people have been ordered to evacuate their homes. as a wildfire spreads rapidly in the hillsides, los angeles authorities say many buildings have already been destroyed and that conditions there are extremely dangerous and you're up to date will be back at the top of the hour with more news. thanks for joining us. the name is the calls back said wow, thank you so much for joining in. welcome to don't hold the bad. a lot of people do that. it's all about saying it aloud. you guys would have being nosy de la, good. everyone to king. you're healthy award winning, called, called the called back.

the small and inconspicuous insects are often reduced to their most basic functions like eating and producing offspring for the preservation of their species. but in fact, they are highly intelligent, each with a distinct character and personality. as in dvd, individual ality of leasing beetles was something i really didn't expect to find. their pin sized brain is a powerhouse. these have a great sense of times. the, we now know that some spiders can both plan ahead and think logically, you need to be good at face recognition. they need to be good at understand the relationships and in those particular areas. wasps are geniuses, the,

they live among us, observing us, even when we don't notice them. and when we're away, the insects come out to see anything sweet or sugary. they just can't get enough. the to us, their behavior might seem preprogrammed many don't think insects are capable of intelligent behavior. * but more scientists are becoming convinced otherwise. over the past few years, insect researchers have completely changed our preconceptions about the small

creatures. in london, lars chicka is researching the behavior of bumblebees and bees. he's considered one of the pioneers of insect behavioral research, as it couldn't by injecting kind intelligence. we can't measure the intelligence quotient of insects with the same test as we do with humans because, but we can, of course, present them with challenges that tests their flexibility. the flexibility a portal somebody for example by looking into whether they can counts or solve various tasks. news that are used as intelligence tests for crime aids and course on the bottom for them that's intelligence tests. but not lars chip can use this bumblebees for one of his most important intelligence tests. they live in his institute at queen mary university. the

many skills such as caring for off spring are innate. but would bumblebees also be able to solve a completely new task which cro could master? sugar of water is added to artificial flowers for an experiment. then 6 bumblebees are led into the box, the gradually they each realize that there is a reward to be had here in step 2, an obstacle in the form of the plexiglass plate blocks access to the reward. the bumblebees can still see it, but no longer reach it. initially, they ignore the thread side by reason for success or dis, the best

t. a nice. the thing about this experiment is that the animal isn't just moving towards a food source. it has to learn a new move. my goal is to get to the food, in this case, pulling on a threat and, and fraud and seeing some listen. when this is how i know solving this problem to obtain a reward is something that a b, or bumblebee has never had to do. and it's evolutionary history on the youngest fish to any of us, thomas go sisters most so will they figure out how to pull on the thread, the bumble bee number $81.00, give us it a try. after just 3 minutes, she gets it. and the others follow suit the conclusion, just like clever crows, tiny insects, know how to use a tool to get

a reward is very impressive as we knew that people would be surprised. although he still has many critics should cause research has revolutionized the way we look at bumblebees and other insects. the there are around 1000000 insect species on earth. they are invertebrates, and for the most part they have 6 legs and the 3 parts body, the one species that was domesticated by humans around 7000 years ago. this the honey be the,

the a be colony is also known as a super organism. it's energy mixed very complex behavior possible as a community they can achieve more than as individuals. together, these can for instance, regulate the hives temperature by fluttering their wings, but keeping it at a constant $35.00 degrees is only possible with a sophisticated plan. to achieve this, select, these must position themselves in strategic places. every be has a clear task. the queen has a less glorious job than her title suggests. she lays pencil shaped eggs and inspects the brood combs. she can live up to 5 years. it will usually only mate once during her lifetime. drone bees patch from fertilized eggs and worker bees

hatch from unfertilized, a queen, calais, up to 2000 eggs a day. 21 days after she lays the eggs a worker, b hatches. it's struggles to free itself from the brood. com. but as soon as it does, it will have to get to work the. the workers set the tone in the b colony in summer, 30 to 50000 of them live together in the hive. after hatching, they take care of hygiene, air conditioning, and feeding the larva. later they guard the entrance against intruders. after 2 to 3 weeks, they turn into field beast and provide the community with nectar and poland. the mails or drones have huge ice in summer, 2 to 6000 drones live in the hive. their whole exist,

its revolves only around one thing. during what's known as the natural flight, they fly out with newly hatched young queens and meet with them. the colonies are strictly organized, as they have been for the last 100000000 years. the bees have an innate sense of how to construct the honeycomb. each of toggle cell has exactly the same dimensions . there's no need for engineers or construction plans. they simply know how to do it. the still anyone who studies honey bees intensively will ask themselves if they really do everything instinctively, thomas or that sky has kept these for 40 years. and through the a really a foundation advocates for a more natural approach. this means allowing bees to build their own honeycombs instead of using man made once his wife daniella shares his passion. how does it

all fresh and actor look linden? these can fly up to 5 kilometers to collect the poland, which sticks to their bodies. a single b can pollinate up to a 1000 flowers a day. they bring the nectar back to the heights where it's stored and turned into honey within a few weeks. the field bees are the life insurance of the colony. if they couldn't find their way back, all the bees with star, that's why they have to be master navigators. being and again the essence and when the bees have finished their 1st stage of life with their hiv tasks, they have to get to know the landscape and inc and stuff up until that point. they've only been inside the dark. hi, lindsey. and so when the young bees blind for the 1st time, they fly out turnaround immediately and practically fly backwards practitioners to

stainless. always looking at the hive while moving away because they shed its line uptown and down there seeing them off in one. so this is how they get to know the coordinates of the heights. they find their way within a nate, navigation system being these have a great sense of time and follow the path of the sun even when it's cloud. even people have been guys in their solar compass, helps them keep their bearings so they can always find home. but can it also work if they're move to an unknown area in complete darkness? an experiment. 5 field bees are chosen at random, marked with yellow dots. they're placed in a dark box, and so they can't use the sun for guidance. the . they are taken 3 kilometers across the countryside, 5, but the,

the market square is a foreign environment with hardly any flowers to attract the beast. the will the bees find their way home? the old. hi thomas. i released them 5 seconds ago. son was the ship. yes. could stop. we've started the co signed us the it's possible that we've chosen these that still haven't learned enough about the landscape. this you can tell just by looking at the mean you're in the shower. there, she's making 2 circles like the other one. so as if she's getting her bearings?

yes. do you radically, of course a bird could also have eaten the bees fly fast over 20 kilometers an hour and it's just one kilometer flying distance from the marketplace to the high. the got there. they're cool. all 5 bees find their way home as none of them made it in under 2 minutes, the slowest time was 8 minutes. 40 seconds. this experiment dates back to the 19th century when behavioral biologists jump on. a brief thoughtless invented it, but we've only just recently understood how they do it. like us humans. these have

a virtual map stored in their brains. they can store landmarks such as streams, houses, flowering meadows pads, and their position in relation to the hype and flight. they can navigate home perfectly from a new location within their habitat. the, it's an amazing achievement for a brain. just the size of a tiny grain of rice, the still, the brain has 1000000 neural connections. in comparison, there are 86000000000 nerve cells in the human brain. the process and store images, shapes, language and experiences. among other

a close relative. the bumblebee has a similarly tiny brain, but their intelligence isn't just about the number of neurons. many insects have a letter, like vengeful, nervous cord distributed over their entire body. the different segments or ganglia are used to process sensory information and control motor activities in the head. several ganglia fused together to form the brain. neuron stimulation begins in the antenna, which are also receptors of smell, taste, hearing and touch. the 60000 tiny pours on the antenna, i absorb sent from these all factory receptors. the stimuli i go to the 1st all factory center. the antenna low for the initial processing takes place. the passing along to nerve cords consisting of many individual

nerve cells. the stimuli reach what's called the mushroom body. presumably, this is where the central learning and memory center is located. the shapes colors smells landscapes. the b process is all of this at lightning speed. they only have a few 100 neurons to perform this task. this tiny brain works very efficiently despite its size, the, when it comes to their behavior or a parents. most people see little difference between individual insects, the but couldn't this was, for example, be braver than her sister's. or the

she knows exactly how to cleverly free herself from this dangerous honey track. the at the university of de la failed in germany, biologist castle lena knew the studies the personality traits of insects. she's chosen a particular kind of beadle for her research. the mustard beetle, the it's a tiny creature. the

1st glance, one beetle is like the next no different in shape, pattern or color. and its behavior also appears the same. the insects have the same mother, but only some have the same father. apparently, the only thing on their mind is eating and reproducing the, the 1st experiment looks at how willing the beatles are to take risks. testing their escape instincts, kind of holy and mueller starts by marking each one the name of the chief ireland lessons. if we take our beatles and drop them here, it's meant to stimulate something like a bird dropping, and fetal, it's cod allowing the beetle to run away. and so the experiment is testing the animal's flight reaction type. for many, the initial reaction is the same. they quickly flee from the center of the petri

dish to the edge seeking protection. but then there's a beetle that behaves differently. he takes a sweet time, having a look around before a leisurely walk into the edge. what i find most interesting in this test is that you can clearly see that some individuals placed inside the petri dish are quick to screw, to the edge in the 1st week. and the 3 weeks later, when i re test that same insect, it's again very quick to run to the edge and some others that are slower initially will again be slower in the 2nd test for some of this consistency and the individual ality of least deals with something i really didn't expect hookers from him bluff keep on the next experiment, evaluate the beatles activity. each beetle moves around in a petri dish for 30 minutes. the movement patterns are captured by an evaluation

software. red and yellow indicate a long stay in the same place. blue, a shorter one and white. none at all. i mean the variation, this really huge. if you look at this picture that says ciocca and the various different events that states most of the outside, right? yes, it stayed mostly outside on the edges, but it was all to exploiting and images in control students is this one which was on the edge of the entire time, but was not on so exploring much scenes and environmental factors shape the personalities of beatles. just as in humans, but why are these differences so important? diversity in a population is a big advantage when it comes to adapting to threats and environmental changes. the, let's look at the university of tour in france, insect researchers or uncovering new discoveries along with puzzling new mystery

one. that is confounding biologist. joel munoz and his team has to do with how ear weeks care for their young. the earwigs look after their eggs in a similar way to birds. the female protects the x and always stays close by. after 2 months, when the larva hatch, the female ear way keeps protecting them against predators, or rather unusual behavior in the insect world. since he buys all we spoke of was a good amount of a task updated puts here you can see the mother transporting or off spring to a new place with her mouth part. just as mother cats do when they are stress in the

shuffle, they take the kittens and move them to another place. it is, i'm not but couldn't the larva survive without the mother? why all this effort, the researchers discovered that the mother also benefits from the extensive time with her off spring. they help rid her of parasites. so is this behavior in 8? to find out, mooney 8 tries separating a mother from her newly hatched ear. week babies. later these air weeks have all spring at their own. how will they now look after their babies? a few weeks later, the astonishing results are in the we showed that if a baby did not receive care, i as um,

then when these baby become a new mother, the mother as a mother, that we provide less scale as well. so it might be a form of learning. there is no reason to believe that there is no learning capabilities. all that the brain structure does not allow them to learn. the only limits is that we don't know, and this is something that we have to work on. researchers are now investigating the entire life cycle of the solitary insects. if even earwigs can learn, could there be other insects that have developed more complex thinking skills? the small american town of, in or over is a unique place for insect researchers. at the university of michigan, a special research area has been dedicated to a particular species of floss, edits, intelligent behavior. the,

it's the paper was it builds its nests from wood fibers, which it mixes with its own saliva to form a solid paste. when it tries, it turns into a very hard building material. the special thing about paper was, is that each one has a different face. know to have the same color and texture. the

the elizabeth tibbets has been researching paper was for over 20 years, compared to bees. paper was so or less organized. their colonies resembled more of a loosely organized roommate, arrangement than a superstructure behind the . this could have something to do with the fact that their faces are so different and that they can recognize each other. this would suggest there is a separate area in the brain for visual recognition and memory. previously, the only in sex known to have this capacity for bes. so you can see some was yellow, i wrote some lost stone, some, some little black spots in the middle of their face. and other was these are all

the same species use, they're all living together in a group. and you might wonder why, while studies have shown that paper wasps can actually distinguish between the faces of their own kind. the reason that was to have individual face recognition is because individual ality is so important for wolves. each wife has a different role in the colony. sometimes they're nice sometimes they're mean, sometimes they have cooperation. sometimes they attack each other. so knowing who's, who is very important for white paper wasps are active during the day. if a foreign last approaches the nest, they see that it's an unfamiliar face. the stranger is then threatened or attacked, and battle lines are quickly drawn. the end of botanical garden of the research institute to biologist,

emily loud studies insects in their natural environment. several nests serve as study objects, the emily love and elizabeth tibits have discovered that individual paper wasps have distinct personalities. several females lay their eggs in the same nest while bes reserved, and asked for only one queen. so no wonder that the social life of wasps is more complex than bees. the, some wasps are more affinity doesn't otherwise, they're more inclined to engage in social contract than otherwise. and some of us are more aggressive. they're more inclined to engage in aggressive behaviors with each other more fighting with why they don't know. we also find that was differ and how active they are. how much time do they spend moving around?

what is their propensity to explore new areas? it's the end of july. the paper wasps are caring further off spring with a little extra help from the scientists. it's now peaceful in the nest after a turbulent spring, when several females thought to become queen. so these are a bunch of potential queens and they're checking out all the other queens these 2 guys are fighting. you can see they're hitting each other with aaron tenant and they're from legs. the other officer just standing there watching. they want to see who wins the sites, so you can see they, they kind of get close, she's looking at them and wondering who, who is going to win this fight. they're learning about each other. and then their previous experience with those individuals influence is their future contests. behavior the researchers want to learn more. can paper

was abstract. that is not only remember events, but also analyze them and draw conclusions. could have paper was solved a mental exercise too complex for the brain of a human toddler. the 1st i'm going to look at them. they are dragon kyle in dinosaur. so if i tell you the dragon is a better fighter than the towel, and the cow is a better fighter than the dinosaur. then even if you never saw the dragon in the dinosaur interact, you'd be able to make a guess. you'd be able to say yes, the dragon is probably better than the dinosaur. so that's a very basic kind of transitive inference. using what you know dragon is better than kyle. kyle is bigger, better than dinosaurs, to make an inference, right? guess about a relationship that you don't know until recently, disability to logically reason was attributed exclusively to humans. we now know

that monkeys, birds, and fish can also reason. transitive inference is the ability to deduce unknown relationships from known ones. researchers are now carrying out the experiment with paper wasps, but instead of stuffed animals, they use colors. to begin with, they have to remember 5 different colors. in the next step, the insects have to put them in a logical order. the walls have to choose between 2 colors and 4 separate grounds. one causes small electric shocks. the other does not. but with the exception of the yellow and light flu, all other callers can either cause an electric shock or not depending on their pairing. in the 1st color pair, the wasp prefers the yellow it learned in the 1st round. that blue is associated with an electric shock. it properly completed the task. through many repetitions

they learn blue is more painful than yellow. purple is more painful than blue. green more painful than purple and light blue, more painful than green. they prefer the colors without electric shocks. the colors are linked to pain following a logical principle, just like the experiment with stuffed animals. this allows the last to form a ranking. will that allow the wasp to correctly evaluate a color pair for which it has never been trained? which color does it prefer? blue or green? it decides. logically, in favor of blue. how valuable is the ability to logically deduce the unknown for the everyday life of a paper was. so last place is organized so that everyone that they interact with

isn't a linear linear hierarchy for most dominant to lease dominant. and so if they have transitive inference, they can guess how strong otherwise start without actually needing to fight. they can say, oh, i beat susie in a fight last week. and today susie b jane. so my guess is i'm going to probably beat jane. and that helps them live their life and manage conflict without fighting with everyone they meet. the researchers observe the was fights closely. this is a commonly observed scenario. an opponent giving up before the fight is even started. this was, has probably concluded that she doesn't stand a chance it's not known whether any other insect species shows similarly impressive, logical skills. their relatives, the honey bees, were unable to solve this problem. i don't think that was i like overall can you

says, you know, they're never gonna paint a picture or write a book, but there are a few things that it was really needs to be good at to succeed. they need to be good at face recognition. they need to be good at understanding relationships and in those particular areas, watts are geniuses, the insects are intelligent. do they also have sensations and feelings like primates? how does a bumble bee experience paint, for example, through a reflex? or does it perceive the pain before deciding how to react? carl found fresh, who discovered the communicative waggle. dance of bees at the beginning of the 20th century, doubted that insects could feel pain at all. he carried out the following experiment . a bee was given sugar water. while it was drinking karl von fresh would cut his

body in half. he observed that the be showed no pain reflects, but continued to drink for a few seconds before it died. for him, this was proof that insects lacked pain receptors. this message was that's of course nonsense to my boss to type because anyone who has ever seen someone's threat a grasshopper onto official or something similar will know that the insect is obviously not thrilled by that experience and fights back to the best of its ability for these a file, new sure, the guy said it's one session with mit, not have viet. of course the same is true if you pass through a b by rolling it between 2 fingers. then you will very quickly realize that it naturally has an appropriate reaction to this, you know, tradition, arguments, move. actually, the recent studies have shown that many insect species have pain receptors, meaning they react reflexively to a stimulus or so they can, like humans,

also tolerate pain philosopher jonathan birch studies the sentence of animals. his research group discovered that occupied lobsters and crabs are very likely to cognitively perceive pain. these are invertebrates, like insects, and many kitchens. lobsters are thrown alive into boiling water, and can survive for up to 3 minutes. in that time, as the storm of nervous system activity, just as they would be with a human or any other animal, dropped into boiling water. so it is not a quick message. it's not a humane much jonathan purchased findings have led to the welfare of these animals being taken into account in future animal welfare legislation in the u. k. the london based research team is now investigating whether and sex also feel paint, which could afford them the same protection by law,

both in the u. k. and the european union. the issue is suddenly very current, not least, since insects are becoming an increasingly important food source for humans and st . lynn art, austria, andreas courts, breeds meal warms. his operation on 65 square meters yields $500.00 kilos of insects per month. the . but what does animal welfare look like in the case of insect breeding? and how can insects be killed as humanely as possible? for some time now, the eu has allowed the processing of meal worms and other insects into fruit. andrea's courts only gives his meal worms high quality feet as an excuse to isabel . so in a box like this old around 10000 animals or defend,

they're actually only fed with by products from the food industry like we ran through or is easy to get fruits and vegetables. here we have potatoes deemed unfit for the store, but perfect for us and fumes to fixed us with them. they do forget after 3 to 4 months, the larva are old enough for further processing. they're then sort 8 according to size. it's not hard to keep new warms in a species appropriate way since they thrive together in a mass. but can even meal worms, which are classified as insects and larva cognitively perceived pain and feel emotion, the beautiful. so i'm assuming vetoes and production. i have to say that i never consciously noticed any pain or anything else, save stuff, and even the sorting process which involves a lot of sifting and so on. i don't notice that they eat less or anything like that

. they just continue to behave as normal, comes to mind. i think the know he has thought about how to kill the animals as humanely as possible. he's opted for a gentle method that corresponds to the worms natural life cycle in winter. the worms are frozen at minus 20 degrees celsius. at some point, the metabolism stops working and they simply die. in stark contrast, industrial agriculture has the little regard for the life of insects. insecticides kill billions of insects, not only insects, but damage plants, but also beneficial ones. these bees have been poisoned with pesticides. their death lasts for minutes. whether the bees feel more than just a pain reflex has not yet been scientifically established.

the a research group at queen mary university in london is currently investigating this with an elaborate experiment designed by behavioral biologist lars chip. the the biologist and his team set up a box with several feeding stations. the yellow ones contain a 10 percent sugar solution. the pink of 40 percent sugar solution even more attractive to the bumble bees. but there is a downside. the surface underneath that solution is heated up to $55.00 degrees def august. the question is whether the bees, when encountering in on pleasant heat stimulus, simply slowly from it reflexively flick, or whether they can learn to suppress their reflex if they get a particularly good reward is on this quote of the it's obvious that mammals

feel pain. they're nervous system is similar to that of humans. too little is known about the insect nervous system. such experiments can provide some clues a b noticed is there is something sweet at the yellow feeding station. another has no idea that the sugar water in the pink container is even sweeter. although the heat stresses the bumblebees more and more fly to that, one of the study from 2022 shows the bumble bees except the pain in exchange for the sweet reward. as of these are slower, former address progressing doses, and what was i so this clever bumble bee understood that there was better food at the pink feeding place. and then that she had to bear the pain by suppressing her

normal reflects to flee on. she got the treat from what is actually a painful platform, or this means that the natural behavior of holding back from this painful stimulus form can be suppressed as to what you know the booked in the experiment is further evidence that insects may be sent in beans and that they adapt their reaction to stimuli according to their present situation. lars, chit co works closely with philosopher jonathan birch. who brings a very different perspective the i think the $0.10 it says come to be quite an important one for animal welfare animal. because it's intended to capture all the feelings of animal, might have its this capacity to have feelings, which could be feelings of pain or pleasure, but also comfort. this comes the joy, excitement as i start useful to have this concept because we don't just want to be

talking about pain all the time. the statements sound for vall could have too many who conduct research on insects. he raises the question of whether insects have their own self or consciousness the what makes you, you know, what is that subjective in our world? i don't know if it was positive. i don't know how you'd even drawn gradients of it . but it's true, it has interesting philosophical implications and thinking about what animals are capable of and what they can think and how we treat them in class. may lack and like the cute factor for a lot of people. but they're capable of these really complicated and sophisticated cognitive thanks. a lot of questions. yeah, there's a lot going on in their mind. sure. we now understand how clever and sensitive

insects are. at the same time. human activity is threatening many insect species with extinction. regardless of their intelligence and cognitive capacity, the, the solar industry, numerical minerals for off skies, more efficient, easy to synthesize and easy to process. how far off guide could revolutionize the solar energy market. and why it isn't ready just yet. they didn't tell me. in 30 minutes on the w of the

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