in people affected scientists predicts moisture levels and the amazon region may not fully recover until 2026. they say climate change is the main culprit and you're up to date. thanks for watching. the name is nose available in the whole bag. save. wow. thank you so much for joining in. welcome to don't hold bad. a lot of people do that. as soon as i was saying, a loud noise would have been nosy b like good. everyone to king a healthy award winning called called the called back, our universe, our planet, or even though ourselves,

everything is made up of the same components of elementary particles. if we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams and within them, electrons, clarks, and clue on without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. everything would fall apart. they literally hold the world together. elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. some can even penetrate any form of matter. the book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron, one of the world's largest fundamental physics research centers.

more than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here the, the particles businesses close to understanding bag that takes us into the enormous tunnel system. below the daisy grounds founded vega is one of the world's most renowned particle physicists. a professor at the university of humble and lead scientist that daisy has only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. our team is allowed to film there. if i'm just going on the ground to the hair acceleration, it's the largest accelerate to the, to him and he has to have a bill. i'm going, if i would have anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy and spun and vega

. hello. ok. i'm entering the here a tunnel and here a west going towards here. a news or not. behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. the hair, a tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator. the you guys so long, definitely have found a problem with something i'm some and then the camera is so long. you need a bike to get from one experiment to another. it's fine. and you can see that it isn't actually a ring. you can get me riding through a straight section now on the electrons and protons are accelerated through the strait sections. then the, the tunnel slowly starts to coach in the particle beam zones. exhilarated in the section just redirected here. the proton bane travels in the launch of a vacuum tube and the electron beam goes through the lowest storage ring in the opposite direction. and if we were to travel much, much further,

we'd eventually come out of the cook and see how this electron too much is with the product onto the electrons. it shows that the protons in the next to tech, to the port on control center on the protons burst and release new elementary particles. what physics is aiming for with these particle collisions, is the reconstruction of the beginning of space and time. the reconstruction of the big bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion, some 13800000000 years ago. particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. but it can look back to a 1000000 of a 1000000000 of a 2nd after the big bang. the debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient

greeks. some 2500 years ago. the greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek to most meaning, indivisible. the debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. adams consist of electronic neutrons and protons. the term elementary particles 1st appeared in the 1930 in the 2nd half of the 20th century. teams from the us and daisy and humboldt, among others, were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. the standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. the core group consists of 6 particles in total. the left tons including electrons and move on,

also comprises 6 particles the. the group of gauge bows on the forced particles currently includes 4 types, including glue, lawns, and photons. finally, there are the scalar bones. so far physics knows of only one elementary particle in this group. the higgs both on detected in 2012. it is the most recent addition to the particle family, the berlin at the noise museum, we meet the hannah level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pi, right the she takes us to the pirates collection. some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display. here were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets.

so far they've had to be painstakingly own, rolled and unfolded by him. popularly isn't the wonderful guy right. are very fragile. when we want to open a piece for pirates conservator decides if it's possible. or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts interesting 1000 pieces. of course you don't want us out just interest interest me. some 60000 pi ryan. the other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7. back then, huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river with conservators, sophie elizabeth. but tell needs that hannah lisa is looking for a pi right, whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics without unfolding or damaging them. using a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with businesses,

tons, eva, hod mancha. they have found pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink, and have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. this is done at the helm holds center for materials and energy in berlin's bonds, a district to be as specializes in time. a graphic imaging of a wide range of materials for the pirates pack it from the egyptian museum draws on the pioneering research of a well known german physicist. the wilhelm calling ahead of on can discovered x rays at the end of the 19th century. shortly after he succeeded in capturing the 1st images, revolutionizing medical diagnostics and earning him the nobel prize in physics. for the 1st time, it was possible to visualize the bone structure of a living being without surgical intervention

the, the principal is relatively simple. x rays are produced by the rapid acceleration of electronics that is, elementary particles the, the dense or the material. the less radiation can penetrate. it's very dense material like bone appears, white and the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense. and so appear great. the organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the race through and appear black in the image. while x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for non destructive testing and materials research

can 5 and wish you those 5 mentioned toys. once testing done, the x rays pulse through vis franklin and then hit the detector team and we take a whole series of images, not just one of the guns. they rotate. the sample wants to be $360.00 degrees with . i'm a quote, a projection of very many, very different angles. they ask you this way that we can generate to 3, the reconstruction of the volume with us. yeah. and that's why the other sort of the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers numerous 3 dimensional x rate images of the pirates packet. but the writing inside can still not be read. this is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, danielle baum and his team have developed software that can virtually own the full, the pirates packet. the traces, the individual layers and the 3 d model with the mouse. the computer programs in

virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. the structure of the plan fibers is clearly visible. finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the, virtually on the folded piracy and distinct characters appear on the screen. you can see the pirates fibers really well up to the left is versed in 15, oriental scripts and language is from different heroes. including higher radek or coptic aromatic and arabic, because somebody else model negotiated about fuels foss on gets and then this is the 1st time in the history of pirates researching. we can read pirates virtually. it's vicky without having to physically open it up. honestly, this is really sensational. this piece here is a complex texas. here is a p which is the mass to an article. and then this symbol now not freak as a cop there. i call this is,

i'm not 5 and joe. a joy on for just goes to joy and to me way. oh lord, jesus christ of the quotes from this is the short form for lord jesus priced in early christianity out of my hand. a wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on elephant team 1st, perhaps as early as the 4th century during the game had been remembered. this has to be folded amulet that someone would have carried with them the monthly life by just the tower. thanks to physics and i t. some aspects of christianity's early history can now be rewritten. the geneva, the european organization for nuclear research for cern is the world's largest research center in the field of particle physics. here at the swiss border with france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the

properties of elementary particles since 1954 we made german particle businesses because challenge funding back again, it's r and p is regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments yes, it's easy to know that the, with the launch hadron collider, we here on the sun side and then at the certain score is the large hadron collider . the world's largest particle accelerator. the ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. alice think i can just enough flash advice. i stuff i'm by such stuff. steve, as you're really starts with a buffle of hydrogen, when it's hydrogen consists of one pro tillman one electrons on the 1st, the electronics extracted. and then the proton goes into a linear accelerator where it's energy is increasing yourself. the speed of life finding in uninspired fault is finding out that you must now lock into protein has

been said 33 more. pre exhilarates is a sequel finally being directed into the large hadron collider, and that's where it's accelerated to near lights. they done alphabetically, caught in that the bush line is to add another fast, the least. just bring this type in the collider. protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other at 4 points in the ring at almost the speed of light. with 4 huge detectors measured the collisions i know these are the ductwork and one of the east cool to see a mess detector is located directly opposite this the inside and sat on the other side of the ring. i did the thing that's where we're going. now back in may of c m. s stands for compact and one solenoid. and it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time. here in the c m. s. control room.

the experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored. there's other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time, including a scientific team from daisy and home board. home blog at all. some 4000 researchers from 55 countries worldwide are involved in the cns. experiment. seamless experiment is at the large hadron collider. and it's an experiment to look at the fundamental building blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. it's taking place at certain because so it has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. and it's also a community that brings together institutes from all around the world and the expertise for them to, to really advance the field of particles in 2012 researchers, etc,

and achieve their greatest success. to date, experimental proof of the long sought higgs bows on it was named after british businesses to peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague francois on last describes the properties of the as yet unknown particle. the 2 are jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics and 2013 today is unusual to the proton collisions and the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do maintenance work on the late fee for its detectors. just kind of your last kind of my typing. this is a diagram of to see a method to take to take to concede. then the normally the protons would be colliding in the center of the detector right now. time kind of put that there aren't any protons in the collider at the moment. it will buttons in these attach.

and here's what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones you know who and to produce, didn't cosmic rays at at tech, to investigate, possibly nearly through the detector. and so is the detect a reconstructed something non linear one and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected to. and so we use these cause make new ones to calibrate how to take to very precisely fiction on 10 appreciated the parentheses, this difference the cost of the because there are no particle collisions today we're allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room. this would otherwise not be possible as harmful radiation could be released during operation if it's the same as the tech to at that of his desk may ask for the tech to into who can i give him the

c m s to take the here is the heaviest detector in high energy physics invest 865 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see is that the protons come from see and also from behind. and then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech . when they collide. they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see i know the z and then the polk stick a proton collisions release, new elementary particles like bows, alms, left tons and clarks, which can then be measured in the c, a mess detector. by identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies and then piecing together all the information the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision. the she says allow.

and then let's see. and this is an equal coordinating e, and this allows me to visit study the micro causing the policy cool effects. and you have to give me a might, if it's fascinating that and if it's a more you learned about it's micro cause a man because the more you understand about the big picture with name, the origin of the universe, this when you've as on by monday, monday, put total into protons collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions of the big bang. the house had some of the defect box and the we can simulate these clocks and glue owns and swimming around. do me cycles mix. susie mountie by shooting price homes that each of them with incredibly high energy. and i've only seen these kinds of a n a d open on the see if it's mike traveling back in time to the origin. the value universe steals specific the leave as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions, leave their traces in the individual segments of the detector. and these traces are

translated into a huge phone use of digital data. it all happens in this underground computer room, where all the data from the c a mess detector is received as far standard and seem as to take the key to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protons, a shelter to each other in the c, m. s to take them uh, was it going like a month to then does that zip this man, you know, once, but 40000000 packages. the 2nd kate that for the pm in your family beach collision of these packets. some 60 protons collide with all the protons. and the impact release, hundreds and thousands of articles from titanium psychiatric then limited tech to else can, i'm totally different particles are recorded by the detector. and that is, it fits accommodations and in this room picked up a release of physical signals from the collisions and the detect uh may have been

digitized settings that color on and off when that is, if that these a lot of data. so huge files that we have to pre select in the field around the information we can use at least from an ident, each file. otherwise we can store. so this one is a dock and falls alex yet one on that if you are missing, christie and them direct of all the pyramids of these um, on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo, were built to stand for a turn, a deep and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. how many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery. the 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. but researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have been using

particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging, they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. the in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of left on the lawns are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere. when particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. the particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stone around $10000.00 new ones, hit every square meter of the earth every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. those that pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave

a relatively weak trace on the scanners. but if the move on slow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. in this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and helped to discover previously hidden treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. in 2017, the research team is made a spectacular discovery using move on imaging. a previously unknown 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid, one scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated for go seem a nuclear reactor in japan. engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from a greater distance. without having to physically enter the immediate highly

radioactive zone, the blue on imaging is also used in bulk analogy, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. this enables a kind of early warning system for potential volcanic eruptions. but the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter but also transmit information. ready cellular phones are based on a discovery from the 19th century. ready they send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles, namely photons. cellphones operate using the electromagnetic force, describing the standard model of particle physics. busy the silicon base since

there's and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the band odd enough to institute for tropical medicine. just north of the piers is a research center where more than 400 scientists research dangerous pathogens they study, for example, the exact blueprint a virus is using extremely high intensity x ray technology. body and holes in the hall research has the structure of sonya viruses. a group of dangerous pathogens introduced to central europe long ago by exotic insects of sonya infection like the last a virus can be fatal. and there are currently no vaccines or effective drugs. this is why the molecular structure of the new viruses needs to be completely

decoded. asthma to get over to over the 1st, we have to generate the biological sample for examinations. for example, we need protein crystals for x ray analysis o 5 because a single protein is not enough for the food and it's the sample has to meet certain conditions for crystallization to be possible at all. we can easily see cells under a normal optical microscope. so we can see protein, gosh, for this we need her to call physics, which helps us to make even the smallest atomic unit i'm visible. above, i'm high. the cell cultures are swirled for 2 days at around $27.00 degrees to supply them with as much oxygen as possible. this is important for the production of the protein under the optical microscope, monthly of holes in tall checks, whether the examples are suitable for further analysis. if a green shimmering signal forms in the cells they have produced the desired protein

. before the sample can be examined and a particle accelerator, the proteins are sorted by size. we can see the separation of proteins quite clearly. here to use of the messing of this protein signal is shown in blue. you finish, it's a nice strong signal for james. and our target protein is in the peak here. so we can select which cubes were the target protein as well separated from all the other items. and that will be our, your sample and we can continue working with it. in the final step, the target protein from the cold room is mixed with various chemicals to grow of protein crystals. this can take days or weeks. busy time unfortunately, animates, screwed teams are not visible under an optical microscopes. we need x ray

crystallography to see these proteins. these building blocks of viruses in the fine is detail is in the us to put in. these are the protein crystals that have formed phone time. they vary in size into a very nice, straight edges and fish, which shows their high quality last segment sizes, one of the one qualitative with a kind of miniature last. so she fishes out the best crystals and stores them in a container filled with liquid nitrogen via holes in 12 and takes them to daisy, the german electron synchrotron in the west of hum board. this is also home to the center for structural systems biology. c, s. s b for short. the biology, chemistry, medicine and physics research teams work together here in the field of infection biology. right next to the css b building is

a huge experiment. all. it is directly connected to a particle accelerator. the 3rd generation of deposit from an electron tandem ring accelerator. petra, 3 for short. petra 3 is a particle accelerator and one of the wide strongest x ray generators. it allows researchers to examine the smallest samples like the tiny crystals from the band hot enough to institute. the minds based firm by on tech has also used to petra 3 to investigate the effectiveness and messenger capability of all are in a vaccines the packets of electrons flying through the 2.3 kilometer particle accelerator ring at near light speed, the special magnets force them into a snaking pass causing them to admit high intensity and highly focused x rays.

these x rays are millions of times more intense than those from conventional sources. and up to $5000.00 times finer than a human hair. the, the x rays pass through some 50 measuring stations in several experiments halls where the sample from the band hall no institute is now being further examined here, moving at holes in tall meats, structural biologist, christy. i'm live on the right. yeah, that sounds my sample. send it over your phone on this and i've even prepared it. please tell me lou researches how the human body absorbs in transport. it's nutrients and medications. the uses crystallography to study the structures of the molecule is responsible for

transport. this is how protein crystallography works. to be able to visualize the 3, the structure of proteins with atomic level precision, highly focused x rays are beamed through the rotating cultivated crystal. the regularly arranged crystal structures deflect the x rays and create a characteristic pattern on a detector. the, the proteins 3 d structure can be determined from the position and intensity of the various light spots produced. knowledge of the structure can now help in developing new drugs that target precisely where pathogens such as the bonia virus, are vulnerable. the samples from the band hot enough to institute have been measured and the

radiation collected in the detector has been converted into a 3 d structural animation. protein crystallography has greatly advanced and accelerated massy of holes in tall and pressed down loops research. yeah, because it's possible to develop a drug just by seeing whether it inhibits virus growth on cells that type but it's very time consuming and you usually don't really understand why a drug works. the way it does, i'm assume that in our case, using elementary particles, we can find out exactly how we drug works or design a drug to stop certain mechanisms. stop. developing such a drug is one of just download permissions. the atomic lee precise protein imaging helps him enormously because messenger proteins direct drugs to the parts of the body where the active ingredient is supposed to work in mutual wouldn't be as he

and the method it's available here on campus. and petra, 3 in particular, move to this, made it possible to investigate these messenger systems in with us by the help we work with tiny crystal at this time. and only with the strong x ray beam. can we determine the structures just to and these are the developments of these methods has been an absolute milestone structural biology. traditional food in the long to get these to send troops developing small molecules to combat specific proteins this, this tiny molecule, inspect the 14 and crystallography is measuring accuracy, is helping researchers to keep pace with the rapid spread of previously own researched viruses. you know, how is the detective doing everything works for just a few 100 meters away at daisy we once again meet particle physicists, christiane sean, and back up the key. and his team are analyzing the data from the particle

collisions at sir, and in geneva, where proteins are again being collided. on the 1st stage, the homewood team is video link to the control room of the c m. s. experiment sean and back as team and germany now continuously checks the quality of the collision data from switzerland using its t at life spit out from the top nomic team s experiment. we now see and live images of the data collection of the c m. s. experiments, it's 2 protons collided here in the middle of the detector. and all these particles of fragments from the collision. some have left a lot of traces in the detector. image just like a jet leads, a trailer condensation in the sky. he's in doesn't, he said these are the green lines here. and so was this, these red and blue dogs represent the particles measure the energy cloud task. in these precision analyses,

data on known elementary particles is separated from what could possibly indicate new particles. and not only that, must him up by december, splits a ceiling submissive, sometimes we do both of them and apply. so we precisely measure the particles we know and trying to learn from the deviations we find at even thing act like we also actively search for new particles that could help to explain things. what sense and like like the fact the types you find that's the end of the universe. he's doc massa and only 15 percent and he's non mass us, the mass ends and molecules. and that's the thing to spend that monday, that ties like in this job. and because if i put black beans in the dark mass, us and white things for known method, i see it as, as filed to everything that is black. when that is what we don't understand by simple one, that's doc match material and that's what we're looking for. and i'd as us file, it's one of the biggest mysteries in science and system to material. and that's who can be assigned to the course that i have some individuals have but what exactly is

this dark matter that particle, physicists like this, john sean and beg a are looking for in numerous experiments, physicists have already proven that dark matter exist, and that it makes up 85 percent of all matter in the universe, but they have no idea what it is made of the. the search for dark matter is to search for what holds our entire universe together. 6 because without it or galaxy, for example, the milky way would fly apart the planets journey around their star, the gravitational mass of which keeps them in their orbits. stars in turn orbit around the center of their galaxy. theoretically, the further away celestial body is from its center of gravity,

the slower it should move. but measurements have shown that the outer stars of the milky way move much faster than expected, or calculated astrophysics explains it this way. our galaxy consists of much more matter, then what is visible. and this invisible matter or dark matter also exerts a gravitational pull on the celestial bodies so that they can move faster without the ring out of orbit. the researchers are using various methods to search for the as yet unknown dark matter particles. not only with underground detectors and particle accelerators, but also with telescopes in space. in the search for dark matter, there is even an experiment in which light is supposed to penetrate a solid wall. the box

of linen uh heads the helps experiment which is set up in a roughly 300 meter long straight section of the hair. a tunnel at daisy in humble outs stands for any light particle search. lemme is a particle physicist that daisy and devises novel particle physics experiments. a team of more than 200 specialists has developed and built the entire lp's facility of daisy over a period of 12 years. it is the 1st experiment worldwide in which very light particles of dark matter could be produced and detected in the laboratory. to do this, light would have to pass through an opaque wall, which is technically impossible. void your concepts and we're trying to find

something completely new. name talk my talk with doing this by attempting things. they shouldn't actually walk once a. so like this was showing a flashlight on the wall, or it's normally not to go through the funds. we use much more elaborate methods. and if a piece of law does get through the alternator, and then we cannot explain why the existence of a new form does not condone spots. ok. so we're examining what we think is impossible to see if it's possible. after all, what if it's is do we have found something completely? i mean, most of us customers in the alps experiment laser light will be amplified by a factor of $10000.00 and a type of micro chamber. the light will then pass through a strong magnetic field. in theory, a photon or light particle could be transformed into an axiom. as the new relevant to the particle will be called if it can be detected. the laser light would be stopped by the wall. but the axial on would simply pass through because nothing can

stop dark matter in the magnetic field on the other side, the axial and should be transformed back into a photon. more like a detector would measure the light particle that seems to have passed through the wall. the transformations, if they occur at all, would be extremely rare. ready the detector must therefore be able to recognize a few photons per day. if it succeeds, a new dark matter particle will have been found, which would be a sensational discovery. because i'm, i'd expect them in to me as a success as the fulfillment of a technological golf course. so i'm very certain that all helps experiments will succeed on the nature of the site. if you will find doc match on the no one knows how long it will take to solve the mystery of dark matter.

the but the large number of particle physics experiments worldwide makes new discoveries more and more likely the, with the very tangible benefits. and there be some so what if we look back is we see could look really hands on well together, electricity, very electromagnetic white, beans and one x rays. i just came from completely fall factual groundbreaking. we're search in to complete new things moving and knock. this type of physically is this one month for. she has a possibility is this is the, it's sometimes hard to explain what you're actually doing. item is because see of the particles. you can't see them. you can't tell you still smell them, but i still think it's important to research these elementary particles. ultimately,

it's the only way to understand where we've come from her steam english nets, and this will have become a physics physics. there's nothing more less than applied to high school philosophy . you couldn't, we can explain it well and we know how to approach it. it's already working really, it would be a more competitive employee, precision cosmologies and precision pulse school physics here. so talk about to still a michigan region, because then we'll have a complete the picture of how we actually came into the well that just the fundamental questions from the philosophy is supposed to meet them to an attachment is because the thing that so fascinating about particle physics, we might these that we can describe these complex mess up everything that surrounds us just in terms of the elementary particles and kind of by monday. so i'm trusting you all, most thinking someone must have been clever enough to formulate how well to world of elementary particles, relatively simple in the mean time attaching the upstairs. almost like it was planned to try and contact the engine desktop list again and i am testing

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october set of 2023 as loans as a terror attack as well. it is the bloody estate in the history of the 2 estates. and the beginning of the whole income a one year nice week 7, the backgrounds of the attack. how could it happen? what role that is really on palestinian, what sort of the how much attached was the change tel aviv. what he hasn't had on israel's policy capital focused on one year. israel, how most scouts of tobar says on the w, the,

you're watching dw news, lie, some berlin, explosions, rock the 11 east capital bay route, a series of is really air strikes. hit a with southern suburbs after israel ordered civilians to evacuate the area and water levels, and one of the amazon's main tributaries dropped to the lowest ever recorded as a severe drought devastates the region. the melissa china, thanks for joining us. 11 use capital, but.