or how to make greener choices in your, in everyday lives. but honestly, try to do if you're going to working 32 hours a week and you'd be better for the environment than 40. but of course, we shouldn't be no need be the living scientists just hits subscribe. whatever you listen to pod costs the heading to a primeval forest. but it's not a tropical jungle or the amazon rain forest were in europe. a continent once blanketed in primeval forest, 6000 years ago about 80 percent of it was covered and treat most of those for a 2nd. but a few primary force remains and there a paradise for ecologists and other scientists. all listen more about trees and forest on this edition of the w science show. welcome to tomorrow today.

who the fog a russian mountains, in romania home to one of your last primeval forests. there are still areas here where few people ever set foot. we had them cool from the remote problem. are you forest project to the check? university of live sciences in prague. love the deep valleys at the comp ideas, but she's concerned the most of the rain forest. it gets huge. media attention paused here in europe. we don't seem to be caring about our own for us. that's our existing research team keeps finding clear cut areas deep within the forest and i, this is quite terrifying. the rates of the for our station occurring here. we have no clue or studies remote from what you force across different regions of europe. what makes these far as unique is they have remained largely untouched by

human activity. some of the trees are of a 500 years old. deadwood is left in the forest which is a key difference to managed ones. there is far less by diversity if you can walk and it's quite normal to find traces of bez links and lots of other animals around . so when i came to visit the farm resource for the 1st time, i was totally blown away. but the beauty of the forest rheana girl grew up in a big city where the only forest she and counted nearby managed ones. i can almost not say that these spruce plantations are for us. it almost feels like a factory because everything is so uniform and what you're really missing this like lights that exist in primary flores, the team revisits each forest every 5 years to document changes in specific areas.

each tree has a specific number and sometimes they die. so it's interesting to see the disturbance and history of the area and the dynamics for squares with the help of special mops. they can locate and study the same trees he is later interesting projects. data base includes over a 1000 research projects, but the work is meticulous on the team can only survey about 3 plots per day. that means spending weeks in the cold and rain deep and the remote valleys of the fall, gosh mountains. the toughest parts of the work is part of the getting l sales and the equipment to a base tense. carrying up to 30 kiddos of scientific equipment, food and camping gear, they track through the forest. there are no trials here. it's

quite a tough job. but this is the beauty of the work actually that's we go to these mice from which places the may have, i had called i got a friend, takes that intake is heading to another research site. he'll collect samples from an insect truck and set up a device to record the cell of the seas. gathering data from romania is primeval forest to use as a benchmark for assessing bio diversity in other european forests. bio diversity is significantly higher in old growth forest study, managed ones, making the lots of untouched forests. a major concern by diversity is losing in free and simple deforestation. and how do you think relation is the,

the main reason the for ongoing, the worldwide model diversity laws? the forestry industry can also benefit from studying these christine forests. for example, by understanding how natural structures make forests more resilient to climate change requirement to increase quite fast. the loss of the costs and the nature of ecosystems are equal assistance from which we can, we can learn. yes. right. so even if they sit in for his mother's mind, a mix of tree ages, a diversity of species under which eco system all contribute to a primeval forest. the ability to adapt to change. we can say the primary for us are something like laboratory for us and for a liberal 30 for science and for assigned to the work in romania is primeval forest is tough, but rewarding. the research conducted by re unemployed. and i take that and 2nd,

that teams help us put pressure on the remaining and government in 2020, they implemented new protections, but primeval forest. here and one of the year of the wildest of all these today, most of europe for us are managed. trees are planted and harvested for their wood. the trees stand in perfect rows and everything looks neat and orderly. but for forest florida, thrice it needs a lot of williams to help things along. the 1st worms are coming to the rescue. helping forest adapt to climate change monte and glen, our own 38 heck. there is a forest in southern germany. most of it is dominated by spruce trees. for years, spruce was considered ideal for the region, but rise in temperatures are taking

a toll. he's determined to transform his forest into a thriving mixed woodland. so far, he's followed the standard 3 selections recommended by the forestry service. let's see for plants where there's a lot of maple trees were planted and, and the cut over a segment we also planted a lot of for trees. and we're also testing out a small number of douglas 1st visuals on time. but dominic yolanda prefers to think big. he's a researcher with a long future forest project and specializes in studying for us soil's. he believes that nurturing a healthy and living soil is key. building for the phone for the day when we say and living so we mean the organisms that inhabited this is what i'm gonna take a look here, but probably won't find all that much. these organisms are crucial for breaking down bio mass like needles and leaves into humans, which is might offer 3 help on that involvement with itself if you're interested. healthy soil is rich and humorous,

which provides essential nutrients for plants. first forms play a central role in creating humans, but how many earth forms actually live here? to find out a mix of mustard oil, alcohol, and water, it seems to coax the worms out of the soil. the number is then extrapolated to a hector. this method is standard in organic farming, but and forestry. the role of soil organisms has largely been overlooked left and it's causing kind of the office. so there's very little data on earth forms and for us to maximum of this together and incredibly underestimated species, they perform vital tasks for the forest floor. for example, the channels they create allow water to see through reducing the risk of flooding. these channels also enable trees to grow deeper routes and reach ground water, helping them survive and thrive even during the long dry spell. in spite of documents length documents. but various forms don't do well and the acidic soil of a spruce forest. see how to slide or can enter unfortunately we haven't found

a single or a form here. so that's not surprising. given that the soil has been shaped by the spruce growing here for 70 to 80 years before that they were probably spruce trees here too. so from our perspective, the soil is as lifeless as it gets. there's absolutely nothing living in it clicked on it. so it does kind of an exact not at all. my team vanilla owns another plot of land. 30 years ago, a storm tumbled, the spruce trees, and beach grew in their place. for many experts that would count as a success. but dominic london begins by examining the soil this is due to the offices last year's layer, and it has decomposed much so there's not much soil life here. it's not a living soil. beach leaves like oak leaves contained quite a bit of tenant acid, which earth forms aren't all that keen on to the box. so how do you invite

earthworms into your forest with the right trees? most people on this like on from birth forms, love, naples, linden torn beams and wild surface trees. somebody. if i have enough of these trees in my forest, i'll have healthy living soil by throwing up. but hobbies young some born not far away, i am on hoffman has spent the last 3 years putting the living social philosophy into practice. he also puts a lot of salt and care and attending to the trees, and it's paying off board mailbox and these and disburse the trees are growing much better. i have far fewer species dying out which lowers my vulnerability to climate change to all things to living soil when it goes because it's 40 different 3 species grow. here i'm on hoffman has also planted many earth form friendly species like the common white beam dominique alonda that will count 1st forms here to repeating his experiment.

sure enough, they discover one warm after the other. the thick layer of humans and the dense network of routes are clearly visible. the met him. so we already found the 7 or 8 or 4 months in just a few square centimeters. busy the soil is thoroughly mixed down to the depth. we done. most of all these earth worms have been hard at work and creating humus that stores water and allows it to see through. it's remarkable. so you can kind of use and we'll send that to monte blend our also plans to sell his temper. we're relying on species mike linton and maybe won't give them enough trees to work with municipal fees vice stuff. like if there are several good trees patients to choose from, i can pick the next one to plant based on its toil and other benefits, which is less important for me because i don't have that affinity vertical. it's a really exciting process from indigo system. but earth warms can do it alone. a

true forest of the future needs living soil, diverse structures and a mix of trees, species, and half of them should be earth, warm friendly. the 1st ones are great. so what about beaver's? they've had a ton of history. and 19th century, europe, they were hunted nearly to extinction, but now there are protected species and are making a comeback. returning to their old habits and treated their nature, they're busy, re shaping their surroundings. and for us are benefiting to to spot one. it's best to get up early or stay up late. beavers are naturally shy, primarily nocturnal and masters of camouflage

but the traces i say leave behind are unmistakable beavers are natural builders, re shaping the environment they live in. like here in a former forestry plantation in switzerland and many trees have died in the forest as now and the deep and water everywhere you look there tell tale signs such as tooth marks. this the switzerland's most famous beaver territory. and the centre piece of a 4 year research project the project brings together ecologist spot in this amazon wall logistics commission by the swiss environmental agency to study 16 different fever territories. their main question is, how do beavers shape their environments? what might seem like random destruction at 1st glance is actually the fine art of

eco engineering. i was definitely very surprised via the magnitude of some of these be very impacts for either much don't. what amazes me is that it's always like this one more thing. i just give them access to the right spot and they do rest on done from within the us from the line. they are raised in beaver cast or fiber is europe's largest road and for nearly 15000000 years they've been shaping european forest, gnawing on trees. and eating young shoots and herbs. they're also known to raid crops from nearby farms and gardens. beavers live as a family and a beaver lodge and are territorial. they don't welcome strangers. by the time young beaver's turn to the leave to find a territory of their own, they can't stay here. the next generation will soon take their place. the

beavers establish their territories along rivers and streams. dragging massive amounts of building materials to construct their largest and dams. these dams create ponds and much of the lodge lives beneath the surface. fevers prefer and under water entryway. with their ambitious construction projects, these busy creatures dramatically transport them their habitat. at the same time, they help address the bio diversity and climate crises. so and compete con, i know it goes to an area like this can hold a lot of water, which allows for some exchange with the ground water and give you some assessment that helps replenish ground water to a certain expense. either i was confused, sales and steering drive periods, so in this area can feed water back into the stream below for a longer time than it could without a beaver dam bye to mc osman, his kind people tom head. researchers have also discovered the deeper dams benefit

fish populations. in the past, it was thought that the dams might negatively affect fish migration and movement. to study this ecologist, tact, fish and release them nearby for dance. the antenna is track their migration and the results show that even at low water levels and with relatively high downs, the fish can still swim freely and even thrive. fishing goes so that we find a bigger, healthier fish and a greater variety of issues because the habitat is so different. and on the top we thought this on the labels on this. so bio diversity is one major benefit. scientists have found that these unique habitats attracts a wide variety of plants and animals in the water. the teams studies plankton, diversity, beaver upon support, up to 40 percent more species,

and the slower flow rate more than doubles the amount of bio mass. the screen changes into a pond, and by changing into a pond and having like a what area around it, it does change the composition of the organism. cindy, obviously impact on the other organisms that leave on them as predators or, or, or facilitators. and these creates, you know, huge differences at the local scale in terms of, of general, by the, of us it's pcs, interactions, flowers, organisms of that kind survey have been several fever territories show that on average these areas support 2.5 times more species. and 7 times more individual flora and fauna, and then in rivers sections without the 1st open choice stream 22 species of drag and 5 here,

5 up stream 16 aquatic plants here. none upstream for a species of fish. here to birds benefit from the increase in price as do some highly endangered mammals, like facts which fine perfect hunting conditions at night over the beaver pond. deavers even effect the chemistry of the atmosphere on soil. a settlement analysis reveals that areas near beaver pond store about 50 percent more carbon than other locations spots. a national alert shows that this here is very rich in carbon. under cannick matter. it smells a bit rotten to like eggs and i to z. and in contrast, this gray color indicates that there is significantly less carbon in here clenched often. so beavers also help track greenhouse gases in the fight against

climate change and species lost. they've proven in valuable, at least some places where they're allowed to live and build undisturbed beavers usually nibble on young plants, centuries. they generally ignore old trees. these giant guardians of nature, that store huge amounts of c o. 21 project in germany is working to protect them and help them thrive. the comb in eastern germany is home to a special lime tree more than 800 years old. a true tree of the ages. this ancient giant is more than a historical land mark. it's a climate champion because it surroundings stores water and absorbs as much c o 2 as $800.00 younger trains. and telling us to hold off that the mass,

a professor of tree biology at the technical university of trust. and he's on a mission to protect these last surviving climate giants by identifying them, providing specialized care and mapping them as national heritage stories. he hopes to preserve them for generations. 9 says he does a call to discuss months on. i'm one of the goals that this math is to ensure that each national heritage tree, there's no more than 100 kilometers from the next one. this way you could toward germany visiting 50 trees in 2 weeks and the thing 2 or 3 trees a day to say, i don't know if, if we plan to publish it as a book from like a travel guide does, does all be in the eyes. if you all entry, go to the whole north, discovered his passion for old trees at the botanical garden and forest and ton where he was director for 30 years. that's also where he developed the criteria for a national heritage tree. it must be at least 400 years old and have

a trunk circumference of more than 4 meters sons maita i own devices. he's also on the lookout for trees, showing signs of age related damage as i'm in the middle. every hole and every dead branch adds to the trees point value, which can reach a maximum of 60 or $65.00 point. oh, but that doesn't mean the tree is near the end of its life long. so a chestnut tree like this, even with several dead branches. good, live, another 800 years of yahoo! the spotlight is on trees in the decay phase, which begins at 200 to 400 years old and can last for centuries depending on the species. during this phase, the tree develops cavities becoming a vital refuge for rear organisms. these aging giants team with life earning the name, habitat trains as to how much a good notes it needs as a wallet just studied this chestnut tree and compiled

a report item total. he found $103.00 species of beetles. an astonishing number far more than we ever expected. for the deepest aragon is indeed some of the beatles he identified were thought to be extinct. it's always good store, for example, and this type of clinton beat on this new key. it's considered a relic of the primeval forest and there are been only 5 recorded sightings insights ending in vaccine. this riverbank is another protected area, but illegal logging remains a problem. biologists from the university of copeland's have documented cases of 140 year old beach trees being felt here, even though it's punishable by law. this read each other home likely made by a blackboard packer. it's a habitat tray, it should never been cut down. and now it's became fung dyer taking over and it will probably end up as firewood annual. it's conservation authorities don't

monitor these areas closely enough. as a result, trees are often felled for profit in nature reserves to even though it's clearly illegal. sanders, of course that's intentional and that's probably all about the money. it's deliberate and the illegal loggers just hope no one complains democracy yet it's not just in for us and protected areas where trees can be harmed by human hands. here there's a roadside tree that's been poorly proved, clearly the work of amateurs. yeah, that'd be. that's what happens when the lowest better gets the job. a large healthy branches were pruned supposedly for traffic safety, but even branches on the side away from the road were removed. cuts like the should never exceed the diameter of 10 centimeters in diameter, they started to find this norway maple will start to the k. it can't see a lot of wounds this big leaving at vulnerable a fund guy and big push will eventually spread into the trunk comes on,

was damaged like the side estimate. the tree has about 20 years left. one of the rear places where trees can grow old naturally as in parks like the one at i'd sell the monasteries, claudius rebecca, a passion to treat historian overseas their care. keeping these aging giants healthy requires individualized attention succeeded electric pulling that is a this confir beach was infected with gun exam, a fine good. so we had to act quickly and have a good odd, even though we introduced a trick, a damn a fungus to pick up a 9 antagonist that naturally fights again. no dam on that to lease pretends from the around 35000 trees here, some 3 percent require specialized care costing around a 1000000 euros annually when we certainly help as long as honestly, we need every bit of funding we can get in these effect protecting valuable

treatment is tightened, especially in the face of climate change is a matter of survival. trees are living history just like the ancient walls that often stand beside them. the court lime tree, and con, earned its name because criminals were once chained to an iron ring beside a plaque listing their crimes. public meetings were also help immediate, sprawling branches heavy i live in, then you can call if we hadn't stepped in the tree, could have collapsed this spring under the weight of its newly video moving without securing it. all. that's exactly what would have happened. warner organizational impulse here the comb, lime is believed to be the oldest tree in saxon, and it's just been named the 21st national heritage tree in germany are now and will be cared for with the most advanced forestry techniques. and it could lead to be a 1000 years old or more. the

thanks for joining us on this journey through forests entries, the unsung heroes of our environment. see you again next time on tomorrow. today, the science show on dw bye for now. the

diversity in brainstorm which i can see natural pharmacy to thousands of years. the inhabitants have used the ton so heating when asylum dies, it's like the ancient wisdom, as long as rain forest some 15 minutes on the double. you in good shape. sweet

temptation with bit to consequences. sugar is bad for all health. but just how dangerous is it? how to avoid it? and what to do besides brush your teeth or about sugar and how to kick the habit in good shape. in 19 minutes on dw, the making, the tattoos took my left arm and i fainted to difficult. that's how i got the number. no, not the my, my number is 862-6900 and 59 cents a. so on of suffice to concentration camps as a 2 year old it was only much later that she did to confront to the

life of a shuddered by trauma. ice of life into starts january 24th oh d w. you can draw the line between the spacings because i don't believe that space is, is i'm all really relevant criteria in any more than i believe that rice or sex is on frontier. 2 2 should. 2 2 humans are closer to a chimpanzee. san a chimpanzee is even to a dog. a duck here series about our complex relationship with animals. watch now on youtube, d, w, documentary, conflict crises. i found every single connection mapped out shows the geopolitically and see the on the

board is what makes things the way they all weigh. all the solutions mapped out, navigating a changing world. now on youtube, the, this is the, the news live from the land. israel government approves a ceasefire deal with thomas the cabinet both after midnight page the way for a 6 week post and the fighting on sunday. the 1st hostages hales by. i'm also expected to present israel in exchange for dozens of palestinian prison. that's also coming off donuts trumpet 6th to t off his 2nd presidential term monday. we look at his ambitious plans one day one the

.