stillman to you one you have you have a one, the front porch boss and the unexpected side. so side we're heading to a primeval forest. but it's not a tropical jungle or the amazon rain forest. we're in europe. a continent once blanketed in primeval forest, 6000 years ago about 80 percent of it was covered and treat most of the as far as the guns. but a few primary force remains and they're a paradise for ecologists and other scientists. all this and more about trees and forest on this edition of the the lead science show. welcome to tomorrow today. who the fog, a russian mountains, in romania home to one of your last primeval farmers.

there are still areas here with few people i've ever said folks. ready we had them cool from the remote problem. are you forest project at the check? university of live sciences in prague loves the deep valleys, if the company attends, but she's concerned of the most of the amazon rain forest. it gets huge media, attention and pause here in europe. we don't seem to be caring about our own for us . that's our existing research team keeps finding clear cut areas deep within the forest and this is, is quite terrifying. the rates of deforestation occurring here. we have no clue our studies remote from we force across different regions of europe . what makes these far as unique is they have remained largely untouched by human

activity. some of the trees are of a 500 years old. deadwood is left in the forest, which is a key difference to managed ones. there is 1st by diversity of, hey you can walk and it's quite normal to find traces of as links and lots of other animals around. when i came to visit the farm refers for the 1st time it was supposed to be blown away. that's the beauty of the forest. a girl grew up in a big city where the only far as jane counted nearby, the managed ones. i can almost not say that these spruce plantations over for us. it almost feels like a factory because everything is so uniform and what you're really missing this like lights that exist in front of me for as the team revisits each forest every 5 years to document changes in specific areas. so each tree has a specific number and sometimes they die. so it's interesting to see the

disturbance and history of the area and the dynamics of it for squares with the help of special mops, they can locate and study the same trees. he is late to interesting the projects database includes over a 1000 research cloths, but the work is meticulous on the team can only survey about 3 plots per day. not main spending weeks in the cold and rain deep and the remote valleys of the fall gosh mountains. the toughest parts of the work is part of the getting l sales and the equipment to the base comes carrying up to 30 kiddos of scientific equipment, food and camping gear. they track through the forest. there are no trails here. it's quite

a tough job. but this is the beauty of the work activity that we go to these most from which places the nearby calling and a friend takes that and seek is heading to another research site. he'll collect samples from an insect truck and set up a device to record the cell of the seas, gathering data from romania as primeval, far as to use as a benchmark for assessing bio diversity in other european forest. bio diversity is significantly higher in old growth forest study, managed ones, making the loss of untouched forests. a major concern by diversity fees losing the infrared, simple deforestation in the nation is the, the main reason the for ongoing worldwide lo,

diversity laws. the forestry industry can also benefit from studying these pristine forests. for example, by understanding how natural structures make forest small, resilient to climate change requirement to increase quite fast. the loss of the costs and the nature of the co systems are equal assistance from which we can, we can learn. yes, right. so he misses it in for his mother's mind. a mix of tree ages, a diversity of species under which eco system all contribute to apply maple forest . the ability to adapt to change. we can say that primary for us are something like a lumber authority for us. and for a liberal 3 for science, for scientists to work in romania is primeval forest is tough, but rewarding. the research conducted by re unemployed. and i take that in 2nd, that teams help us put pressure on the romanian government. in 2020,

they implemented new protections for primeval forest here and one of europe wildest valleys. today, most of your apps, forest are managed. trees are planted and harvested for their wood. the trees stand in perfect rows and everything looks neat and orderly. but for a forest florida, thrice it needs a lot of williams to help things along. the 1st worms are coming to the rescue. helping forest adapt to climate change. my teen glen, our own 38. heck. there is a forest in southern germany. most of it is dominated by spruce trees. for years, spruce was considered ideal for the region, but rice and temperatures are taking a toll. he's determined to transform his forest into a thriving mixed woodland. so far,

he's following the standard 3 selections recommended by the forestry service. yeah, let's see for plans for the a lot of maple trees were planted and, and the connect for a segment. we also planted a lot of for trees. and we're also testing out a small number of douglas 1st visuals on time. but dominic yolanda prefers to think big. he's a researcher with a line future forest project and specializes in studying forest soils. he believes that nurturing a healthy living soil is key. the building for photon for the day when we say and living so we mean the organisms that inhabited the female and we'll take a look here but probably won't find all that much. these organisms are crucial for breaking down bio mass like needles and leaves into humans, which is might offer 3 help on that environment with that. so if you're interested in healthy soil is rich and humorous, which provides essential nutrients for plants. first forms play

a central role in creating humans, but how many earth forms actually live here? to find out a mix of mustard oil, alcohol, and water, it seems to coax the worms out of the soil. the number is then extrapolated to a hector. this method is standard in organic farming, but in forestry, the role of soil organisms has largely been overlooked. looks and it's causing kind of dolphin. so there's very little data on earth forms in forest and maximum of this together and incredibly underestimated species. they performed vital tasks for the forest floor. for example, the channels they create allow water to see through reducing the risk of flooding. these channels also enable trees to grow deeper routes and reach ground water, helping them survive and thrive even during the long dry spell. in spite of box, some is learn customers. but various forms don't do well in the acidic soil of a spruce forest. that's a slide condensed. unfortunately, we haven't found a single or a form here so on it. that's not surprising. given that the soil has been shape,

find a spruce growing here for 70 to 80 years before that they were probably spruce rates here too. so from our perspective, the soil is as lifeless as it gets. there's absolutely nothing living in it clicked on it. so it does kind of an exec, none at all. my team plan our own to another plot of land. 30 years ago, a storm tumbled, the spruce trees, and beach grew in their place. for many experts that would count as a success. but dominic london begins by examining the soil. this is due to the offices last year's layer, and it hasn't decomposed much. so there's not much sewing on life here. it's not a living soil and beach leaves like oak leaves contained quite a bit of tannic acid, which earth worms are all that king it onto the box. so how do you invite earthworms into your forest? with the right trees must be all and it's like on from birth forms, love naples,

linden torn beams and wild surface trees. somebody. if i have enough of these trees in my forest, i'll have healthy living soil and then by that didn't help. but hobbies young some born not far away, i'm on hoffman has spent the last 30 years putting the living social philosophy into practice. he also puts a lot of salt and care and attending to the trees, and it's paying off for me, bucks and fees and discretion, which these are growing much better. i have far fewer species dying out which lowers my vulnerability to climate change to all things to living soil. i mean, it goes because it's 40 different 3 species grow here. i'm on hoffman has also planted many earth for him friendly species like the common why seem dominic alonda then we'll count 1st forms here to repeating his experiment.

sure enough. they discover one warm after the other. the thick layer of humus and the dense network of routes are clearly visible. now met him, so we already found 7 or 8 or his forms in just a few square centimeters. busy the soil is thoroughly mixed down to the depth. we don't miss the vanity these earth worms have been hard at work and creating humus that stores water and allows it to see through. it's remarkable to con, comedy central central to monte vanilla also plans to sell his temper more relying on species, mike, linton and maple give them enough trees to work with unlimited storage wise stuff for like if there are several good tree stations to choose from. i can pick the next one to plant based on its toil and other benefits, less important for me. but the thing is that it's a really exciting process into your system. but earth forms can do it alone. a

true forest of the future needs living soil, diverse structures and a mix of tree species and half of them should be, are formed friendly. the 1st ones are great. but what about beavers? they've had a tense history. in 19th century europe, they were hunted nearly to extinction, but now there are protected species and are making a comeback. returning to the old habitat and it is their nature, they're busy, re shaping their surroundings and for us are benefiting to to spock one, it's best to get up early or stay up late. fevers are naturally shy, primarily nocturnal and masters of camouflage.

but the trace i say leave behind are unmistakable beavers are natural builders reshaping the environment they live in like here and a former forestry plantation in switzerland and many trees have died and the forest is now the deep and water everywhere you look there tell tale signs such as tooth marks, visitors switzerland's, most famous beaver territory, and the centre piece of a 4 year research project. the project brings together ecologist spot in this amazon wall logistics commission by the swiss environmental agency studies 16 different fever territories. their main question is, how do beavers shape their environments? what might seem like random destruction at 1st glance is actually the fine art of eco engineering. i was

definitely very surprised by the magnitude of some of these be very impacts. i much don't. what amazes me is that it's always like this. i'm, i'm listening. i just give them access to the right spot and they do rest on done from within the us on the line. the you're raising beaver cast or fiber is your, its largest road. and for nearly 15000000 years they've been shaping europeans for us. knowing on trees and eating young shoots and herbs. they're also known to raid crops from nearby farms and gardens. beavers live as a family and it be for a large and are territorial. they don't welcome strangers. by the time young beaver's turn to they leave to find a territory up there on the camp. stay here. the next generation will soon take their place. the beavers establish their territories along rivers

and streams. dragging massive amounts of building materials to construct their largest and dams. these dams create ponds and much of the lodge lies beneath the surface. fevers prefer an underwater entryway. with their ambitious construction projects, these busy creatures dramatically transform their habitats at the same time, they help address the bio diversity and climate crises. so on compete con. i know it goes to an area like this can hold a lot of water, which allows for some exchange with the ground water and give you some assessment that helps replenish groundwater. to a certain extent, you to ask a face to face and stirring drive periods in this area can feed water back into the stream below for a longer time than it could without a beaver dam bye to own sea osmond this kind. people don't have researchers have also discovered that deeper dams benefit fish populations. in the past,

it was thought that the dams might negatively affects fish migration and movement. to study this ecologist, tact, fish and release them nearby for damage the antennas track their migration, and the results show that even at low water levels and with relatively high dams, the fish can still swim freely and even thrive. fishing goes so that the cool, if you should, we find a bigger, healthier fish and a greater variety of issues because the habitat is so different. and on the top you thought this on the labels all so bio diversity is one major benefit. scientists have found that these unique habitats attracts a wide variety of plants and animals in the water. the teams studies plankton diversity. beaver pon support up to 40 percent more species and the

slower flow rate more than doubles the amount of bio mass for stream changes into a pond. and by changing into a pond and having like a what area around it, it does change the composition of the organism. cindy, obviously impact on the other organisms that leave on them as predators or, or facilitators. and these creates, you know, huge differences at the local scan in terms of, of general, by the of us. it's pcsing that actions, flowers, organisms of that kind. surveys in several beaver territories, show that on average, these areas support $2.00 times more species. and 7 times more individual flora and fauna, and then in rivers sections without the 1st open franklin's dream. 22 species of drag and flies here. 5 up stream. 16 aquatic plants here. none

upstream for a species of fish. here too. i birds benefit from the increase in price as do some highly endangered mammals, like facts which fine perfect hunting conditions at night over the beaver pond. beaver's even effect, the chemistry of the atmosphere and soil sentiment analysis reveals that areas near beaver pond store about 50 percent more carbon than other locations spots. a national alert shows that this here is a very rich and carbon energetic matter. it smells a bit rotten. 2, legs and i to z and in contrast, this gray color indicates that there is significantly less carbon in here. cool and stuff. and so beaver's also helped track greenhouse gases in the fight against

climate change and species. last, they've proven in valuable, at least in places where they're allowed to live and build undisturbed beavers usually nibble on young plants entries. they generally ignore old trees. these giant guardians of nature, that store huge amounts of c o. 21 project in germany is working to protect them and help them through the common eastern germany is home to a special lime tree more than 800 years old. a true tree of the ages. this ancient giant is more than a historical landmark. it's a climate champion because it surroundings stores water and absorbs as much c o 2 as $800.00 younger trains. and tell us to hold off the mass, a professor of tree biology, if a technical university of trust and he's on

a mission to protect these last surviving climate giants by identifying them, providing specialized care and mapping them as national heritage trees. he hopes to preserve them for generations. 915. this is a call to discuss months on i'm one of the goals of this map is to ensure that each national heritage street is no more than 100 kilometers from the next one. this way you could toward germany visiting 50 trees in 2 weeks and the thing 2 or 3 trees a day to see, i don't know if, if we plan to publish it as a book from like a travel guide does, does all be in the eyes of fuel intrigue, go to the whole north, discovered his passion for old trees at the botanical garden and forest, and ton where he was director for 30 years. that's also where he developed the criteria for a national heritage tree. it must be at least 400 years old and have a trunk circumference of more than 4 meters. sons made

a i own devices. he's also on the lookout for trees, showing signs of age related damage as an additional. every hole in every dead branch adds to the trees point value, which can reach a maximum of 60 or 65 points. but that doesn't mean the tree is near the end of its life long. so a chestnut tree like this, even with several dead branches. good, live, another 800 years of yahoo! the spotlight is on trees and the decay you say so which begins at 200 to 400 years old and can last for centuries depending on the species. during this phase, the tree develops cavities becoming a vital refuge for rear organisms. these aging giants team with life earning the name habitat trains as to how is a good knowledge. so these as a wallet, just study this chestnut tree and compiled a report. and in total he found $103.00 species of beatles. an astonishing number,

far more than we ever expected for the deepest aragon is indeed some of the beatles he identified were thought to be extinct. it's always gustavo, for example, in this type of click beat on a fanatic case, it's considered a relic of the primeval forest and there are been only 5 recorded sightings insights and induction. this riverbank is another protected area, but illegal logging remains a problem. biologists from the university of copeland's have documented cases of 140 year old beach trees being felt here, even though it's punishable by law. this read each other home likely made by a black woodpecker. it's a habitat tray yet you'd never been cut down. and now it's decaying fung dyer taking over and it will probably end up as firewood. i know it's conservation authorities don't monitor these areas closely enough. as a result,

trees are often felled for profit in nature reserves to, even though it's clearly illegal. status, of course, that's intentional and that's probably all about the money. usually it's deliberate and the illegal loggers just hope no one complains democracy yet it's not just in for us and protected areas where trees can be harmed by human hands. here there is a roadside tree that's been poorly proved. clearly the work of amateurs gotta be that's what happens when the lowest, the better gets the job. a large healthy branches were pruned supposedly for traffic safety. but even branches on the side away from the road or in the cuts like the should never exceed the diameter of 10 centimeters. the i'm going to take down the for this norway maple will start to the k. it can't see a lot of illusions this big leaving and vulnerable a fund guy and gate, which will eventually spread into the trunk comes on with the image like this site

estimates. a tree has about 20 years left. one of the rare places where trees can grow old naturally using parks like the one at i'd sell the monasteries, claudius becca a passion to treat historian overseas their care. keeping these aging giants healthy requires individualized attention deficit. see the electric pulling these of this copper beach was infected with gun exam, a fine good tasks. so we had to act quickly on top of this in a boot audit. and we introduced a trick, a dam of fungus to pick up a 9 antagonist that naturally fights the down a dam on that to least pretends from the around 35000 trees here. some 3 percent require specialized care costing around a 1000000 euros annually. when was alicia vines? as long as honestly, we need every bit of funding we can get in these efforts acting, valuable treatment is tightened, especially in the face of climate change. as

a matter of survival. trees are living history just like the ancient walls that often stand beside them. the court, lime tree, and con, earned its name because criminals were once chained to an iron ring beside a plaque listing their crimes. public meetings were also health benefits, sprawling branches. heavy i live in, man, if you call, if we hadn't stepped in the tree could have collapsed this spring under the weight of its newly video moving without securing it all. that's exactly what would have happened. the organizational impulse here the comb lime is believed to be the oldest tree in saxon, and it's just been named the 21st national heritage tree in germany now and will be cared for with the most advanced forestry techniques. and it could lead to be a 1000 years old or more. the

thanks for joining us on this journey through forests entries, the unsung heroes of our environment. see you again next time on tomorrow. today. the science show on dw bye for now. the, the, the

suits of food very everyone wants. everyone loves the but most of the consequences of the cravings to bury the water more and more, it's to coming. the new gold. a bit to off to taste the coming up on a d, w. the in good shape, the sweet temptation with fit to consequences. sugar is

bad for our health. but just how dangerous is it? how to avoid it. and what to do besides brush your teeth or about sugar and how to kick the habit. in good shape. in 30 minutes, d w the if you like history, but with the side of culture travel and control the sea. rachel suez, and i'm a single fuck gas that will put the well side stuff back into your everyday life. every day we encounter so many things that we don't even notice and i just got to fade into the background. but it is still showing a spotlight on them. what you say might just surprise. we're gonna dig up the, the on the everyday things around us. when did they come from when,

why did they have all the time? i should, we can just search for the day and take them out where i mean hey, you looking for something. welcome cdw. your portal to channels. pick trainers and clips from us docs. and in this story here, it's all just a click away watching this video. see what's going on. hello and a warm welcome to you. would you meet unusual people? yes, i am very easy. describe this fascinating cases. you've had a global perspective, explore great ideas. let me show you. check out the contents,

9 dodge your journey. been get in by the business data we news and these are a top story. it is rarely prime minister benjamin netanyahu a stress that the ceasefire and gaza is temporary, and that israel's military is ready to resume fighting if it deems it necessary to cease fire. supposed to begin at 8 30 am local time on sunday and should involve the exchange of 33 is really hostages for hundreds of palestinian prisoners over the next 6 weeks and 9 syria, at least 70 people have been killed after.