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campbells have a reputation for being malcontents numbers to being grumpy. that alpaca is the best known for that high quality will coats all the more surprising that the expensive camilla di, family, a spot emetic, cold revelation. like so many medical revolutions, it began with a co, incidental discovery at the free university in brussels. the

more precisely in the department of applied biological sciences says small demands was part of the research seen in 1989 headed by professor remo thomas, the modem is today, often recounts the historic discovery to students. i will give you the story of the practical sense we need to see 35 years ago with the students. you all know yvonne for the eastern frick this to read it back to you. yeah. our immune system, we generate antibodies against those bacteria. and so the anti bodies damien, bind to the bacteria, and they are going to destroy the bacteria, the antibodies that key elements of the immune system

that created specifically to detect and eliminate for and substances or anti gents, but gets into our bodies the on the day of the discovery process, the homeless students were to isolate and identify anti bodies in blood, but the cost didn't get tough to a very good stops. well, we have our students that refused to donate, blocked. and they would also afraid from the abrupt of the colleagues, because if mike, based on the diamond age or tweet about dieties or h, i v, and they feel stuck in a boss for a stupid practical. so therefore, how is that what you know, we have seen in our freezes some brought from a drum with every blood from the one home to campbell was used instead the,

the students got to walk. but they were in for a surprise alongside the plastic anti bodies. the experiment revealed of the anti bodies with a much light to molecular weight the that they have only to unload the weight. he is also $90000.00. and that was surprising because normally, that was never seen before in human in rabbit, in most inc, roekel di you name, we can, you always have agencies with the most of the weight of 160000 professor homeless students had stumbled upon a previously unknown anti body and a living creature. the anti body had just to poly peptide chains as opposed to the full in classic antibodies giving it an unusually low molecular weight. the finding then have to be confirmed and repeat experiments. professor homeless

used fresh blood samples from the brussels food to replicate the test, but not just with the blood, from campbell's, from lummus and i'll pack is to the results show that all the animals possess to know certainly the usual anti bodies. but also things really discovered many anti bodies scientists, one did with ease just the remains of a primitive immune system, where they functioning antibodies to find out the research as needed, not just mole blogs, but the whole camel they needed to vaccinated. in other words, injected with an anti gen a piece of an in activated virus for example. then they have to wait and see if the animals immune system would produce a response. using these unusual many antibodies,

the scientists had to improvise the zoo animals could be tapped a 2nd time wednesday, the top any money any more. and therefore, we have to ask off the conditions that wasn't americans to take a few outages in his luggage. and to visit this all day at the atlas mountain to immunize the drawing, dave for his own glee, it was a farm. but as long ago, it was immunized during drama done summer holiday movies a few times. so we close at one year and a half before we have to anyone for about how did the drum it varies immune system react? did it produce many anti bodies specifically targeting the intruder? scientists wherever, eventually able to test the animal's blood. the message shown here used

the color reaction to make the antibodies recognition of the anti gen visible the c or not. but if there was no reaction that would have meant that chemical couldn't produce and immune response to the end of june to the vaccine that go to the office and going through the next hour. or will there be no point in continuing aria, the, the quantity the sample began to turn yellow about how finale into the experiment down. so was clear, the mini antibodies worked. the antibodies attach themselves to an outage into trigger and immune response and eliminate the intruder . but session moved to mind's made a crucial discovery when he looked at the very tip of the camel anti bodies. a variable pod can adapt to any kind of virus bacteria or other anti gen and attach

itself to it the modem and showed that the antibodies tips could be separated from the rest without homing it . the minutes school antibody fragments proved can also need to be true resistance, but it's binding capabilities remained fully intact. the tip is what's known as a nano body structure that no, you don't get access to trigger and immune response, but to size resistance and binding properties make it an extremely promising tool. so medical science a dental center. they never forget something like that. it's like with both of your 1st child, but opinion if it gets it all the the, his baby was soon ready to leave the university lab and into field research. but

1st session on demands and colleagues, remo from us and say see a custom on hates and to the discovery in 1993, giving them the so rights to commercial development for 20 years then they publish the discovery in the science general nature, the day be for the small hamlet antibody with a detachable head for such as and deliberate trees around the world, responded among them i laugh in must say from structural by ologist allow, who says begin studying the new antibody. as soon as he found out about it the same way they have to do that for me, i spoke to you at this here in mar. see that the 1st and auto body structure was modeled in parallel with our colleagues in brussels, south carolina. we could see the sheets that gives them over to us properties. i do

need either precisely anything to them. or there were 3 large loops, a bit like 3 fingers. so i thought that i could gras vantage in q. so any, do i keep over new condo it on his end? he knows even more now, thanks to progress in scientific modeling. but it's been confirmed. it's an atomic level that the know tips binding power is this precise and effective assess of a classic antibody. so nobody can book with a to 14 exist nano body, like many protein 1st step is composed of various areas that are more or less flat, a hollow and bumpy, but these hollows and bumps. there are the bumps and hollows of the empty gen c on the 2 molecules fit into one another. and thanks to the perfectly complimentary shapes, their surfaces contain. what that data so fast about the fact that they still hold on it to the fitness test that i've shown so that you and if we take a closer look at this interactions on that if you look at this atomic structure, we can see that the atoms really do touch each other of it is these relatively

strong bonds between an oxygen that to a nitrogen active good binding the entire antibodies onto the oxygen to code on the surface. complementarity is in nanometers. we're talking 10 to the power of minus 10 meters. don't quit and that's the magic of natural biology. save him on to that . i'm not sure either that or the energy either in the to the tip is atomic high tech about a miniscule vehicle ready for use at any time the stuff scientists dream of a kind of discovery that required a large dose of flock. the history of science is full of accidental breakthroughs over such that produced unexpected results from aspirin to dynamite, x rays,

and the structure of dna. all these co, incidental discoveries came from a mix of good luck and ingenuity, retiring phenomena known as serendipity, the and the origin of this term is to this antibody. quite surprising. it refers to a 16th century persian fairytale, that recounts the journey made by the 3 princess of 7 dead and how they were able to precisely describe the characteristics of a camel that had traveled the rates before them. the combination of towns, substations and insights resulted in serendipity. and now once again, the campbell is the stuff, the

cooking, but the discovery of the common let. none of bodies also raised many questions. could they actually be used on humans? works or a piece of complications could be developed and marketed, says more demands prefer to lease the answers to others. your articles go to school . please get the to assume what they think of it too much of a scientist. they don't even want to get involved in projects leading to a commercial product with, with the i wasn't interested them as you stop talking to me as a follow over. just you to stay as long as i got any movements has never looked back though he did keep to l pack as from the adventure that right i need you to now is to keep the growth and he's old. should trend, as i say, this is paco and that's popular. backward, fabulous,

and popular to call tune car gust. the 2 rows 6 through is escaping the bomb, the nice these to ruins. escaping from the middle of it found the knife to the one is optic. them so it was in belgium, the nano bodies potential applications were 1st explode and some a stomach machine capabilities came to lights. and then a few of n t conducts research at the university whether or not it bodies with us discovered in 2014, to begin to focus on the disease that's read, but still lee. so strikes it's caused by bacillus versus a complex and relatively under studied bacterium. the, the 1st time we hear about um, trucks is in the bible, it was the 5th flake of,

as you just say, that it has been always, there is, this is really affecting or warm blooded animals including us. so it spread everywhere in the words. and there are to be some way to get things to infection by screen receiver, sorry, and in the gulf. and that'll be infection cause of systemic in the blog. and then it's really, really difficult to be treated as instructs infection via the respiratory system is particularly deadly. so deadly. in fact, the seats inspired biological weapons projects in the 2nd world war. it's nearly 2 weeks as a 1st and striking tax in the united states. a circumstantial evidence is low, american is leading the authorities to investigate possible links between the ends . rice and a solid been loven's network. 5 people in the us actually died from left to is laced with on strikes in 2001. so how can we protect ourselves?

so this is let us to class security deluxe. and what design instructors even look like? how calling me for me and then send them in the video game. she was interested in one specific characteristic of the bacteria. this is positive or some charges. it's a long said bus a lie, it's makes change made of the center data. they are covered by anonymous that it's made of little pieces that are trophies, it's work so i can make those kind of them. and if you remove the ottoman or the bacteria are getting a signal at austic and they are not defending more. and i came out with the idea

that, well, what if i can destroy is our thoughts turned to the nano bodies discovered by how university colleagues might they be able to use them in a school size to infiltrate the bacteria is alma, like tiny missiles that code for a nama, the protein that makes up the bacteria is um, was injected into the beast. and after a few months, the nama had created nano bodies, specifically targeting this protein. fyodor of anti then introduced, and then their bodies to the answer. i expect tyria the results were astonishing. those of the known cheese of says, you see they have these uh, as most shape. but when you treat them, we do not have all these days packed read to wrinkle and then they, we collapse. they were able to stop the proteins to make the armor and without the support of its exoskeleton, the bacterium folds the pops. so it's really like the nano bodies are the key of

the story going between the on were and these assembled just and that nobody was possible because of the size, the that success come to, to test and no bodies in the lab. in other words, on living mice, the, my swear infected would on trucks and then giving the nano bodies twice a day for 6 days. well, i really, so the, we're going to die on a sleeve, me and michael league of sleep fluids doing experiments. and then the my subject to, to get better, get better, but getting better. and on sunday morning i get this cold from sleep like so. why is that? that was why the control we got old dad, i remember really excited jumping. i was like, maybe my ph, i'm having remco and i sent in something like we used to because, oh my god,

we said something this, this, this isn't, this is huge. is that it's worse. so the best days of my life this opens up really a lot of line of research and also the opening of new foss, what treatments for under my kids that have such a higher. this is huge. but it's in the belgian city of kent when not able to use have enjoyed the most spectacular success. this is the headquarters of ab links, a stone top founded in 2001 to develop applications for college, not a bodies, a scientific success story. the discovery of a special type of small anti bodies and candidates, sparked decades of innovation and eclipse to the foundation of abilene in 2001 at that time the small antibody, what's the name?

amount of body and the start of the company have 10 ad police. so is a 15 is blink, 6 fluid potential applications to various types of diseases. investors, gretchen, we began seeing the advantages of using calculating non abilities. and in 2018 they hit the jackpot. the goal process, i know situated pulse, it was a good investment it out though full cost of the $3900000000.00 euros and amount equivalent to the promise held in the timing on their bodies. the 1st actual use was a drug center feed began selling in 2019 caps system up. ready a drug to bottles an auto immune blood disorder that's very red, but faithful in 90 percent of cases if left untreated, a t t p. ready

nationally suffers from the disease acquired from both takes from the side to peanut poor, poor the today thanks to cap decision map. she's in the class. she's returning to the hospital for a checkup with profess a couple an a t t piece specialist who gets a treatment to work because on on some of the yes this is very well overall. ok on it on us, everything's really back to normal. now we just need to check every 3 months and probably for the rest of your life a lot faster. it is solely on the good, multi it from what a all past. the just and off at the stuff to get bruised is of my buddies. it appeared for no reason for the they stuff is on my legs and then gradually all his,

all you too bye literally stuff is moving up is see this one which is up to some of it. i suppose i bashed into something and so not realize it because i'm very active . i'm a primary school teacher so so do go go and my children are very young is off. i'm always moving around to her. it's happened over a couple of weeks. it's an eyesore since if it smells like hey, something's wrong and it's because the bruises started to appeal in my arms. and i had a huge one on my head. see if i thought to myself is on that. there's something wrong . tricity a christmas to them for having to talk to met at the key. it's a disease that's linked to the formation of small clots in the vessels of emotion organs, typically the brain and the heart, but also the digestive tract and the kidneys. and so if we do nothing, the organs fail, then the patient dies on gun a mushroom on. as soon as the opportunity my not the not know body see

count, the blood proteins involved in the disorder detached themselves. they replace the platelets that cause the blood clubs and prevent them from company to come and live, not able to use, make it possible to attacks that diseases and know what kings associated with this is us. since we added campuses, a map to plasma exchange and other immune suppressive treatments, patient responses not just in the past or it's also long last angle. that's what's new to the 2nd month. no, on the out of it, they lose their software. thanks to this, we can now stop plasma exchange much sooner than before. currently, we estimate that with the addition of capital of season map, we can cut treatment time in half lashawn with this function some of the, the nano body. so now such an integrity, positive medical research that,

that origin in the calculated immune system is often overlooked. the well gave camels, these unique superpowers, the native vienna, austria permanent book studies, the genetics of the very ancient camella di family choose a specialist on the origins of the cumberlands which have undergone surprising changes during that evolution. the camel originated in the northern america and it was about maybe like 40 to 45000000 years ago at the very beginning. do the very small, like a goat and um, over the millions of years developed into different campbell types lie to

a smaller thoughts around 50000000 years ago. they split into the tool on images and i believe the new wealth camels, into old world cavities. and the new world kimberly they migrated around for the southern america, which i represent that now, but a nama. i talked to the, we're not going to be calling you. and the old little campbell stay migrated various via the bearing land to preach to asia and from the out in to africa. the illusion of the nano bodies. it's it also a very, very old develop of mine. he's ms must have been older even than 15000000 use ago because both kimberly niches have it. so the system does not have bodies must have developed before display of these 2 inches. they have developed over the millions of years, very successful mechanisms to fight against diseases. then

no need for lucian has left it small come the species. but white cabinets in particular. i went to phase by chance. a lot of people, lucian thing happened by chance, trial and error. so something which has been successful survived and evolved. and if it was too much, if it cost to keep, then it would have been abandoned again by the species. but why other mammals would not have developed the same strategy? i don't know. the, the cumberlands may still have the other secrets, but for now the sharing the benefits of their immune system with humans. these alpaca is for the king near paris, belong to the us, the cheapest. they play an active role in some major such

the immuno logistic p, f. i is the ship it to this small research heard the take all the adults interested in coming to dentist bodies about 20 years ago because of professor how much work in brussels. yes, i would said all the people 1st thought it was funny that we were working with out package. so as of now it's become so important that everybody understands remote. i'm facts and i seen them against various proteins against outside was in particular, how did you feel home to put to you about the ones that vaccinated would take a blood samples of continue all work in the line. it could have useful to please continue to use them what we need the animals alone for a couple of us, what it is on key on don't presumes that it is okay with them. now if you 2 years of peace and quiet the, the next step,

extracting from those few sentences of blood, the anti bodies, the animal has produced in response to the protein characteristics outside this disease. fewer than a dozen house of several 1000000 antibodies, louis passed developed the rabies vaccine in these buildings, in the 18 eighty's. and the institute continues to work on promising treatments. thanks to itself pack as many anti bodies book fair, these on kiko a for go we can make antibodies against cause a to see again seek and recently against monkey pox. so we can make the make and stuff. and brain cells flattening containment for service on the ship to include my research focuses on, i don't. so i'm just a big we're trying to extract the anti bodies specific to outside the school, the diagnostic, and eventually for treatment. well, for the digging, let's take

a look for that to help with the nano bodies that could recognize some of the diseases degenerative characteristics. and in this case, no bodies specifically produced by elpac. cuz the, the 1st stage is to extract the dna from all the nano bodies in the blood sample and then introduce it to the bacteria, the dual credit. oh yeah. i mean, yeah, direct can we have 1000000000 bacteria consigning the dna encoding for about 100000000 nano antibodies? we call the phil is the selection method so that we gradually isolate the 10 best amount of what he says, if it to the email and then don't keep cool. do long keys and do the the, the selection is ruthless. they 1st use

a virus that can eliminate 99 percent of them suitable not able to use the remaining 1000 candidates to attend as a, to a robots which one by one test their ability to identify the outside that protein. the entire process takes around 3 months or just to if the original $100000000.00. none of the bodies remain standing the, the chose and unable to use it, then taken to the us, the to do several, the power sprain institute to help conduct research and outside this p a p. i. left size antibodies are always eagerly await it, especially by adults have been one of the lead to who is exploring new methods of diagnosing the disease. the

outside miss directory affects the brains neural communication network, the, the formation of protein deposits, known as i'm annoyed. cox looks the flow of information, but the disease also causes the new runs themselves to degenerate and die. the outside is initially effects memory. before closing and reversible damage in the other areas of the brain for treatment to be effective outside this must be diagnosed as early as possible. the goal is to detach the amyloid cracks that build up in the patient, sprains from the stopped the into the nano bodies. but that responsiveness must 1st be tested

to die. so criticism which accomplish one print from you is quite interesting to include the 2 anti bodies really work very well. this one recognizes the family plaques, and so i've done some tagging on a transgenic mouse that's full of amyloid flags. and you can see they're all tactic to this really resembles what we see in the brains of alzheimer's patients, you know, to go into the anti body is very precise and we recognize there's only one thing. there's no background noise. so told you could walk if it really is perfect and you and the other anti body recognizes the 2nd classic lesion of alzheimer's disease. ero, 5 blurry tangles, loc newsheel. so you can see that all the legions have been carefully detected. and most of the naval campus people go, which is the memory center for humans and animals. and you can also see all the time you are on is recognized by the anti body. or can you follow up the logical? the 1st experiment was conducted on brain tissue extracted from mice. it will now

be repeated on living animals to delete the most there under the microscope or the aim is to see if the nano bodies can cross the blood brain barrier. speaking body, i'll keep them in assets. name suggestions is a body or the isolates the brain from the plot through fi on. so if it's a blood carries pathogens, talks that molecules that mustn't enter the brain, they're inside of this battery or is that important molecules like anti bodies, count the process to go, except maybe cml it onto body is and click on the small size is the key trouble sourcing claim you can see for now it's very flag inside. you can just start to make some shapes appearing. and real time, you can see the people, the exit, the vessels is crossing the blood brain barrier and it will gradually spread and gather at the sight of the amyloid flax. and it's

a community where they back in and enjoy the yachts junior. that's cool. you can see the packs clearly low, some old attacking is done by the anti bodies, but this time sits within vehicles low enough to slice unimaginable just a few years ago. the technology opens up new opportunities for treating outside this disease. since just the sea level to call these nano anti bodies or nano bodies, but clearly have a feature by combining them with elements that can be picked up on an m r. i will be able to carry out early, high resolution diagnoses on patients through the bus here, as well as monitor of various therapies on the regression of these lesions. no longer this website is you these are high hopes in the fight against a disease that afflicts hundreds of thousands each year in europe and an estimate to $10000000.00 worldwide. but none of my buddies can go even further

and highlight all the processes that occurred deep inside the human body. the literally schwartzbar wants to use the nano bodies, tiny size to infiltrate and living cells to monitor what goes on inside them. a job that requires a slight upgrade to the not able to use the nano bodies are invisible. since we can see them, we must make them visible. we link the nano bodies with a small source and protein to make a chroma body histidine, coma fluorescent. and then a body that makes it possible to navigate within cells and types of some of the biological processes live. these are dynamic processes taking place inside sales. and that's where the chromium body has the

additional advantage of functioning and living cells. the cells processes can be displayed and the dynamic modifications with them can be visualized in real time and don't want to visit to the side. this one is the inside the cell, the crime a body binds itself to a its target. it traces the targets controls and reveals that some movements must be. you'll see that we can see the chroma body, the signal of a chroma body that is bound itself to the h i. v virus. we can observe and find detail how the h i. p virus attaches itself to a sales plasma membrane and it's been discharged to infect neighboring cells. i'm not able to send it to you from the bodies are already used today to study the effect of 2nd drugs on cells. in particular for cancer treatments.

you see for an hour or sleep an hour. and you can also see a criminal body in the living cancer cell, the chroma body collides with the nuclear membrane. so we can observe the division of this cancer cell. it's an important process the most, for example, if we want to know, develop a drugs that prevents cancer cells from dividing, we can test them in the cell line. we will know immediately at what moment and then what quantities of drug stops this cancer cell minute. and we can see it in real time on this kind of monster tongue lice, mitchell flu. so this is what this helps us choose medicines at a very early stage and saves money in the development of new active ingredients. next, often none or bodies of the greatest hope in cancer treatment is the 18000000 new counts. the cases, the diagnosed every year of nearly 10000000 people die from the disease.

most current cancer treatment, slack precision, the team, the therapy attacks, no certainty, cancer cells, but healthy ones too, were such as they're looking for more targeted therapies. and none of the bodies have become a new precision weapon in the fight against cancer. the, the number of potential applications is growing. so i'm a designed to inhibit to cim as gross, while others destroyed the cancer cells. a strategy adopted by belgian stop per site rex. it relies on unable the special ability to bind on to other molecules to form a bond with a radioactive isotopes. the treatment is still in the test phase,

but some potential uses already being assessed in clinical trials. here in a 1st stage, the no body is being added to a trace of the tooth, very slightly radioactive, its mission to seek out disease cells and attach itself to them. here, we say an x and i remember floats with a high uptake. and here, as we can see, the rest places also very good uptake on the tray sooner than anybody's target is a protein called to that's a characteristic of certain types of cancer. for us, it's very important to know if there is a higher or 2 expression in the tumor and then the bestest as the tumor. and then the best thing to live flows. because we know in that way,

if this patient will respond to therapy or another advantage as it to allows the treatment to be tailored to the nature of the cancer. however, that was such as a long term goal is to equip the not able to use with the phone more powerful radioactive payload. so the nano will be east present in the tumor. but the few to couple the same nano will beat me to. so if you to create your eyes it to so you will, you read the aids to, to more and so the cancer cells, so specifically targeting to, to more cells while spreading the healthy tissue. what you want the small size is very beneficial for this approach. once you administer to a patient's id, diffuse a screw too much to, to hurry fast. on the other hand, of course, you're working with the very potent radio eyes that the for to if you take use and you don't want the friction that he's not bound on the, to mark to stay along in the body. and because of the small size to clear out very

fast from the body, which is perfect for the safety. now the young style top must complete the extensive series of required tests to guess its treatments approved to the clinical studies to prove that their drug is safe and a fetus from all the way from the camel. if you want all to the patients and the told to or need to take more than 10 years or not able to use have the potential to revolutionize therapies and diagnostic procedures. now and in the future. the growing number of companies offering custom made nano bodies is proof in itself the along with the physical and chemical benefits, the single domain, anti bodies are also especially lights and inexpensive to produce these practical

and economic advantages make them affordable. so many research labs, stimulating innovation, the candidates may look very unassuming, but them must as a minute to rising antibodies, which has made them into the kings of biotech. something. no one could have predicted. the fact that should cheer campbell's unplug, as unlike the,

or the one of the biggest misconceptions when i started driving was how does that mean the right you need this exception for you to a lady by the end is a collective appointment by the how they are breaking the mold and how they're providing mentorship. i'm scottish just to young. go on d w critical discourse moment right now. and to the conflict highlights

the negative component. survival is testing is the next conflict for data with china. fortunately, how do you expect to take on caliber in 90 minutes? on the d w the . i want to tell you something. in today's me, my house i took it was a shot. i never saw that this would happen to me. many people here are talking about it for the very 1st time, leaving here, you know, event living with h a, b stays a lot of discrimination. raising awareness of h r d and on and we're stuck in this cycle of shame,

assignments. we need to break out of a. i want to tell you something. how to tell the secret starts november 29th on dw, the this is dw news lie from berlin, ukraine's president says he wants the war with russia to ends next year. floating near zaleski says kia must do everything possible to end the war through a diplomatic means. but he says ukraine is not yet ready to hold. talks with russia . also on the sho, focused on the province declares a state of emergency and extend school closures. as it battles, toxic small the

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