or is this the 1st thing to listen to the content about sexuality and sexual matters? i'm liza model that and i'm going to be exploring all listen more in a few things in my thoughts. just available on all platforms, the she show to super stardom. quickly after she was discovered in 1974, the members of the archaeological expedition who found her name to her after a famous beetle song, the lucy came from a group of home. it is closely related to our own. she lived over 3000000 years ago and walk right like we do. and that's not the only link to modern humans. this time around, we take a trip from the depth of the past to the depths of the universe. welcome to

tomorrow today. can you imagine going a whole day without using your hands as we can? both humans have relied more and more on them. being able to go on to lex freed up, i'll have to terminate an entire planet. how do we use our hands today? cooking and cleaning when you gave things to people 40. i get dressed with my hands. i brush with these. i do a lot of stuff with my head. non stop scrolling on social media keeps our hands quite busy in the modem. well, but what did they look like? millions of years ago. this is lucy story. she left around 3200000 years ago. let's look at how her tiny hands might have shaped the evolution of humanity. lot take a city but all her roy lucy,

take center stage. scientists from all over the world have come to this drama city to study how to find out how the sheet, how species, who anthropologists have named australia. because a parenthesis lift died, a may be health pipe, the evolution of the road that led to us more than humans. so who was lucy really 50 years ago? american anthropologists don't know. johansen, i'm his teen stumbled upon her bones poking out of the ground. the a new kind of human ancestral one that had never been indemnified before. and it was given this tongue twister, name of austro up here that goes off our inches, named after the off our region of the off are people. lucy's fossilized remains. but on the, in the po po, off our region at the side called bar, but a blue see lift and volts. now it's jo pierre, what she doing and germany, whether we're remains in the national museum of a ppo ppo, but the costs of them being studied extensively in leipzig. oh,

let me say that back to you. yeah, this is dr. tracey kimball, apparently wants to apologize to house, dedicated her life to restructuring the evolution of i'll have all the only 2 of lucy's home phone survive. tracy uses this scientific method to figure out what, how, how might have looked like. and these are bones that come from multiple individuals . so we're just trying to sort of get an understanding of what her hand skeleton might have looked like this long and short fingers as what we also have. and it makes it really easy for us to do this, and this is something we call precision groups. we can look at lucy's or her, at least the headphones of her speech sees and say, well, at least she was capable of having some more dexterity that would be useful for making and using tools to put it into perspective. i am 5 foot 2 bodies, $157.00 centimeters. i'm lucy, why 2 is a look show to than i anticipated. so if you see what lies today,

she'd be as tall as my indian grandmother. the cook's fingers are assigned that lucy might have spent a lot of time trying to increase, but wouldn't that may come of a block than human? here's an ancestor that is clearly a by peter all is clearly something that is on that human branch. if you saw her walking down the street that she would look more like say, you know, a hairy tim pansy walking quite comfortably on the 2 legs then. and then she wouldn't look like to look like a human summary, such as pink lucy species might have help give rise to ask more than humans to understand why we put a real chimpanzees call in a chimes that these kind of lucy wasn't only evil. like us, she was walking on 2 feet. and even though the brain science is almost the, i think very close. yes they are, and the recruiting joel the high brow ridges. hm. nice to say she's closely related to much. yes, she is. so a 10 pounds the skeleton attend pansy still walks on on all fours and obviously

still also crimes and trees all the time as with lucy, but we know from the neck down, her, her, a lot of her skeleton has changed to be able to carry all of her body weight just on 2 legs, north count 2 for found in the side. but lucy was stuck up in a po to you. so there's the aspirants is really use tools that's well designed to see it all trying to find out if yes, what kind of work for australia, because of forensics. my time use don't tools to understand the technology involved on a topic, to scientists, because math works together. i'm still davis don't shipping's. other thing is i'm not sure if this is dr. shannon mix. parents can use this ancient techniques to mex, don't to just like of distance access to the states. the only differences us clubs want doing it. at the lucy site, there's no stone tools, but uh nearby at a site called the kiko. we found a couple bones that have marks on them that are characteristic of butchery was

stone tools. and so we didn't have the site with the stone tools, but we have animals that show that they were butchered, wisco and tools. stone tools allowed our ancestors to access calorie, which bone marrow from congress's supplying nutrients essential for developing natural brains. lucy's discovery goes beyond human evolution. for this, if you open scientists, it's a matter of national pride. it's our history, so it'd be done. so could you mind if these uh steps out of being the source of such a pretty shes heavy to use lucy's shoulder joints, display signs of severe injury. tracy reckons she might have died in the falls from a tree, which apparently isn't an uncommon way to go for more than prime. it's lecturing pansies, long after her death lucy's bones. and those of other members of her species

continued to tell an incredible story. millions of years ago, they might have already been crossing tools, preparing food, and caring for the young. a lot like we still do today. digging sifting, brushing that sometimes a little spooky. who were these people? archaeology is all about honors thing, the remnants of my going eras. one thin layer at a time is painstaking detective work at it's going on in exotic locations all over the world. archaeologists get to go there to uncover the secrets of antiquity firsthand. sounds like a dream job, but is it really a small team from the german university of tubing and has come to south africa to find out more about the origins of modern humans? this one, especially rich archaeological site,

is located near the small village of sebu. do the work is more challenging than it is glamorous that many guns in terms of what you mean when you're on your knees all day. it's exhausting. i'm setting my age. it's not easy. but there are many young people who can't cope with it either feeling human lloyd to always done, the talking really wears you out for understand even working. the said it was them on sifting through 20 heavy buckets is no cake walk. i'm not to mention the tart and crimes. skip tag. i'm on come sundays. it's well over 30 degrees celsius and you're just sweating all day just dripping with sweat the whole time. you know, cause the type of paper you sit on his dirty. your hands are always dirty. you can get used to anything, but it's not very much fun. it's i, it's, this is me so sure. the researchers sometimes pause briefly to wash off the worst of the dirt, but then it's back to work. it's

a go to is when delta and who is incredibly rich, an artifact m as in a bucket from less than 10 meters down, you can have a 1000 even 2000 of them kind of fines or amazingly done. so yours and on the, for around 100000 years, people have regularly sought shelter under this rock overhang. and they left behind many different objects and pieces of debris that are now being brought to light by the excavators are, can you, can you begin? the g always starts with geology increments. you can only gather information if you're acquainted with the relevant layers. you can see there's a kind of rock roof here because sometimes large blocks fall from those sites and trickles down all the time. creating natural layers, usually a very slow process along some over tens of thousands of years. the erosion of the

rock has piled up layers of settlements, several meters high on the rock plateau. the layers haven't been dug up, nor if they've been disturbed by cruise quakes or other seismic events. so the deep or the layer, the older, the find. they can be dated as older or younger based on their relative positions in the settlement for pretty straightforward system that can be used to determine the age of fines from a particular layer. how old or artifacts that come from 5 meters below the surface . for example, you can my minimum, you can assume they're at least 80000 years old. but how do archaeologist know that figure is correct? researchers have developed a range of methods for dating ancient fines,

but the radio carbon method plays a central role in archaeology. it can be used to elicit crucial information about the age of even tiny sliver is a phone. the technique is based on the decay of a certain isotope that all living organisms take up in the course of their lives. and some of it is stored in bones and high tech loud so like ones at the correct angle horn center for arc yamma tree and manheim, the age of old bones, can be determined with astonishing accuracy whether they come from a mammoth that live during the last ice age or a cave lion, radio carbon or carbon 14 gating allows researchers to pinpoint when individual animals lived. the method capitalizes on the fact that all living organisms absorb carbon and incorporated into their bodies. the carbon is practically everywhere in

the environment, including in the era around us, a, c o 2 standard carbon atoms are made up of 6 protons, and 6 neutrons giving them an atomic mass of 12. so they're often called carbon 12 . but there are also isotopes of the element that have one or 2 more neutrons. so a greater atomic mass, they're called carbon $13.14. although the number of c 14 items in a sample is low compared to standard carbon atoms, they're very interesting for researchers because the isotope has a special property, carbon 14 is radioactive, with a half life of around 5730 years. together with the normal carbon plants also take up tiny amounts of c, 14 from the air and incorporated into their tissues. they can pass to anything that

each the plants tend predators that feed on the herbivores, also taken c 14 which can end up in their bones. when an organism dies, no more of the isotope is absorbed. then the stored c 14 begins decaying at the known rate. so if you measure its levels in an ancient phone and find only about a 60 as as much see 14 as a modern bone. the find has to be 32000 years old. but how do you get to the sea? 14 stored in the bone? how is it measured? the process is a complex and labor intensive, one ronnie, fleet division and his colleagues carry it out in the laboratory and mannheim to uncover. the secret of an ancient bones agent has to be at least partially destroyed. a sample taken from it, his 1st placed in an acid bath, dissolving the calcium carbonate in the bony material and leaving behind elastic

college. and that's where the carbon is stored. after this treatment to bone fragment looks elastic and spongy, it's then freeze dried, giving it a company look and texture. and the next step this is incinerated in a device like this at very high temperatures. the black powder left in the end contains the c 1213 and 14 from the bone. this powder is then pressed into a kind of cartridge. the cartridge is loaded into a magazine that contains many different samples which are tested for carbon 14 contents. one after the other, in this particle accelerator and vs void them, it is. if we use this machine to measure the carbon still present in a sample today, we can calculate how old it must be based on how much carbon 14 is still in. it. just opened up over this in the cartridge to be tested as placed in

a kind of combustion chamber bombarding the sample with cesium knox, the carbon atoms out of it and charges them electric late in the tubes. the adams are accelerated to very high speeds through the application of a high voltage and passed through 2 mass filters. the 1st stops everything with an atomic minus and 12. the 2nd, everything with atomic minus 13. only carbon 14 makes it through to the very back of the machine depends on the eyes of the individual carbon ions are then actually detected in the rear area. so there we can count individual carbon 14 particles sienna. to calculate the samples age from this number, you need a reference point. so carbon 14 from a sample with a known age. that was a son's doctor's office on our reference bones come from horses that we know died in a battle in 1644 during the 30 years more so we analyzed these horse

bones in the same way as the bones we want today. of the onset of using the same chemical process and the same analysis here. and the accelerator would come from india. and once we've dated the sample, we also have to come up with the year 1644 for the horsepower. and we always do this. all right, now it's your turn. do you have a science question, then send it to us as a video, text or voice mail? if we answer it in the show, you'll receive a little surprises. a thank you dawn, just at this time, the question comes from tanya. i am in bulgaria. why is our home galaxy called the milky way? the roots of the name can be found in the words deluxe us,

which comes from ancient greek. it's derived from the terms gala and galactose, which means milk or milky. in those days, a little light pollution. our home galaxy was visible everywhere is a bright band and the night sky. there were no telescopes, the ancient greeks explain the origin of this milky road with a story. according to miss milk poured into the sky from the breast of the goddess hare, when she pushed one of her husband's legitimate sons away as he sought to suckle. over 2500 years ago, the greek philosopher democritus came up with another explanation. the world is made up of tiny particles. he said. so the band of light in the sky must also consist of particles, which we call stars. hundreds of years would pass before people could actually see

individual stars in the milky way. then in the early 17th century dodge spectacle maker, han slip a hay made a ground breaking discovery that distant objects appear larger when viewed through 2 grounds lenses. laying the groundwork for the invention of the telescope kinda they all got it. they developed the instruments further and was the 1st to use it to observe the night sky. there he saw that the milky way really is made up of tel less stars the since the dawn of the 20th century astronomers have been looking deeper and deeper into the universe bright dots that their predecessors. so in, earlier ages turned out to be distant galaxies. our cosmic home is just one of around a trillion aggregations of stars that are thought to populate the visible universe

. but it's the only one called the milky way, a mystical name from the ancient world. the. it's always starting to look out into the milky way on a dark and cloudless night. but what's perhaps more interesting, it's what you don't see. like what's called dark matters, which at least in theory, ensures that galaxies don't just play a part. studies looking for the elusive material or ongoing at the european organization for nuclear research or cern. a gigantic new super collider being planned, there might help find it. the future circular collider, or s c. c, for short is a particle accelerator that could break new ground in the field of physics, plans and vision its construction on the border between france and switzerland and

a tunnel deep under ground around 3 times longer than the large hadron collider, or l h. c. current estimates say the memo, it's project would cost around $15000000000.00 euros and take around 25 years to go into service. at the moment the fcc is still in planning, but storing research director, you all can manage firmly believes that will happen to tyson physic town, sir. and is a european flagship project in particle physics. i'm project, it's a project and area where you're a plays a leadership role on been with if we want to retain this leadership also in the future and noticed that we need a new project that will succeed d l, age c on one. that in my opinion will not only carry science but also cern and europe into the 2nd half of this century. yeah, that's true. in this future f, c, c, electronics, under anti particles,

the positrons would be set on collision courses and it would allow a kind of factory for higgs bows on which are apparently a key particle. the rest is still a dream. the 2nd expansion stage would utilize technology yet to be developed from the 20 seventy's onwards, protons could start colliding and at an unprecedented energy use. a machine built for discovery with potential many times greater than physicists have access to today says manage it. really, it will provide answers to the big questions that are currently on answer like dark matter and dark energy. some of why does the universe only consist of matters, whereas all the angie met are gone. i'm too much. can you give me? but is the new accelerate or the right instrument to answer all these question and some scientists have doubts take dark matter. for example, astronomer oliver miller has searched for the mysterious material for years while

the fcc help him all the time. we build new particle accelerators again and again, and have found nothing so far, there's a lot of disillusionment. i'm not sure. and we'll find dark matter with an next accelerator either. well, instead of doing the same thing just bigger. so maybe we should be considering alternatives like we could invest more in gravitational waves or telescopes, or throwing telescope. dark matter has been giving researchers headaches for decades. we can't see it. we only know that it exists because without it galaxies would simply fly a part. but is it a kind of particle, or maybe something else entirely? the astronomer is looking to space for answers. the same step, but the james web space telescope has the immense advantage set at a fraction of the cost in allowed observation in the 1st few days,

which if they prove correct, we'll turn the idea of dark matter completely on a tag culture and building another research or thinking about alternatives to the fcc is jenny list. she develops accelerators and experiments, some together with cern and says a discussion about options is essential if they say assign fussing v f c. c is a fascinating project that would secure a long term perspective for cern. however, there are concerns as to whether the prospect is financially viable ones. and it's still not entirely clear today whether the technology will be available for the 2nd expansion stage in good time. and at what cost and costs, according to list a linear accelerator would also be enough to investigate the higgs bows on is minutes. 3rd, the fcc is length a much more cost effective alternative. but many researchers at certain want more

in the search for new particles. the increased energy of the 2nd expansion stage would be key and that requires a rang. however, no series currently indicate that there is anything at all for particle physics to discover in this super energized range. your walk a menage counters that this is exactly what basic research is all about, the scope of your outs mentions, and i believe that we as humans or a species that has the opportunity to think about the universe, it's beginning today's universe and perhaps also it's end collect office and i think that somehow because we have the opportunity, there's also a kind of obligation to do it as to whether the fcc make sense is still being debated. whether the project is even feasible or whether alternatives are available should be clear by the end of 2025. the experts aren't thinking about

another alternative. no new future project at all. that's not how they work. and how i lost and just pull. yeah, you have an ongoing project in which you're doing science and you're also preparing a future project for which you are developing technologies. so then once you've squeezed the project scientifically for all, it's worth this, you're already in the starting box for the follow up project time from and then start approach on student. i know that 15000000000 sounds like a lot of money. i think it's for you. i'm but it's an investment that will pay off probably until the end of the century. over the next 4 years, the $24.00 member states and the organization will decide whether the giant accelerator will receive funding as the next big thing for cern. and the field of particle physics in europe of the best raps things up. thanks for watching and see you again next time on tomorrow

today. bye for now the . the

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