallography works. to be able to visualize the 3, the structure of proteins with atomic level precision, highly focused x rays are beamed through the rotating cultivated crystal. the regularly arranged crystal structures deflect the x rays and create
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a characteristic pattern on a detector. the, the proteins 3 d structure can be determined from the position and intensity of the various light spots produced. knowledge of the structure can now help in developing new drugs that target precisely where pathogens such as the bonia virus, are vulnerable. the samples from the band hot institute have been measured and the radiation collected in the detector has been converted into a 3 d structural animation. protein crystallography has greatly advanced and accelerated massey of holes in tall and fist down loops research. yeah, musically it's possible to develop a drug just by seeing whether it inhibits virus growth on cells that tied to the
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present. but it's very time consuming and you usually don't really understand why a drug works the way it does. in our case, using elementary particles, we can find out exactly how we drug works or design a drug to stop certain mechanisms from stuff. developing such a drug is one of the just download permissions. the atomic lee precise protein imaging helps him enormously because messenger proteins direct drugs to the parts of the body where the active ingredient is supposed to work a mutual wouldn't be as he and the method it's available here on campus. and petra, 3 in particular, move to this, made it possible to investigate these messenger systems. and with us, by the help with this, it looks like we worked with tiny crystal at this time. and only with the strong x ray beam can we determine the structures just to and these are the developments of these methods has been an absolute milestone structural biology. traditional food in the long to get these to send troops developing small molecules to combat
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specific proteins. this, this tiny money to inspect the 14 and 16 crystallography is measuring accuracy is helping researchers to keep pace with the rapid spread of previously own researched viruses. now, how is the detective doing everything works on just a few 100 meters away at daisy, we once again meet particle physicist christiane funding back up the key in his team or analyzing the data from the particle. collisions that sir and in geneva where proteins are again being collided on the list as the homewood team is video links to the control room of the c m. s. experiment sean, and back as team and germany now continuously checks the quality of the collision data from switzerland using it's yet life data from the top nomic
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team ethics payment, we now see and live images of the data collection that the cns experiments, it's 2 protons collided here in the middle of the detector, and all these particles is fragments from the collision and have left a lot of traces in the detector image just like a jet leaves a trail condensation in the sky. he's in doesn't, he said these are the green lines here. and so is this, these red and blue dogs represent the particles, measure the energy cloud that task in these precision analyses, data on known elementary particles is separated from what could possibly indicate new particles. and not only that, i missed them up by december, splits his joints missing some tides and we do both see them and applies. and we precisely measure the particles we know and try to learn from the deviations we find at the imaging act like we also actively search for new particles that could
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help to explain things. what sense and like like the facts that try to find the sense of the universe? he's dock massa the only 15 percent and he's known mass s the mass ends and molecules designed to spend that much of time like in these jobs and i put black beans in for doc method and white things for the node method. i see it as, as file to everything that's black. when that is what we don't understand by simple wonder if that's doc match material and that's what we're looking for. and i'd as us file, it's one of the biggest mysteries in science and system to material. and that's who can be assigned to the course that i have to individuals have but what exactly is this dark matter that particle, physicists like chris john shining bag or looking for in numerous experiments, physicists have already proven that dark matter exist, and that it makes up 85 percent of all matter in the universe, but they have no idea what it is made of
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the. the search for dark matter is the search for what holds our entire universe together. 6 because without it or galaxy, for example, the milky way would fly apart the planets journey around their star, the gravitational mass of which keeps them in their orbits. stars in turn orbit around the center of their galaxy. theoretically, the further away of celestial body is from its center of gravity. the slower it should move. but measurements have shown that the outer stars of the milky way move much faster than expected, or calculated astrophysics explains it this way. our galaxy consists of much more matter, then what is visible and this invisible matter or dark matter also
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exerts a gravitational pull one the celestial bodies. 6 so that they can move faster without the ring out of orbit. the researchers are using various methods to search for the as yet unknown dark matter particles. not only with underground detectors and particle accelerators, but also with telescopes in space. in the search for dark matter, there is even an experiment in which light is supposed to penetrate a solid wall. the excellent na heads the helps experiment which is set up in a roughly 300 meter long straight section of the hair. a tunnel at daisy in humble out stands for any light particle search. lemme is a particle physicist that daisy and devises novel particle physics experiments.
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a team of more than 200 specialists has developed and built the entire lp's facility of daisy over a period of 12 years. it is the 1st experiment worldwide in which very light particles of dark matter could be produced and detected in the laboratory. to do this, light would have to pass through an opaque wall, which is technically impossible. you have your voice construct no trying to find something completely new. name doc, my talk with doing this by attempting things. they shouldn't actually walk once a so, so like this was showing a flashlight on the wall or a normally in the, through the funds. we use much more elaborate method. it was kind of a pitiful task. it through the won't open and then we cannot explain why the existence of a new form of my tongue don't matter. so we're examining what we think is
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impossible to see if it's possible. after all, if it's is, do we have found something completely on you know, in the alps experiment, laser light will be amplified by a factor of $10000.00 and a type of micro chamber. the light will then pass through a strong magnetic field. in theory, a photon or light particle could be transformed into an axiom as the new well i'm into the particle will be cold if it can be detected. the laser light would be stopped by the wall. but the axial on would simply pass through because nothing can stop dark matter in the magnetic field on the other side, the axial and should be transformed back into a photon. more like a detector would measure the light particle that seems to have passed through the wall. the transformations, if they occur at all, would be extremely rare. the detector must therefore be able to recognize
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a few photons per day. if it succeeds a new dark matter particle will have been found, which would be a sensational discovery. because i'm isaac's pelham in familiar success is the fulfillment of a technological golf course. so i'm very certain that all helps experiments will succeed. and the nature of him to sign if you will find doc my tongue to the no one knows how long it will take to solve the mystery of dark matter. the. but the large number of particle physics experiments worldwide makes new discoveries more and more likely, the, with a very tangible benefits to be sent. so what if we look back is
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we see the book really well together, electricity, very electromagnetic way, on the internet, one x rays, i just came from completely fall factual groundbreaking. we're search in to completely new things, especially if, if it goes to someone's fire, she has the possibilities. this is the, it's sometimes hard to explain what you're actually doing. items, you can see it upon the goals, you can't see them. so you can't taste those smelled them. but i still think it's important to research these elementary particles. ultimately, it's the only way to understand where we've come from, a steam english and that's and this will have it coming for $66.00 is nothing more or less than apply to that school philosophy. you couldn't, we can explain it well. and we know how to approach it. it's already working really, it will be a more competitive employ precision because smaller g on precision pulse school physics here. so talk them outside is still a michigan region because when we have a complete picture of how we actually came into the, well,
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that's just the fundamental questions from the philosophy. the supposed to meet them to an attachment is because the thing that's so fascinating about particle physics to my piece that we can describe these complex mess up. everything that surrounds us just in terms of the elementary particles and kind of go by monday. so i'm trusting you almost think someone must have been clever enough to formulate how well to world of elementary particles, relatively simple in the mean time touching the upstairs editing almost like it was planned to try and contact the engine desktop released again. and i am testing the rug, the environment, trends technology company is digitalization,
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this shadows these costs and video shed light on the dog is devastating. colonial har is infected by germany across and he employed a scorched post tactic farms and destroyed lights. what is the legacy of this wide spread races, depression? today, the screen we need to talk about here, the stories, shadows of german colonialism. the the, it is some of the current key, more people than in such a passion life crisis within pod for somebody
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to find out about baby story info, migraines, reliable news for migrant. wherever they may be. the is this the news. these are the top stores. israel says several of its soldiers have been killed since it began. its grounding cars need to self 11 on the idea says it has destroyed more than 150 sites used by the around proxy has by others comes as prime minister benjamin netanyahu. warranty of on that it will pay for launching around $118.00 missiles isis. right. john un security council has max and emergency session to discuss measures to de escalate the comfort your own secretary general antonio tabitha judge. all pauses
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