story. officials in spain say at least $51.00 people looked at off the terrestrial brain spots flash funds in the east and south. so the way the warnings have in place for 10 regents, it'll ibex documentary on base as well. then i'll have more use excel on data. the name is the calls back said wow, thank you so much for joining in. welcome to don't hold bad. a lot of people do that. it's all about saying it aloud. next, would it be nosy bay? like good everyone to kings? check out the award winning called call. don't hold back. there are an estimated 10 quintillion bucks on earth. and all those bugs

need to have sex. sex in, but it isn't fascinating. recess, counter intuitive, ridiculous, and it's complexity ridiculous and how it stream it is. and most people know nothing about it. they do things like we do, but they do it in ways that are really different than the way we do it. spiders, firm transfer organs are not connected to then going as it's a perfect opportunity to say, hey, here's how evolution works underneath that. as a small matter for. but it's just a little blob of spun and he stretched it into her reproductive tract. you know, the best answer to almost any question is it's complicated. i guess when i think about bugs, sex, i wonder why everyone isn't studying expensive is just fascinating. one of my favorite moments in science, when you think you really understand something,

but really you don't understand anything the a. so 1st thing to understand about studying bucks x is how you actually studies bucks x it starts by being a kind of a bug. boy, you're this face to look. yeah. and they're just kind of sitting here. yeah. i mean, i watch a lot of animals not have sex. yeah, i see right there. we are starting to get a little nervous now, but we haven't decided it's time to. if you don't hear them by now, turn says we're going to move on to good for now till you can see the female has climbed on top, but in the wrong direction. yeah, nope,

and now she's just now, so over the moment is going we do a lab here in the animal behavior course study for years and guaranteeing students get a pair of treat crickets in front of them in the lab is on a piece of flour, like this and they're gonna see 6 the nature is amazing and what it generates in terms of diversity. and it's the same thing, goes for, for the meeting game in nature. there's a just a wealth of different diversities out there that lead to the evolution of, as you say, all these weird and wonderful ways of doing it. these tree crickets are having pretty common intimate relations for the above world. the male calls to the female by rubbing his wings together. that's his cool. yeah. it's a truly noise. she is attracted to the song, crows up on his body. but then comes to the part where he transfers is firm. you

see, just for matter, for little white things, the whole bunch of insects and calculate their sperm in some way. and it's called a spar matter for their sort of been checking internally because they have to surround the jacket with this amount of for casing. we entomologist like to comments from out of foreplay, this for amount of, for just like a turkey based or where the mail lines are a little tube into her reproductive tract. and then the actual them fold of this for matter, for it basically score, expand the sperm into the female slowly over the next, probably half hour or so. well, just for me out of 4 is doing its job. the mail needs to keep his partners attention. so she just doesn't wander off partly inseminated. so how does he do that? well, there's this small gland just under his wings on his back. that produces something she wants. it's just like a pit. it is thorax,

and it's covered by the wings. and then when he sings, of course he lifts his 4 wings one way or and it's basically exposed to that point and she's proceeding to feed on that little biological, simple gland at the base between this pro change. and it's very important to who we predict the fitness. she plays more rags, the more she eats truly, like a little harder for her. so the casing pull, the spring akeelah is eaten by the female. once it's drained, she just spends around flux it off to go eat sperm free and dessert. that was some spaces. it looks all the world like. one looks around a cheese on a pizza is 6 or so diverse as the years go by. we're coming up with more, more novel assistance, new inspect systems that do bizarrely different things we

want to think about how it is that males attract females on the 1st place, their song, their stances, there's chemicals. there's all sorts of different ways that males try to entice females to approach them or meet with them. we're actually looking for some really large cricket, like things or soft trends that make these woods sing at night. singing is one word for it. can you hear that shrill by broad noise? that's the call of the local crickets near hidden alberta. they go by many names, the greek is civil doris. it's also called the great greek. but we're going to go with the best nickname, the monster haglund. and when the sun goes down, the males get really, really loud, the, they make really loud sounds that are different from regular crickets in certain

ways over the higher frequency. and they seem to invest a lot of energy and in producing the sounds. generally speaking in these kinds of, of animals like crickets, the males make a sound and a females follow it to find the mail. and then that's how they started courting and potentially meetings. but with these animals, the answers are hard to come by. so put a microphone close to the animal and measure it. they come in around a $105.00 decibels. and for comparison, the fire alarm system in this building is your piercing the loud. it's designed to penetrate to whatever room you're in and the fire alarm system is around 90 d b. i've, i've got to notice in my left ear and it's at this frequency. it's one of those workplace has read. so they're really loud. but these scientists haven't been able to determine yet whether the volume of their calls is directly related to meeting.

so it was really difficult in early studies of these guys to get the females to respond in a typical way. they didn't seem to pay any attention to the sound. it's not totally clear what information is uh, is can in the south. so we started studying what the hell is going on with that. just take one of these as you grab about, put them in here. and the, the jobs are fairly strong, so it's better to catch me and maybe on, on friday. and andrew mason are a bug sax power couples. she's an evolutionary biologist. and he studies, bug acoustics and behavior. it's surprising how many people are part of a couple where both of them are doing some sort of research working on the same types of critters. we were both interested in basically the libido hugs. it's kind of a match made in, but you haven't, i guess it's kind of that maybe in and andrew both teach at the university of

toronto, scarborough back in ontario, and they've drafted this crew to collect monster hag lives in the alberta bush. yeah. that monster, head woods are big, they look like they're covered in summer i armor is not adopted for meeting as much as for combat. the. it turns out that the males have a really kind of aggressive territorial behavior where they basically claim a tree and thing from that tree, you get 2 males on the same tree at the same time, and then they'll often fight and one of them gets basically kicked out of the tree, a louder salad is the stronger effect it reaches farther. more of your rivals are going to hear it. so that could lead to the evolution of louder and louder sounds.

if there's a benefits to being heard by, it's more of your, of your arrival. if a male monster hedwood can hear his rivals call, then presumably so can the females. what does this racket actually attract them? it's possible that the, the broadcast from the females point of view to the just needs to identify that the tree is occupied. so there is a male in this tree. if he's got a tree, he's fought off rivals in some sense to hold the street. that's enough to make it worth going up and evaluating him. is it possible made this male monster hegel is following the meeting script. he's done his bed by securing his tree. or in this case, his log. now he'll call and call and call hoping for a female to come along with an answer. at some point,

the female will show interest in the mail. the mail will start to to his courtship . of routine during court ship the mails will allow the females to, to on a set of flushing pads hidden under their main wings. inside those pads are a natural gift, a nutritious presence that sweetens the meeting deal. well, the male transfer, it says for matter, for the female feeds on his blood the but today the females are other not hungry or simply not interested the other male on the other hand. so sometimes when emails are fighting those 3rd, same sex and sexual behavior. i don't know why it happens, but i want to know in so many instances, the study of bugs and sex feels like a new frontier of science. even though charles darwin wrote about insect meeting

and reproduction in the 19th century, one of the most common answers, bug sex biologist give is. yeah, i don't know what to compare with. most of us don't know anything about them. i don't know. i don't know the this is he low on the big island of hawaii. it's a place where a sea turtle share the pacific shore, which humans and the small port city buses with daytime activity. but as night falls, a whole other world wakes up these specific fields, crickets are wandering this urban lawn looking for someone to have sex with. i think one of the most interesting things about insects is that they're so different from people. and yet they're so abundant and so variable that almost anything you

can find or think of an insects will illustrate. and i think what that helps us to do is stop getting so hung up on the idea that life has to be a certain way. and that the way humans do things is the only way to do them. marlene look is an evolutionary biologists and a behavioral ecologist and the specific fuel crickets have got her attention. several years ago on another hawaiian island, marlene discovered that a lot of the male crickets had gone completely quiet. if you see a lot of crickets, but you don't hear any calling, then there must be something wrong because one crickets you're out and you see them . and it's night they should be calling. but if you don't hear calling, then you shouldn't see any crickets. but i've seen crickets, but it wasn't green calling. so what happened? marlene learned that the cricket call for sex had become a form of fatal attraction. it wasn't just female crickets, hearing the call,

it was also being picked up by a parasitic fly that zeroed in on the same sound and dropped sticky wriggling. lar bike onto the male crickets backs. and when they get onto a cricket, they can burrow inside. and then they start wending their way inside the body of the cricket, while the cricket is still alive and eating what a student of mine used to call the gooey beds. and then they'll gradually start eating more major organs and eventually the cricket dies when the fly larva is big and it kind of burst out the, it was a cricket, some more hope that lemme signal for starts. but risk getting attacked by a parasite, marlene, her husband john roddenberry, and her grad student archer, toddy are scanning this lawn and he lo, doing a cricket census. here's another thing. now.

they're looking for male crickets, whose wing structures have suddenly changed, rendering them silent. and evolutionary fix that prevents the flies from finding them that had spread incredibly rapidly through the population, say, 5 years, 3 to $4.00 generations a year. so we're talking at max 20 generations, which is really, really fast from the standpoint of evolution. it is one of the fastest takeovers by mutation ever witnessed by scientists. the flooding wings effected almost all of the mail pacific field crickets on the island of hawaii, and about half on the island of a wall, who. now they're seeing of disputation from normal wings to flat wings. this happened here on hawaii, big island. okay, give me a 2nd. this is a flat way. the yeah, it is can, wow. they weren't able to call, not because they were behaviorally refraining from calling. but because their wings

didn't have the apparatus that's necessary for producing a song, these males that i was finding didn't have any of those structures at all. and their wing superficially looked like female wings. this is a normal ring cricket, you can see the light reflecting off the swirling complex wing structure that allows this mail to call from mate. and this is the mutation a flat ring. you can see that it's well flat and it's rendered this little male silent. and a lot harder for potential female made to find as this drastic change changes, not just the males ability to say, but it changes the females environment that they are now. and because this on me, they don't know that they're all these males around them that they could potentially meet with because they couldn't hear them. so what's interesting to me is that it's like the loss of a sexual signal and that's quite startling because it would be as if all the

peacocks in the world woke up one morning and found out that their tales had disappeared. which we would probably notice more than we noticed the crickets at any given time, there are trillions of crickets to live on earth. and yet none of them generates much fear in the hearts of human. it's different when it comes to spiders. a lot of people simply can't stand them, but the world of spiders and sex is so fascinating. you might even forget that you ate them. if there is one thing, most people seem to know about bug sax. it's that there are times when one of the partners ends up dead. so in pop culture, the black widow is she made since she kills right. then they apply that level to humans who are murderers and etc. well, in the species males that let females kill them can actually produce more babies. then males, if i try to avoid that outcome, what you are watching is

a red black male doing what's called the summer salt. after he is inseminated, the much larger female, he flips himself into her open jaws. if the female chills the male, she's less likely to meet again. and she also actually takes in more of the male sperm to use to fertilizer eggs in the future. but the better for that now, you might make it easier for the female to kill you if her eating. you actually can give you more eggs or give you an edge and competition with other males. but just because the males of one blackwood ohs species offer themselves up as a post of meeting supper, it doesn't mean all species do people tend to latch onto the really bizarre pieces of the behavior. so sexual cannibalism is, is lowered. it's kind of exciting and weird, but in fact, it really doesn't happen as often as we think there's some species in which one of

females really hungry. she'll eat the mail, but in fact, males can smell that they're hungry and try to avoid them. ready we're constantly talking about jenna tale. yeah. and, and having conversations, you know at the pub about spiders, jenna tell you are breaking. and so yes, you definitely do happen to have to have a sense of humor about it. yeah. on this beach is on the south 1st nation traditional territory near san its on vancouver island. catherine scott did her ph. d here under the guidance of media and on friday the female black widows make their nests among the driftwood. katherine and her partner, dr. sean mccann have spent several summer seasons here tracking the movements and behaviors of the local black widow colony the i was

terrified of spiders. up until the 1st day that i started working with them. when i was about 25 years old. i started working in the laboratory with black widows, and i immediately fell in love with them. as soon as i started to look more closely at them and to observe their behavior and understand their communications systems, i've just found them fascinating. the females construct elaborate labs around their layers that work is both communication systems and traps. she's pulling sold out of her spin around with her last pair of legs and throwing sticky glue onto the grasshopper to subdue it. and then once she's comfortable with the fact that it's not going to jump away, then she'll move in for a bite. and she'll injected with a little bit of that now. so

a male black widow needs to figure out how to not end up like that. grasshopper. spiders tend to use chemical signals. and you can think of them like a, uh, an airborne personal ad, the female. and it's this chemical cocktail that travels through the air. and males are able to detect spots with sensory organs on their feet. and they can as get information about the females from those chemicals and determine whether she's a female of the correct species, whether she's made it before and even whether or not she's hungry, which is important for blackwood, ohs. so they're not navigating, using their sense of the site. they're navigating completely by smells. so the mail will climb up some vegetation. and then at the top till pause, and he'll leave his 1st pair of legs around like this very slowly. and he'll kind of turn and wave the legs. and he's tasting in the air with the sensory oregon's

on the tips of his legs. and if he catches the width of a females personally add that chemical signal that she's emitting from her web, he'll get a read on where that sent is coming from. and he'll move in the direction of the signal that he detected. and as he's moving around the environment, excuse trailing a silk safety line behind him, we call that a drag line. and so that drag line still ends up connecting the tips of the blades of grass or other vegetation that he's been climbing up to get his bearings. and so he leave it behind him, sort of as soak highway, connecting the vegetation and other males are all doing the same thing. if he encounters that soaked dr. glen up another mail, he's just gonna run along as fast as he can, and eventually end up overtaking that 1st mail or arriving at the web that he has found. and so the males are using this as sort of

a short cut to find females or quickly arrive before the 1st male has had a chance to meet back in the lab, a male looks like he might get a chance to have sex. he still potentially endanger at any moment looming female might make this a dinner day, but it's a risk he seems willing to take. if it means his jeans, get a chance to move ahead. one more generation, the males have these appendages on in front of their bodies, their, their sort of smaller leg like appendages called petty pumps. all spiders have them, but in males, they're modified for sperm transfer. they often look like the male is wearing boxing gloves or mittens. in front of his face. and so the male when he is mature and he's just about ready to meet. he builds a special little web called a sperm lab. he deposits a droplet of sperm onto that lab, and then he sucks it up into his petty pumps. and he use that use has been more or less like turkey based or is to,

to then transfer this firm into the female. once he is on top of the female there in the meeting position, he is ready to start specify firm into her seminal receptacles. his, his little turkey based or petty pops, expand, and deflate, and expand and deflate as he pups seminal fluid into the female. and that can go on for about 15 minutes. and then finally, when he withdraws that nimble as the tip will break off. and if he breaks it off in just the right spot, it will block the opening to the females from storage, oregon, and prevent subsequent males from inseminate anchor. now you might be asking why the mail would try to block his maid's genital tract after the deed is done. it's because the sex is not over yet. that is the pendulum, it's called. the general structure is located in here. so we cut around that term,

move it. the female block, little spider has to receptacles where she can store the sperm. these structures are hardened and they can holds firm for the females entire life span following a single meeting. the trick for the mail though, is to fill them both. if the only access is one of them, another mail can come along and fill up the 2nd. and if he doesn't block the receptacle, he did a jackie late into another male, could mix a sperm in there too. so this is from competition. when females meet with more than one male, this firm actually compete inside the female for access to the ag. so it's competition one stage after meeting, which is kind of amazing. a female success in an evolutionary sense depends on her having as many babies as possible. she will produce like an exact, with a $100.00 to $200.00 eggs, twice a month for the rest of her life. we're talking about 10000 or more off spring in

their life time. and so when a male manages to meet with a female, even if he's killed, if he never gets another shot, his reproductive output is actually pretty hard. so we've seen that when it comes to bug fix, the males need to employ different strategies to get the females to make with them gifts broken genitals scales even allowing themselves to be all to make sure their genes make it through to one more generation. pretty straightforward, right? not so much just when you think you've got it figured out the when i was studying at the university. a god specialized 90 mile behavior. and i went to the classes and i saw that every scene was focused in males behavior where missing half of the story when i came for the 1st time in the lab was

have only one women. that was one of my supervisors. and all the rest where men fortunately around the 90s, i know that something changed in science much more we met and started at starting a new model behavior. and we start finding things that were different starting and showing that the females have already active. females can be more more people than males. females can be the carting sex, and they can display very close speak with a behaviors during car chip. about a decade ago, i knew there was studying a species of wolf spiders called out of the causes. she noticed the female while accost those were acting differently than other will. spiders. the females seemed

to be the ones out on the prowl for a partner, not the males. this wasn't in the science books. so anita captured some potential meeting pairs and put them in a true area. they immediately dug deep burrows in the sand and waited. when i placed the female i saw the female and went to the bureau and trellis. the bureau insurance was closed. she opened the bureau entrance where the maid was there waiting, and she started carting sheet. she finished the mail and started moving at her front legs. and in front of the main, on the main responded making somebody say you want to say well and i remember the night that i saw on the 1st interaction, it was like one of my favorite moments society. when you think you really understand something, really, you don't understand anything, but you say, oh,

this is the reason female became noticed completely different to most of the studies in spite of the coast line of uruguay is a wild network of expansive beaches in san diego. the wildlife is stunning from the larger mammals to the smaller bugs on shore. the spider country spiders represent many things that i am very fond of the armies to use. they live in the dark and many people hate them or are afraid of them. you know, as a teenager, i was completely rambling. i think starting spiders. it's like being a rebel to and showing that being different can be something nice than good.

the . it's late winter and uruguay. and anita sell a cost. those are out on the sand, leaving their burrows to hunt for food. anita has just spotted a female scurrying into a burrow. your soul is the heart. so i can see the domain of somebody actually is there, the last thing have you did by a female? probably she had mated there. um that bureau was constructed by a, by uh, by her previous partner. amazed. there is something like um, mail order. that is, it attracts the females. um, probably the 2nd female i was looking for

a potential of 6 road pardon back in the lab, the alec casa mail spiders have taken up residence in sumter, arians, in general, around meals that construct and long morals. a are ready for meeting bots in defense on cool the 16 also because remember the actual seat in the suspicion this is where the meeting dance gets complicated. ideally, the mail will approve of the visiting female and the female will like his birth. the burrow is a natural gift, like the food gifts among dance lies or the glandular secretions between the crickets. in this case, the gift is a place to have sex and lay eggs. that is, if everything goes well, she will started opening the bureau interest and leaning into the bottle and she would perform coaching,

waving the 1st look fare facing the me. yes . the mainly so late the female performs body shaking. when she wants to have lower ejaculations, from the move, in the middle response, it's like they were talking to each other. in japan, police does not go outside the pool room. i don't know what he's doing this now. when the main subject he lives in, you can see the shares from the legs raised and go down every time they a check and make the race. so you can count the number of nations by your surgeon. just one. it looked like this was a successful encounter. disaster meeting turns into

murder. as the males suddenly decides to cannibalize the female, the, the, the black boy it's crazy. and it's magical, so it's better than watching any fields. i'm always very emotional when, when i see the female, like going around this being so acting that initiating the car coupon, approaching the males, is fight that they know it's dangerous. but attacking the feeling after meeting it was really weird. there's no getting around it.

sexual cannibalism is pretty shocking, especially when the male spider appeared to have committed to inseminate in his new partner before he ate or carnage, competition, bugs, sex can be pretty rough. but this is sex. after all, something most often considered not awful. is there any way of knowing if folks can actually find pleasure with sex the, the university of delaware, in these hallowed halls of higher learning, there is a bug biologist who is really into the sex lives of fruit flies. okay, i've got my flies. supplies are a popular bug when it comes to science. for decades, they've been the stars of genetic research, partly because they share around 75 percent of the genes we humans carry around. also male fruit flies. ejaculations are happy. they have incredibly long sperm. in

fact, it can be 20 times the size of the little guy's body. and that's actually related to sexual selection. because longer sperm will be stored in the female reproductive organs for longer time. but fruit flies are the bug world's most popular lab rats, because it's really easy to get them to have sex. yeah, sure. so we have addresses their short lives are driven by 2 main things, food and sex. a lot like us. of course we are driven by many, many other things, but we are still, i am all right, we are driven by food and the we are driven by sex. they are extremely important. and so, and the most individual survival and the survival of the species. so even motion basically, therefore our brain mama,

she will proceed with these important and meaningful stimuli as rewarding. we don't know anything about the cognitive experience of bonds really. but if it exists, they should find pleasure in things that allow them to reproduce. if organisms feel pleasure in things that increase their reproductive output, they will do better over releasing every time. and so pleasure essentially ends up as a tools appalachian wherever my versions. so these are all version females, and we have malice separated, isolated in these smaller glass awhile. now i'm going to load the mail. so how do you find out if fruit flies enjoy sags? leesha was part of a research team that genetically manipulated mail flies. they train them to

a jackie late in response to red light, given the choice they gather under the like a fruit fly, pleasure palace with orgasms. aplenty, we found that evacuation is rewarding to mouse and that's how the males got this excellent one. but it's all auditory, we're like because we didn't give them anything way. just activate the new it might be an artificial reward, but don't tell these fruit flies. they're having a great time all by themselves. as the red light gives them the green light to ejaculate. but the scenario was fabricated in a lab and it only partly answered the question about whether the flies feel pleasure or not. so science has been decided to give the male flies a choice between their 2 favorite things, sex and alcohol. in that order, sex as a reward,

but of sex doesn't materialize. there's always alcohol to ease the pain of rejection. slice favorite fluid is alcohol in the form and to the fruits and the males who are rich, ask you the by females. they want to validate their level of reward. so they consume more alcohol as a rejection. but a male who had successfully made it was not interested in alcohol. afterwards. that indicated that all love is not equal. that the males got more enjoyment from sex than they did from booze. but what about the females? where's the fun for them? as we've already heard with other studies, a bugs, much less is known about females because no one seriously looked into their sexual behavior until recently. studies of male fruit fly behavior. take back to the early 19 hundreds. systematic study on a female portion behavior i think starts maybe 2013. and so

that meant that people missed a whole chunk of what was going on in nature. there's a whole world of effects. so that arise from female reproductive decisions that affect males and then effected b evolution of the traits of entire speech. really ok . another adult males. these are all live ones. by the way. back in hawaii, marlene soc, is coming through the crags of vocational national parks. ready to start checking them off, trying to fill in the many blanks and the story of another bug, the little known and little understood lab, a cricket the initial work that was done on the conclusion was that these are really calling us to come out on lava after there's been an interruption and then they disappear after some period of time as

a lot of it gets vegetated. and so obviously if that's true then and there that kind of transient then you know, how are you going to really do a study on them? the 2nd thing, of course, is they're nocturnal. the 3rd thing is that they don't have any wings. and so you can't hear the. and i mean, i'm certainly learning now that you know, there is a reason why we don't know that much. we know they must make because we get babies and there's males and females, but i don't know anything about them. so guess what is complicated? there is so much we don't know. there are potentially sexual behaviors out there in button world that if they ever get discovered will totally challenge our understanding of reproduction and evolution even more than the ones we already know about. but maybe we make it even more complicated by letting our own perceptions of sex get in the way of what is actually happening in nature. perhaps because in

humans reproduction is often cooperative. and that idea has, has sort of blood into a popular understanding of the evolution of behavior and structures. and it's just not true. and that really can be revealed to us through looking at something like insects, where it's all about individual competition. to transfer the most teens and for the next generation. but sex drive some of the most extreme and rapid ad up patients that we've seen in nature. which means that sometimes we can actually documented almost in real time like you can't make it out. you can't make it out. remember, there are 10 quintillion bugs on earth and we barely scratch the surface of all the things they get up to the

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