are you watching the w two's coming up next? they dw documentary on a bug brains looking at how science has until now under estimated the power of the brains of insects. i'll be back in the top of the hour with more world news after the greens and i hope you enjoyed the not just another day. so much is happening all at once. we take time to understand this is the day an in depth look, it's karen use events, analyzed by experts and critical thinking is. this is the weekdays. on w.

a small and inconspicuous insect are often reduced to their most basic functions like eating and producing offspring for the preservation of their species. but in fact, they are highly intelligent. each with a distinct character and personality. as in dvd individual ality of leasing beetles was something i really didn't expect. tucson, their pin sized brain is a powerhouse. these have a great sense of times. the, we know know that some spiders can both plan. ahead and think logically, you need to be good at face recognition. they need to be good at understanding relationships and in those particular areas, wasps, our genius, the,

they live among us, observing us, even when we don't notice them. and when we're away, the insects come out to see anything sweet or sugary. they just can't get enough the to us, their behavior might seem pre programmed. many, don't think and sex are capable of intelligent behavior. but more scientists are becoming convinced otherwise. over the past few years, insect researchers have completely changed our preconceptions about these small

creatures. in london, lars chicka is researching the behavior of bumblebees and bees. he's considered one of the pioneers of insect behavioral research. as it couldn't buttons that can come into the begins, we can't measure the intelligence quotient of insects with the same test as we do with humans if it comes. but we can, of course, present them with challenges that test their flexibility, the flexibility, a portal. somebody for example, by looking into whether they can counts or solve various tests, news that are used as intelligence tests for crime aids and course on to cobb improving. that's intelligence tests. but it's lars chip. can i use this bumble bees for one of his most important intelligence tests? they live in his institute at queen mary university. the

many skills such as caring for off spring are innate. but would bumblebees also be able to solve a completely new task which cro could master? sugar of water is added to artificial flowers for an experiment. then 6 bumble. these are led into the box, the gradually they each realized that there is a reward to be had here in step to an obstacle in the form of the plexiglass plate, blocks access to the reward. the bumble bees can still see it, but no longer reach it. initially, they ignore the thread side bodies and physics or this, the best. the nice thing about this experiment is that the animal isn't just moving

towards a food source. it has to learn a new move. my goal is to get to the food, in this case, pulling on a threat and, and fraud and seeing some listen. when does this hurt? i know solving this problem to obtain a reward is something that a b or a bumblebee has never had to do, and it's evolutionary history on the youngest fish to any of us, thomas go sisters most so will they figure out how to pull on the thread the bumble bee number 81. give us it a try the after just 3 minutes, she gets it and the others follow suit. the conclusion, just like clever crows, tiny insects, know how to use a tool to get

a reward is very impressive as we knew that people would be surprised. although he still has many critics chit because research has revolutionized the way we look at bumblebees and other insects the there are around 1000000 insect species on earth. they are invertebrates. and for the most part, they have 6 legs and the 3 parts body, the one species that was domesticated by humans around 7000 years ago. this the honey be the,

the a be colony is also known as a super organism. it's energy mixed very complex behavior possible as a community they can achieve more than as individuals. together, these can for instance, regulate the high temperature by fluttering their wings, but keeping it at a constant $35.00 degrees is only possible with a sophisticated plan. to achieve this, select, these must position themselves in strategic places. every be has a clear task. the queen has a less glorious job than her title suggests. she lays pencil shaped eggs and inspects the brood combs. she can live up to 5 years. it will usually only mate once during her lifetime. drone bees patch from fertilized eggs and worker bees

hatch from unfertilized, a queen, calais, up to 2000 eggs a day. 21 days after she lays the eggs a worker, b hatches. it's struggles to free itself from the brood. com. but as soon as it does, it will have to get to work the. the workers set the tone in the b colony in summer, 30 to 50000 of them live together in the hive. after hatching, they take care of hygiene, air conditioning, and feeding the larva. later they guard the entrance against intruders. after 2 to 3 weeks, they turn into field beast and provide the community with nectar and poland. the mails or drones have huge ice in summer, 2 to 6000 drones live in the hive. their whole exist,

its revolves only around one thing. during what's known as the natural flight, they fly out with newly hatched young queens and meet with them. the colonies are strictly organized, as they have been for the last 100000000 years. the bees have an innate sense of how to construct the honeycomb. each of toggle cell has exactly the same dimensions . there's no need for engineers or construction plans. they simply know how to do it. the still anyone who studies honey bees intensively will ask themselves if they really do everything instinctively, thomas or that sky has kept these for 40 years. and through the a really a foundation advocates for a more natural approach. this means allowing bees to build their own honeycombs instead of using man made once his wife daniella shares his passion all fresh. and

after looking at linden bees can fly up to 5 kilometers to collect the pollen which sticks to their bodies . a single b can pollinate up to a 1000 flowers a day. they bring the nectar back to the heights where it's stored and turned into honey within a few weeks. the field bees are the life insurance of the colony. if they couldn't find their way back, all the bees with star, that's why they have to be master navigators. 20 feet, and again, se, and when the bees have finished their 1st stage of life with their hive tasks, they have to get to know the landscape and they can still up until that point. they've only been inside the dark. hi lindsay, and so when the young bees blind for the 1st time, they fly out turnaround immediately and practically fly backwards practitioners to

stainless. always looking at the hive while moving away because they shed it's line uptown and down the single most important to this is how they get to know the coordinates of the heights. they find their way within a nate, navigation system being these have a great sense of time and follow the path of the sun even when it's cloudy. $50000000000.00 in their solar compass helps them keep their bearings so they can always find home. but can it also work if they're move to an unknown area incomplete darkness? an experiment. 5 field bees are chosen at random, marked with yellow dots, and they're placed in a dark box. and so they can't use the sun for guidance. the . they are taken 3 kilometers across the countryside, 5 but the,

the market square is a foreign environment with hardly any flowers to attract the beast, the will the bees find their way home? the . hi thomas. i released them 5 seconds ago. son was the ship. yes. could stop, we've started to kind of find us the it's possible that we've chosen these that still haven't learned enough about the landscape. this you can tell just by looking at them in your initial they're, she's making 2 circles like the other ones. so as if she's getting her bearings,

yes. to you radically. of course, a bird could also have eaten the bees fly fast over 20 kilometers an hour and it's just one kilometer flying distance from the marketplace to the high. the got there. they're cool. all 5 bees find their way home as none of them made it in under 2 minutes, the slowest time was 8 minutes. 40 seconds. this experiment dates back to the 19th century when behavioral biologists jump on. a brief thoughtless invented it, but we've only just recently understood how they do it. like us humans. these have

a virtual map stored in their brains. they can store landmarks such as streams, houses, flowering meadows pads, and their position in relation to the hype and flight. they can navigate home perfectly from a new location within their habitat. the, it's an amazing achievement for a brain, just the size of a tiny grain of rice, the still, the brain has 1000000 neural connections. in comparison, there are 86000000000 nerve cells in the human brain. the process and store images, shapes, language and experiences. among other

a close relative. the bumblebee has a similarly tiny brain, but their intelligence isn't just about the number of neurons. many insects have a letter like ventral nervous cord distributed over their entire body. the different segments or ganglia are used to process sensory information and control motor activities in the head. several ganglia fused together to form the brain. neuron stimulation begins in the antenna, which are also receptors of smell, taste, hearing and touch. the 60000 tiny pours on the antenna, i absorb sense from these all factory receptors. the stimuli go to the 1st all factory center. the antenna low for the initial processing takes place. the passing along to nerve cords consisting of many individual

nerve cells, the stimuli reach what's called the mushroom body. presumably, this is where the central learning and memory center is located. the shapes colors smells landscapes. the b process is all if this at lightning speed. they only have a few 100 neurons to perform this task. this tiny brain works very efficiently despite its size, the, when it comes to their behavior or a parents. most people see little difference between individual insects, the but couldn't this was, for example, be braver than her sister's,

or the she knows exactly how to cleverly free herself from this dangerous honey track. the at the university of de la failed in germany, biologist castle lena, move the studies, the personality traits of insects. she's chosen, that particular kind of veto for her research. the mustard diesel, the it's a tiny creature. the

1st glance, one beetle is like the next no different in shape, pattern or color. and it's behavior also appears the same. the insects have the same mother, but only some have the same father. apparently, the only thing on their mind is eating and reproducing. the 1st experiment looks at how willing the beatles are to take risks, testing their escape instincts, kind of holy and mueller starts by marking each one the name of the chief out and less than because we take our beatles and drop them here. it's meant to stimulate something like a bird dropping a beetle. it's con, allowing the beatle to run away. and so the experiment is testing the animal slight reaction type. for many, the initial reaction is the same. they quickly flee from the center of the petri

dish to the edge seeking protection. but then there's a beetle that behaves differently. he takes a sweet time, having a look around before a leisurely walk into the edge. what i find most interesting in this test is that you can clearly see that some individuals placed inside the petri dish are quick to screw, to the edge in the 1st week. and the 3 weeks later, when i re test that same insect, it's again very quick to run to the edge and some others that are slower initially will again be slower in the 2nd test for me, this consistency and individuality of lease needles. this was something i really didn't expect hookers from in bluff to find the next experiment to evaluate the beatles activity. each beetle moved around and a petri dish for 30 minutes. the movement patterns are captured by an evaluation

software. red and yellow indicate a long stay in the same place. blue a shorter one and white. none at all. the variation of fuel. huge. if you look at the speaker that says chilton, a very different states, most of the outside, right? yes, it stayed mostly outside on the edges, but it was all to exploiting in the middle. in contrast to, let's say, this one which was on the edge of the entire time, but was not on so exploring much genes and environmental factors shape the personalities of beatles just as in humans. but why are these differences so important? diversity in a population is a big advantage when it comes to adapting to threats and environmental changes. the, let's look at the university of tour in france, insect researchers or uncovering new discoveries along with puzzling new mystery.

one that is confounding biologist. joel munoz and his team has to do with how ear weeks care for their young. the earwigs look after their eggs in a similar way to birds. the female protects the x and always stays close by. after 2 months, when the larva hatch, the female ear way keeps protecting them against predators, or rather unusual behavior in the insect world. says she buys on what's going for was a good amount of a task of data puts here you can see the mother of transporting are all spring to a new place with her mouth parts together. just as mother cats do when they are

stress in the shuffle, they take the captains and move them to another place. it is, i'm not but couldn't the larva survive without the mother? why all this effort, the researchers discovered that the mother also benefits from the extensive time with her off spring. they help rid her of parasites. so is this behavior in 8? to find out, mooney 8 tries separating a mother from her newly hatched ear. week babies. later these air weeks have off spring at their own. how will they now look after their babies? a few weeks later, the astonishing results are in the we showed that if a baby did not receive care, i as um,

then when these baby become a new mother, the mother as a mother, that we provide less care as well. so it might be a form of learning. there is no reason to believe that there is no learning capabilities. all that the brain structure does not allow them to learn. the only limits is that we don't know, and this is something that we have to work on. 3 searchers are now investigating the entire life cycle of the solitary insects. if even earwigs can learn, could there be other insects that have developed more complex thinking skills? the small american town of van or over is a unique place for insect researchers. at the university of michigan, a special research area has been dedicated to a particular species of floss, edits, intelligent behavior. the it's,

the paper was it builds its nests from wood fibers, which it mixes with its own saliva to form a solid paste. when it dries, it turns into a very hard building material. the special thing about paper was, is that each one has a different face. know to have the same color and texture. the

of the elizabeth tibbits has been researching paper was for over 20 years compared to bees . paper was so or less organized. their colonies resembled more of a loosely organized roommate, arrangement than a superstructure behind the . this could have something to do with the fact that their faces are so different and that they can recognize each other. this would suggest there is a separate area in the brain for visual recognition and memory. previously the only in sex known to have this capacity for bes. so you can see some was yellow. i wrote some last stones, some, some little black spots in the middle of their face. and the other one stands. and

these are all the same species you use, they're all living together in a group. and you might wonder why some studies have shown that paper wasps can actually distinguish between the faces of their own kind. the reason that was to have individual face recognition is because individual ality is so important for wasps. each wife has a different role in the colony. sometimes they're nice sometimes they're mean, sometimes they have cooperation. sometimes they attack each other. so knowing who is, who is very important for was the paper wasps are active during the day. if a foreign last approaches the nest, they see that it's an unfamiliar face. the stranger is then threatened or attacked, and battle lines are quickly drawn. the end of botanical garden of the research institute to biologist,

emily loud studies insects in their natural environment. several mess serve as steady objects. the emily love and elizabeth tibbetts have discovered that individual paper wasp have distinct personalities. several females lay their eggs in the same nest while bes reserved, and asked for only one queen. so no wonder that the social life of wasps is more complex than bees. the some wasps are more affinity doesn't otherwise. they're more inclined to engage in social contract than otherwise. and some of us are more aggressive, they're more inclined to engage in aggressive behaviors with each other more fighting with wasp, they don't know. we also find that was differ and how active they are. how much

time do they spend moving around? what is their propensity to explore new areas? it's the end of july. the paper wasps are caring further off spring, with a little extra help from the scientists. it's now peaceful in the nest after a turbulent spring, when several females thought to become queen. so these are a bunch of potential queens and they're checking out all the other queens. these 2 guys are fighting. you can see they're hitting each other with aaron tenant and they're from legs. the other officer just standing there watching. they want to see who wins the sites. so you can see they, they kind of get close. she's looking at them and wondering who, who is going to win this fight? they're learning about each other and then their previous experience with those individuals influence is their future contests. behavior. the researchers want to learn more. can paper was abstract. that is not only

remember events, but also analyze them and draw conclusions. could have paper was solved a mental exercise too complex for the brain of a human toddler. the 1st i'm going to look at them. they are dragon kyle in dinosaur. so if i tell you the dragon is a better fighter than the cow, and the cow is a better fighter than the dinosaur. then even if you never saw the dragon in the dinosaur interact, you'd be able to make a guess. you'd be able to say yes, the dragon is probably better than the dinosaur. so that's a very basic kind of transitive inference. using what you know dragon is better than kyle. kyle is bigger, better than dinosaur to make an inference, right? guess about a relationship that you don't know until recently, disability to logically reason was attributed exclusively to humans. we now know

that monkeys, birds, and fish can also reason. transitive inference is the ability to deduce unknown relationships from known ones. researchers are now carrying out the experiment with paper wasps, but instead of stuffed animals, they use colors. to begin with, they have to remember 5 different colors. in the next step, the insects have to put them in a logical order. the walls have to choose between 2 colors and 4 separate grounds. one causes small electric shocks. the other does not. but with the exception of the yellow and light flu, all other callers can either cause an electric shock or not depending on their pairing. in the 1st color pair, the wasp prefers the yellow it learned in the 1st round. that blue is associated with an electric shock. it properly completed the task. through many repetitions

they learn blue is more painful than yellow. purple is more painful than blue. green more painful than purple and light blue, more painful than green. they prefer the colors without electric shocks. the colors are linked to pain following a logical principle, just like the experiment with stuffed animals. this allows the last to form a ranking. will that allow the wasp to correctly evaluate a color pair for which it has never been trained? which color does it prefer? blue or green? it decides. logically, in favor of blue. how valuable is the ability to logically deduce the unknown for the everyday life of a paper was. so last place is organized so that everyone that they interact with

isn't a linear linear hierarchy from most dominant to least on it. and so if they have transitive inference, they can guess how strong otherwise, sorry, without actually needing to fight, they can say, oh, i beat suzy in a fight last week. and today susie b jane. so my guess is i'm going to probably beat jane. and that helps them live their lives and manage conflict without fighting with everyone they meet. the researchers observe the was fights closely. this is a commonly observed scenario. an opponent giving up before the fight is even started. this was, has probably concluded that she doesn't stand a chance it's not known whether any other insect species shows similarly impressive, logical skills. their relatives, the honey bees, were unable to solve this problem. i don't think that was i like overall can you

says, you know, they're never gonna paint a picture or write a book, but there are a few things that it was really needs to be good at to succeed. they need to be good at face recognition. they need to be good at understanding relationships and in those particular areas, watts are geniuses. the insects are intelligent. do they also have sensations and feelings like primates? how does a bumble bee experience pain, for example, through a reflex? or does it perceive the pain before deciding how to react? carl found fresh, who discovered the communicative waggle. dance of bees at the beginning of the 20th century, doubted that insects could feel pain at all. he carried out the following experiment . a bee was given sugar water. while it was drinking karl von fresh would cut his

body in half. he observed that the be showed no pain reflects, but continued to drink for a few seconds before it died. for him, this was proof that insects black pain receptors. this message was that's of course nonsense to my boss to talk because anyone who has ever seen someone's threat a grasshopper onto official or something similar will know that the insect is obviously not thrilled by that experience. and fights back to the best of its ability for these uh uh, file new. sure. the guys that is on session with me, not traffic viet. of course, the same is true if you pass through a b by rolling it between 2 fingers, then you will very quickly realize that it naturally has an appropriate reaction to this, you know, tradition, arguments move. actually, the recent studies have shown that many insect species have pain receptors, meaning they react reflexively to a stimulus or so they can,

like humans, also tolerate pain philosopher jonathan birch studies the sentence of animals. his research group discovered that occupied lobsters and crabs are very likely to cognitively perceived pain. these are invertebrates, like insects, and many kitchens. lobsters are thrown alive into boiling water, and can survive for up to 3 minutes. in that time, there's the storm of nervous system activity, just as they would be with a human or any other animal dropped into boiling water. so it is not a quick message. it's not a humane jonathan birches. findings have led to the welfare of these animals being taken into account in future animal welfare legislation in the u. k. the london based research team is now investigating whether and sex also feel paint, which could afford them the same protection by law,

both in the u. k. and the european union. the issue is suddenly very current, not least, since insects are becoming an increasingly important food source for humans. and st . lynn art, austria, andreas courts, fried meal worms. his operation on 65 square meters yields $500.00 kilos of insects per month. the what, what does animal welfare look like in the case of insect breeding? and how can insects be killed as humanely as possible? for some time now, the eu has allowed the processing of meal worms and other insects into food. andrea's courts only gives me a worms high quality feed as an excuse to as well. so in a box like this,

so around 10000 animals or defend, they're actually only fed with by products from the food industry like we ran through or the east to get fruits and vegetables. here we have potatoes deemed unfit for the store, but perfect for us and fumes to fixed us with a major forget. after 3 to 4 months, the larva are old enough for further processing. they're then sort 8 according to size. it's not hard to keep new warms in a species appropriate way since they thrive together in a mass. but can even meal worms, which are classified as insects and larva cognitively perceived pain and feel emotion, the end of june, muscle, and vito and production. i have to say that i never consciously noticed any pain or anything else, save still. and even the sorting process which involves a lot of sifting and so on,

i don't notice that they eat less or anything like that. they just continue to behave as normal, comes to my right now he has thought about how to kill the animals as humanely as possible. he's opted for a gentle method that corresponds to the worms natural life cycle in winter. the worms are frozen at minus 20 degrees celsius. at some point, the metabolism stops working and they simply die. in stark contrast, industrial agriculture has a little regard for the life of insects. insecticides kill billions of insects, not only insects, but damage plants, but also beneficial once. these bees have been poisoned with pesticides, their death lasts for minutes. whether the bees feel more than just a pain reflex has not yet been scientifically established.

the a research group at queen mary university in london is currently investigating this with an elaborate experiment designed by behavioral biologist lars chip. the the biologist and his team set up a box with several feeding stations. the yellow ones contain a 10 percent sugar solution. the pink of 40 percent sugar solution even more attractive to the bumble bees. but there is a downside. the surface underneath that solution is heated up to $55.00 degrees def august. the question is whether the bees, when encountering in on pleasant heat stimulus, simply slowly from it reflexively flick, or whether they can learn to suppress their reflex if they get a particularly good reward is on this quote of the con. it's obvious that mammals

feel pain. their nervous system is similar to that of humans. too little is known about the insect nervous system. such experiments can provide some clues a be noticed as there is something sweet at the yellow feeding station. another has no idea that the sugar water in the pink container is even sweeter. although the heat stresses the bumble bees, more and more fly to that, one of the study from 2022 shows the bumblebees accepts the pain in exchange for the sweet reward. as a diesel, slower former address for griffin, this is and what was i so this clever bumble bee understood that there was better food at the pink feeding place on sunday. and that she had to bear the pain by

suppressing her normal reflex to flee on she got the treat from what is actually a painful platform or this means that the natural behavior of holding back from this painful stimulus form can be suppressed as to what you know the booked in the experiment is further evidence that insects may be sent in beans and that they adapt their reaction to stimuli according to their present situation. lars chit co works closely with philosopher jonathan birch, who brings a very different perspective the i think the $0.10 it says come to be quite an important one for animal welfare animal. because it's intended to capture all the feelings of animal might have. its this capacity to have feelings, which could be feelings, is pain or pleasure, but also comfort. this comes the joy, excitement, as i start useful to have this concept because we don't just want to be talking

about pain all the time. the statements sound for vol could have too many who conduct research on insects. he raises the question of whether insects have their own self or consciousness the what makes you, you know, what is that subjective in our world? i don't know if it was positive. i don't know how you'd even drawn gradient of it, but it's true. it has interesting philosophical implications and thinking about what animals are capable of and what they can think and how we treat them in class . may lack. and like the cute factor for a lot of people, but they're capable of these really complicated and sophisticated cognitive thanks . a lot of questions. yeah, there's a lot going on in their mind. we now understand how clever and sensitive insects

are at the same time. human activity is threatening many insect species with extinction, regardless of their intelligence and cognitive capacity. the view will tell here we are happy that we are boxing the story. we have a getting a visa is more difficult than finding gold hosted to use the dream force and for the future in the stories and issues that are being discussed across the country. news africa. in 30 minutes on the w. she is to clean the arena in the suns

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what impact the biggest change doesn't happen the make up your own mind. me the . this is the w. 2 years live from berlin tonight. the los angeles wild fires male threatening some of hollywood best known landmarks. multiple blazes of triggered new evacuation orders as the flames consumed, vast waves of property, also coming up america, bidding farewell to jimmy carter. the 39th us president is being honored at the state funeral in washington, and he'll be laid to rest later today in his hometown to plains, georgia, and growing fears of election meddling by 11 months cuz the billionaire endorses the far wide alternative for germany in the what.