providing you with free information these are you made for mind the shop to super stardom quickly after she was discovered in 1974, the members of the archaeological expedition who found her name to her after a famous beatle song, the lucy came from a group of home, it is closely related to our own. she lived over 3000000 years ago and walked off right, like we do. and that's not the only link to modern humans. this time around, we take a trip from the depth of the past to the depths of the universe. welcome to tomorrow . today. can you imagine going

a whole day without using your hands as we can? both humans have relied more and more on them. being able to go on to lex freed up, i'll have to dominate an entire planet. how do we use our hands today? cooking and cleaning when you gave things to people 40. i get dressed with my hands. i pressed with these. i do a lot of stuff with my head. non stop scrolling on, social media keeps our hands quite busy in the modern world. but what did they look like? millions of years ago. this is lucy story. she left around 3200000 years ago . let's look at how her tiny hands might have shaped the evolution of humanity. lot take a city but all her rowing lucy, take center stage. scientists from of all over the world have come to this german

city to study how to find out how the sheet, how species, who anthropologists have named australia. because a parenthesis lift died, a may be health pipes the evolution of the road that led to us more than humans. so who was lucy really 50 years ago? american anthropologists don't know to hansen i'm his teen stumbled upon her bones poking out of the ground. the a new kind of human ancestral one that had never been indemnified before. and it was given this tongue twister, name of austro up here that goes off our inches, named after the off our region of the off are people. lucy's fossilized remains. but on the in the p o p. us off our region at the side called bar, but a blue see lift and volts. now with p. o p, a. what she doing in germany, whether we're remains in the national museum of a ppo ppo. but the costs of them being studied extensively in leipzig. oh,

nursing to back to you. yeah. this is dr. tracey kimball, apparently wants to apologize to house, dedicated her life to restructuring the evolution of i'll have all the only 2 of lucy's home phone survive tracy use of this scientific method to figure out what, how, how might have looked like. and these are bones that come from multiple individuals . so we're just trying to sort of get an understanding of what her hand skeleton might have looked like this long and short fingers is what we also have. and it makes it really easy for us to do this, and this is something we call precision groups. we can look at lucy's or her, at least the headphones of her speech, ease and say what least she was capable of having some more dexterity that would be useful for making and using tools to put it into perspective. i am 5 foot 2 bodies, $157.00 centimeters. i'm lucy, why 2 is a look show to than i anticipated. so if lucy, but allies today should be as tall as my income from other to the cups thing. those

are assigned that lucy might have spent a lot of time trying to increase, but wouldn't that may come out a blank than human? here's an ancestor that is clearly a bi, peter all is clearly something that is on that human branch. if you saw her walking down the street that she would look more like say, you know, a hairy tim pansy walking quite comfortably on the 2 legs then. and then she wouldn't look like to look like a human summary, such as pink lucy species might have help give rise to ask more than humans to understand why we put a real chimpanzees call in a try and see these kind of lucy wasn't on the whole like us, she was working on 2 feet. and even though the brain science is almost the, i think very close. yes they are, and the recruiting joel the high brow ridges. mm hm. nice to say she's closely related to much. yes, she is. so a 10 pounds, the skeleton attend pansies, to walks on, on all fours, and obviously still also crimes and trees all the time as with lucy,

but we know from the neck down, her, her, a lot of her skill is in, has changed to be able to carry all of her body weight just on 2 legs. north come to the phone in the side, but lucy was stuck up in a po to you. so there's the aspirants is really yours. truth, that's well defined to see it all trying to find out if yes, what kind of work for australia, because of forensics, my time use don't tools to understand the technology involved. i'm a topic to scientist who's my works to get the study the stone shipping's. other thing is i'm not sure if this is dr. sean and mix parents to use this ancient techniques to mex, don't to just like of distant ancestors to the only differences us clubs while doing it. at the lucy site, there's no stone tools, but uh nearby at a site called the kiko. we found a couple bones that have marks on that are characteristic of jerry was stone tools

. and so we didn't have the site with the stone tools, but we have animals that show that they were butchered, wisco and tools. stone tools allowed our ancestors to access calorie, which bone marrow from congress's, supplying nutrients essential for developing natural brains. lucy's discovery goes beyond human evolution. for this, if you open scientists, it's a matter of national pride. it's our history, so it'd be done. so if you mind, if that's out of being the source of such a pretty shows, how do you think is lucy's shoulder joints display signs of severe injury. tracy reckons she might have died in the falls from a tree, which apparently isn't an uncommon way to go for more than prime. it's lecturing pansies long after her death, lucy's bones, and those of other members of her species continue to tell an incredible story.

millions of years ago, they might have already been crossing tools, preparing food, and caring for the young. a lot like we still do today. digging sifting, brushing that sometimes a little spooky. who were these people? archaeology is all about honor thing. the remnants of mine going eras, one thin layer at a time is painstaking detective work. and it's going on in exotic locations all over the world. archaeologists get to go there to uncover the secrets of antiquity firsthand. sounds like a dream job, but is it really a small team from the german university of tubing and has come to south africa to find out more about the origins of modern humans? this one, especially rich archaeological site, is located near the small village of sebu. do the work is more challenging than it

is glamorous. how many guns and types of things you mean when you're on your knees all day? it's exhausting. i'm shedding my age. it's not easy. but there are many young people who can't cope with it either feeling human lloyd, only something to talk about really wears you out for understand even working. the said it was that month sifting through $22.00 heavy buckets is no cake walk and not to mention the tart and crimes skip tag and one come sundays. it's well over 30 degrees celsius and you're just this wedding all day just dripping with sweat. the whole time, you know, cause the pad of paper. you sit on his dirty, your hands are always dirty. you can get used to anything, but it's not very much fun. it's of it's, this is lisa insurance. the researchers sometimes pause briefly to wash off the worst of the dirt, but then it's back to work. it's

a go to is when delta and who is incredibly rich, an artifact m as in a bucket from less than 10 meters down. you can have a 1000, even 2000 of them kind of fines or amazingly done so yours and on the, for around 100000 years, people have regularly sought shelter under this rock overhang. and they left behind many different objects and pieces of debris that are now being brought to light by the excavators are, can you, can you begin? the g always starts with geology increments. you can only gather information if you're acquainted with the relevant layers. you can see there's a kind of rock roof here because sometimes large blocks fall from it, but sand trickles down all the time, creating natural layers, usually a very slow process along some over tens of thousands of years. the erosion of the

rock has piled up layers of settlement several meters high on the rock plateau. the layers haven't been dug up, nor if they've been disturbed by cruise quakes or other seismic events. so the deep or the layer, the older, the find. they can be dated as older or younger based on their relative positions in the settlement for pretty straightforward system that can be used to determine the age of fines from a particular layer. how old are artifacts that come from 5 meters below the surface? for example, you can my minimum, you can assume they're at least 80000 years old. but how do archaeologist know that figure is correct? researchers have developed a range of methods for dating ancient fines, but the radio carbon method plays a central role in archaeology. it can be used to,

unless a crucial information about the age of even tiny sliver is a phone. the technique is based on the decay of a certain isotope that all living organisms take up in the course of their lives. and some of it is stored in bones and high tech loud so like ones at the correct angle horn center for arc yamma tree and manheim, the age of old bones, can be determined with astonishing accuracy whether they come from a mammoth that live during the last ice age or a cave lion, radio carbon or carbon 14 gating allows researchers to pinpoint when individual animals lived. the method capitalizes on the fact that all living organisms absorb carbon and incorporated into their bodies. the carbon is practically everywhere in

the environment, including in the era around us, a, c o 2 standard carbon atoms are made up of 6 protons, and 6 neutrons giving them an atomic mass of 12. so they're often called carbon 12 . but there are also isotopes of the element that have one or 2 more neutrons. so a greater atomic mass, they're called carbon $13.14. although the number of c 14 adams in a sample is low compared to standard carbon atoms, they're very interesting for researchers because the isotope has a special property, carbon 14 is radioactive, with a half life around 5730 years. together with the normal carbon plants also take up tiny amounts of c, 14 from the air and incorporated into their tissues. they can pass to anything that each the plants tend predators that feed on the herbivores,

also taken c 14 which can end up in their bones. when an organism dies, no more of the isotope is absorbed. then the stored c 14 begins decaying at the known rate. so if you measure its levels in an ancient phone and find only about a 60 as as much see 14 as a modern bone. the find has to be 32000 years old. but how do you get to the sea? 14 stored in the bone? how is it measured? the process is a complex and labor intensive, one ronnie, fleet division and his colleagues carry it out in the laboratory and mannheim to uncover the secret of an ancient bones age. it has to be at least partially destroyed, a sample taken from it. his 1st placed in an acid bath, dissolving the calcium carbonate in the bony material and leaving behind elastic college and, and that's where the carbon is stored. after this treatment,

the bone fragment looks elastic and spongy. it's then freeze dried, giving it a company, look and texture, and the next step, this is incinerated in a device like this. at very high temperatures, the black powder left in the end contains the c 1213 and 14 from the bone. this powder is then pressed into a kind of cartridge. the cartridge is loaded into a magazine that contains many different samples which are tested for a carbon 14 contents. one after the other, in this particle accelerator. the inverse for them, it is what if we use this machine to measure the carbon still present in a sample today? we can calculate how old it must be based on how much carbon 14 is still in. it just opened up over this in the cartridge to be tested as placed in a kind of combustion chamber bombarding the sample with cesium knox,

the carbon atoms out of it and charges them electric late in the tubes. the atoms are accelerated to very high speeds through the application of a high voltage and passed through 2 mass filters. the 1st stops everything with an atomic. now some 12. the 2nd, everything with atomic minus 13 only carbon 14 makes it through to the very back of the machine. and then handling buys the individual carbon ions are then actually detected in the rear area. so there we can count individual carbon 14 particles sienna. to calculate the samples age from this number, you need a reference point. so carbon 14 from a sample with a known age. once i started on the whole, so our reference bones come from horses that we know died in a battle in $1644.00 during the 30 years more so we analyze these

horse bones in the same way as the bones we want today. of the onset of using the same chemical process and the same analysis here in the accelerator. when things go in the end, once we've dated the sample, we also have to come up with the year 1644 for the horsepower. and we always do buses. all right, now it's your turn. do you have a science question then send it to us as a video, text or voice mail. if we answer it in the show, you'll receive a little surprises. a thank you dawn. just as the this time, the question comes from don, u. m a. m, in bulgaria, the why is our home galaxy called the milky way? the roots of the name can be found in the words deluxe us, which comes from ancient greek. it's derived from the terms gala and galactose,

which means milk or milky. in those days of little light pollution, our home galaxy was visible everywhere is a bright band and the night sky. there were no telescopes, the ancient greeks explain the origin of this milky road with a story. according to miss milk poured into the sky from the breast of the goddess hara, when she pushed one of her husband's legitimate sons away as he sought to suckle. over 2500 years ago, the greek philosopher democritus came up with another explanation. the world is made up of tiny particles. he said. so the band of light in the sky must also consist of particles, which we call stars. hundreds of years would pass before people could actually see individual stars and the milky way. then in the early 17th century,

dutch spectacle maker hun slip a hay, made a ground breaking discovery that distant objects appear larger when viewed through 2 grounds lenses. laying the groundwork for the invention of the telescope, the kind of they all got it. they developed the instruments further and was the 1st to use it to observe the night sky. there. he saw that the milky way really is made up of countless stars the since the dawn of the 20th century. astronomers have been looking deeper and deeper into the universe bright dots that their predecessors, so in, earlier ages turned out to be distant galaxies. our cosmic home is just one of around a trillion aggregations of stars that are thought to populate the visible universe

. but it's the only one called the milky way, a mystical name from the ancient world. the it's always starting to look out into the milky way on a dark and cloudless night. but what's perhaps more interesting, it's what you don't see. like what's called dark matters, which at least in theory, ensures that galaxies don't just play a part. studies looking for the elusive material or ongoing at the european organization for nuclear research or cern. a gigantic new super collider being planned, there might help find it. the future circular collider, or s c. c for short is a particle accelerator that could break new ground in the field of physics, plans and vision. it's construction on the border between france and switzerland, in a tunnel deep under ground,

around 3 times longer than the large hadron collider, or l h. c. current estimates say the memo. it's project would cost around $15000000000.00 euros and take around 25 years to go into service. at the moment the fcc is still in planning, but certain research director, you all can manage firmly believes that will happen to tyson physic town, sir. and is a european flagship project in particle physics. i'm project, it's a project and area where you're a plays a leadership role on been with. if we want to retain this leadership also in the future and noticed that we need a new product. the next step will succeed d l, age c on one that in my opinion will not only carry science but also cern and europe into the 2nd half of this century. yeah, that's true. in this future f, c, c, electronics, under anti particles, the positrons would be set on collision courses and it would allow

a kind of factory for higgs bows on which are apparently a key particle. the rest is still a dream. the 2nd expansion stage would utilize technology yet to be developed from the 20 seventy's onwards, protons could start colliding and at an unprecedented energy use. a machine built for discovery with potential many times greater than physicists have access to today says manage it. really, it will provide answers to the big questions that are currently on answer like dark matter and dark energy. some of the why does the universe only consist of matters, whereas all the angie met are gone. i'm too much here and you're good. but it is the new accelerator, the right instrument to answer all these questions. some scientists have doubts take dark matter. for example, astronomer oliver miller has searched for the mysterious material for years while

the fcc help the all new movie thought we built new particle accelerators again and again, and have found nothing so far. there's a lot of disillusionment. i'm not sure, and we'll find dark matter with an next accelerator either. instead of doing the same thing just bigger. so maybe we should be considering alternatives like we could invest more in gravitational waves or telescopes, or throwing telescope. dark matter has been giving researchers headaches for decades. we can't see it. we only know that it exists because without it galaxies would simply fly a part. but is it a kind of particle, or maybe something else entirely? the astronomer is looking to space for answers to change that, but the james web space telescope has the immense advantage set at a fraction of the cost in allowed observation in the 1st few days, which if they prove correct will turn the idea of dark matter completely. on

a tag culture and building another research or thinking about alternatives to the fcc is jenny list. she develops accelerators and experiments, some together with cern and says the discussion about options is essential if they say assign fussing. the fcc is a fascinating project that would secure a long term perspective for cern. however, there are concerns as to whether the prospect is financially viable one and it's still not entirely clear today whether the technology will be available for the 2nd expansion stage in good time. and at what cost and costs. according to list, a linear accelerator would also be enough to investigate the higgs bows on. at a 3rd, the fcc is legs a much more cost effective alternative. but many researchers at certain want more in the search for new particles. the increased energy of the 2nd expansion stage

would be key and that requires a ring. however, no series currently indicate that there is anything at all for particle physics to discover in this super energized range. your walk a menage counters that this is exactly what basic research is all about. the scope of you out mentions and i believe that we as humans or a species that has the opportunity to think about the universe, it's beginning today's universe and perhaps also it's end collect office in the past. i think that somehow because we have the opportune and it easy, there's also a kind of obligation to do at this point. so whether the fcc make sense is still being debated. whether the project is even feasible or whether alternatives are available should be clear by the end of 2025. the experts aren't thinking about another alternative. no new future project at all. that's not how they work. and

how i lost them, just pull. yeah, you have an ongoing project in which you're doing science and you're also preparing a future project for which you are developing technologies. so then once you've squeezed a project scientifically for all it's worth 0 ready in the starting box for the follow up project, i'm from admin staff coach on student. i know that 15000000000 sounds like a lot of money. i think that c, i'm but it's an investment that will pay off probably until the end of the century . over the next 4 years, the $24.00 member states and the organization will decide whether the giant accelerator will receive funding as the next big thing for cern. and the field of particle physics in europe. that wraps things up. thanks for watching and see you again next time on tomorrow

today. bye for now. the the, the, the

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poverty and the promotion of sustainable develop. the this is state of the news live from lynn. a german call goes plane crashes, in miscellaneous, at least one person is dead and several others injured in the crash in the capital . vilnius will force he's are investigating the way the russia may be involved. also coming up a political quick in romania as a fall. right, pro russia candidate takes a so pricing leaves in the presidential election. the use meanings premium has been knocked out of the rates. and the is really government boycotts the countries needing newspaper accusing it of supporting terrorism. however, it's close to decision on a prime minister miss. now if it's to dismiss.