size into a seemingly folk to struggle, the sharp edge of peace, thoughts, much stuff on dw, the humanities closest relatives died out 40000 years ago. traces of me on the poles have been found from europe to siberia. and at some point before going extinct they interbred with the ancestors from africa. studies of ancient homo sapiens, e names have now pinpointed exactly when at least one of those encounters took place. that story and more on d w sciences. welcome to tamara today archaeological treasures can be found in the dues and you know,

i can't even the german state of the ring. the bone fragments from humans who lived 45000 years ago. such remains are very rare. research or advocacy about enter team examines the bones at the knox punk institute for have illusionary anthropology in leipzig, dna analyzed from samples they drilled from the bones, revealed the oldest homo sapiens genome ever discovered. the remains were left by our direct ancestors. in most cases, they feel like it's such a ultimate tail is really degraded, low quality, very contaminated dna fragments. and this is really a challenge to work with because we cannot truly get a lot of information out of it by contrast to the quality of the bones. but the german k, even from another side in the czech republic, was exceptional. an analysis of the dna showed that the modern humans,

that left pad in m, illusionary terms only recently arrived in europe from africa. the bones found came from several different individuals. they were probably among the 1st modern europeans. along the way, however, they encountered another type of human me under a saw some studies have shown the 2 groups interacted and had off spring. it was not what we didn't know was when that took place. exactly good. now we've been able to use these genomes from to ring. yeah. and the czech republic, to date, when these breeding interactions occurred, because we found long sections of neanderthal dna and these g, knowns that tells us the breathing probably occurred in the middle east around 47000 years ago. it's a physician woocommerce that's later than many experts previously thought, but in a 2nd, independent study, evolutionary geneticist, leo nato. e. ozzy catalyzed a number of ancient and modern human genomes,

comparing their neanderthal dna sequences. his results also predicted that the 2 groups of humans must have interbred around 47000 years ago. a perfect fit with what the cave bones indicated. that's what the insurance on the course. it was nice to confirm that what we modeled with younger genomes is actually reproducible. this is all i have ordered, see about as the signs from the caregiver, also special for the researchers who study them. it's always very impressive to have such old material. it's actually not comprehensible because it's not possible to think of 45000 news, right. what humans like then we're doing how their groups are formed. what were they the last like and so it, it gives this kind of strange feeling for sure. but also it's really exciting. the researchers can now follow up on the results, maybe helping to clarify further questions about modern humanities, distant and so stores

from the distant post to the near future. what will the will look like in a 100 years or even 200? how many of this will that be coming this right? trends continue. today's global population could be tested in halls by then. what consequences will that, how it sounds like a science fiction plot, a global population of 8000000000 people falls to 4000000000, but it's a thought experiments that might one day come true. 66 percent of the world population already live in countries where the facility rate is below replacement level. it is very pop possible that the world population will decline by half if it follows the trend that we seen. individual michelle here in town news,

a population expert at the united nations and explains that prosperity, education, and the quality are on the rise worldwide. at the same time, birth rates are falling in europe, asia, latin america, and increasingly in africa as well. by the end of this century, women world wide could be bearing on average less than 2 children. if that trans continues to 100 years from now, populations will have declined by house compared to today. and nature would be a big beneficiary. fewer people consume fewer resources and fossil fuels. c o 2 emissions would fall by about a 3rd climate change would slow because fewer people means less air of a land would be needed to grow food. bio diversity would rise again. some species would bounce back from the threat of extinction, and humans will mostly live in cities, says research or hands quote. he studies what license switzerland might look like

in the future as a vendor hard? if we came back here 200 years from today a saturday, then we'd probably still see people shopping. but one thing is certain. there will be as many old people as there are young people to be your game around 30 percent of people worldwide would be over $6053.00 times. as many as there are today. as many seniors as under thirties and that oppose a major challenge for a number of reasons. many systems that we have a predicated on the assumption of population growth to ensure our living standards and to ensure a system functioning. the bottom of the population put them into a frank eventually because it has direct indications for their social protection systems, social security systems, infrastructures and labor markets. so it's very important that the adapting this as having just half as many people in the labor market would have a dramatic impact on it could cost barrow the levels be maintain

one thing issue or migration would no longer provide an answer to labor shortages since young workers would be in high demands nearly everywhere. diversity in the labor market would no longer be a political demands, button, economic necessity. it will be all hands on deck, whether women, man, people with migration backgrounds or disabilities or seniors. if we speak about label markets, it is important to also recognize that people live longer to healthy lives today. that maybe we need to postpone pension ages. but if we were to create retirement into much more flexible way, enabling all the people to work on a part time basis, maybe to work in a different job doing something different, retiring and your mid sixty's, an outdated model. so yeah, i know so you'd have a social education and training phase, then go to work, come, gain experience,

then go back to school on either learn something new. again, we rely on acquire new skills, says pursue a new career, and you'd repeat that 2 or 3 times by the time, even a 70 year old can be a conductor on a train excited but few are young people also means fewer new ideas and fewer technical innovations progress would be slower than it is today. still, there would be many upsides as well. optimal medical care would help us stay healthy into old age. firms would be forced to contribute to keeping staff fit and able to work throughout their lives through things like free preventive health care, healthy canteens, and company gems. keeping workers productive even as they age and reducing pressure on health insurance systems. so with half as many people, humans and nature would be healthy or then today. but what would happen peacefully? as always, it depends on us. in

a couple of 100 years, see levels might well rise so quickly on to such an extent to, to climate change. that it will be challenging to feed even huh. the world's current population. one research team has discovered disturbing indicates is that the ice in western on talk to a good amount, much faster than previously seems researchers have long, puzzled, over how are its largest polar desert formed. the general consensus was that it's 5 sheets 1st took shape in the center of today's and architect and spread outwards from the here. but new studies now indicate that highest actually 1st formed around 34000000 years ago in the eastern part of the continent. it took at least 7000000 years to expand to cover western dant article. as ours transitioned from the greenhouse to an ice house climate. the discovery came from sediment samples taken

for the 1st time ever in the western and arctic around a 100 meters below the surface of the water. researchers drilled a hole 10 meters down into the sea bed. the course samples they acquired are stored in germany at the headboard center for polar and marine research in play ma hoffman. the samples can be used to determine what climate conditions prevailed when like the annual rings in a tree trunk geologist, your hon. saragossa explains how it works. i see the incomes and what you can see are extremely fine settlements. once it's, there are no large stones out there. you can't even really see any individual san grains in there. i'm a city met just a very fine settlement, which means there can't have been much ice and the area on gable divisions on with special scans,

the researchers determine that the structure of the ground and the west of antarctica differ significantly from that in the east. today, many of the ice caps and western sheets lie and form our ocean water. that'll have consequences. by the midst of because ice lake we know today took much longer to build up in west antarctica, it'll take a lot less effort to make it disappear again. one of these is eyes feed assessment and so that's what we all have for it in this context means that even the minor changes in temperature and c o $24.00 will be enough to cause the ice to retreat extremely rapidly expansion. and let's look at this as a simple 1st warming does lead to a kind of domino effect. if the ice over the sea in west i talked to compelled, so will its ice show. and soon, even the permanent ice behind it, that one has serious consequences for the species here at sea ice retreats, seals and penguins will lose their habitats. west antarctica is also home to the

weights glacier, which might one day trigger a kind of tipping point. then once it's forced to, let's say we only allow the west antarctic ice to melt completely, even then sea levels would rise worldwide by 3 and a half to 5 meters just from, for me to. that's a little more than the height of this room. and that will, of course have a significant impact on coastal areas worldwide, which device a verified as the researchers hope their findings will be another wake up call to reduce c o. 2 emissions climate change has occurred regularly throughout or its history. but this time, it's due to us doesn't, doesn't billings for the, we have to realize that this is not about saving the earth or protecting the environment or whatever, but it's clearly about protecting ourselves. so we can continue to live reasonably well on this planet. research into our, its largest polar desert. this telling us not only more about our planets distant

past, but also about its potential future. what to past and future looked like up the atomic level. an individual hydrogen atom might be in the human body one day. and then the ice of on talk to see enough to athens make up, pull them out to in the universe. i'm the removal of you from out, jimmy. i wanted to know more about these fundamental building blocks. the cousin adam have an age. we measure age based on how much time has elapsed since we were born. adams also came into existence at some point, so they must have an age. everything in the universe is made up of atoms, including us. the atoms in our body are incredibly old and young. at the same time . a lot of them formed around 14000000000 years ago. only

a few can be said to have been born more recently. adams are made up of 3 different kinds of particles, protons and neutrons, form the atomic nucleus. electrons buzz around this core and orbits. the adams can have different numbers of protons, neutrons, and electronics. they are what determine chemical elements. all adams with the same number of protons and their nucleus form a particular chemical element like iron ore saw for for a go, the lightest element is hydrogen. it's adams each have just one proton neutron at the electron. they arose around 380000 years after the big bang and cosmic terms, the blink of an eye. that's when the expanding universe had cooled down enough for

the 1st stable adams to form hydrogen and helium. even today, those 2 elements make up more than 99 percent of the matter. we can detect in the universe hundreds of millions of years had to pass before heavy or adams good for. that's because they are produced through nuclear reactions that occur inside stars. during those reactions, light elements such as hydrogen and helium fused to form heavier elements like carbon and higher. and so these atoms are different ages. that's because stores didn't all form it the same time. everywhere in the universe. when massive stars explode at the end of their lives, they can release so much energy, that very heavy adams can also 4 elements like coal, platinum titanium,

and uranium. and the universe recycles matter that exploding stars pearl into space off and condenses again into new stars. that produce new atoms, even today the, the most stones made of how many colors combats of light see? good robots have babies one day. do you have a science question, then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it in the show, then we'll send you a little gift this assign team. so just o loan of to the big buying and the formation of the 1st items around 4 and a half 1000000000 years ago. this took shape. but what about the new rock

samples collected the can provide hints about the means origin. just last year, a chinese pro broke material from its surface back to us for the 1st time in 50 years. back then the color emissions returned. hundreds of kilograms of rock samples and best still being analyzed not to today by one research it in particular usually on a grows can stop beaming. although she applied for her dream job at nasa. she never thought she would actually get it. but now she's the keeper of the moon rocks, the geologist responsible for the samples collected by all the apollo missions. showing much my off and sometimes i wake up in saying, am i dreaming, or did this really happen? sometimes i have to pinch myself, but it really is my reality. i come to work here every day and go through security and i always think, wow, i'm at now so. so it's very exciting. i think that if i feel like one of the

luckiest people on or i mentioned that she's looking forward to showing us the moon rocks. but 1st our camera equipment has to be cleaned thoroughly. and we have to slip on clean rooms to a. this is the one in the we're trying to protect the moon rocks from ourselves. we have bacteria dust and oil on our hands. and we bring all that into the clean room where the rocks are stored at them. that would change them over time or change their chemical composition. and we want to avoid that as much as we can even gauge . the moon rocks are close now, but 1st we pass through a kind of air shower that sucks away every last speck of dust. the lab is a clean room. here here has $1000.00 or fewer dust particles per cubic meter. the same volume of normal air contains around 35000000 particles. each

of these rocks is older than any rock on earth, and each provides different insights into how the solar system formed. as i mentioned, the association for me, these are actually history some. and one of my task is to learn and understand the language of the rocks. so i can cheese all of the stories out of them that they have to tell fish. how may i assist? you don't even off the house when kind of material from asteroids that rain down on the lunar surface over the ons can still be found on the moon rocks. researchers have looked at how much radiation and gas they a minute, as well as their chemical composition of the data tells the geologist and our colleagues that the moon and earth forms together. the current theory is that around 4 and a half 1000000000 years ago, a collision with a more sized bodies split the larger pro earth into the f one for 6 to and when the

earth and moon were created by those massive collision of 2 pro planets, the theory is that this impacts release so much energy that the tenor body became the hers. and the outer one formed into the moon, which was completely coated with mag model maxima and gave him vaughan. when it cooled down the moon's mag my coat turned into a light colored rock like this chunk collected by the apollo 15 mission. that's why the moon appears white to us. heavy steel doors protect the priceless moon rocks from hurricanes and flooding. each of these cases contained samples from a specific apollo mission. the cases are filled with nitrogen, and no one has ever touched the rocks inside with bare hands. a beauty on a growth is only allowed to pick them up wearing tesla encoded gloves that prevent contamination. around 75 percent of the apollo moon rocks are here,

while 15 percent or in a secret storage facility. the others are currently being examined by scientists. you hang on a course is already looking forward to the new samples slated to be brought back by the part of this mission. it's astronaut. so we'll use tools like these to collect the valuable cargo regular w. this device is basically like a said that you draw through mood, us smaller stuff falls through leaving only the larger rock fragments behind. so you can of course, collect a very large number of samples quickly if it is. i'm in current scientific theories about how the irs and moon form together are based on data from the apollo mission rocks. but they were only gathered from a few places that are far from representative the size for life. and it was what this means that our series might not actually be correct in the south pole or reach

. and the rocks are more representative. and after we bring them back, we can use those rocks to test all these theories and see whether they hold up or not. and then we might have to rethink the theoretical and the history books. or do you prefer english bible? usually on a goals is training the art of miss mission astronauts to ensure that they bring back exactly the right samples the and through z asked a geologist, facilitator for insights. she's almost be ready to go on the lunar mission or so the moon is once again a popular destination. all of the major space bearing nations. now want to go that as you rip it, space agency is partnering with nasa to launch the ultimate submissions slated to lines us, you know, what's on the moon by mich? 2027. at the earliest, i know they could train for the journey in the most realistic of environments at a new soonest stimulation facility. ready ringback the moon is still too far away

to conduct direct research there. so europe space agency and the german aerospace center built a version of it in cologne. the lunar facility it's landscape is sculpted from $750.00 tons of imitation lunar material loose deposits of sand and dust. cold regular astronaut mathias ma is the project manager to come on. can somebody sooner put them in the highest? you can try an entire mission. see here from the moment the eagle lands on the surface to the moment it lifts off again, you can run complete simulations. we can go live directly from here to the control center in use that on here. we can have missions where the team of experts is based that somewhere else, it will be on the moon and contest exactly what will happen later when we're actually there. what does the gravity feel like? to what extent does a space suit, how much of struck to visibility?

how do you take a rock sample? training on the artificial lunar surface is supported by virtual reality and artificial intelligence tools. one of these in yet where you can now see appear in the sky. we have the sun in the earth and possibly 2 crew members who are already there and then the supplies for now. here we're testing a rescue system. a kind of ambulance in case one of the 2 astro nods can no longer long. and so i us for knowledge and reach me at nelson decades of scientific results influence plans for the luminous center. it's construction built on work and expertise from universities, as well as experiments from the international space station. the goal to make the training for future moon missions as real as stick as possible. one practical aspect of its location in cologne has that other isa research units or in the vicinity. not to the like home based medicine of course,

which looks after the medical aspects of astronaut hills. yeah. and we have institutes that have set up a kind of green house will later be integrated to supply the astronaut with fresh vegetables and a lunar habitat. and we also have colleagues nearby from the robotics systems teams that build rover on its own. a 3 d printer able to churn out structures. our parts will have to be on board a moving mission. lunar regulus polymers or plastic waste will provide feed stocks for constructing a base there. so this guy here is really good for large structures, you know, for radiation shields, for landing pads, for surface infrastructure. when the this technology here is more suited for find high detailed parts. so maybe tools luna facility is making preparations for lunar emissions. much more realistic. cologne has now become an important stop over on the way to the moon that sole this time on detail to use science.

so thanks for joining us and see you again soon and tomorrow today. bye for now. the, [000:00:00;00] the, the,

the george's future. dream or nightmare. critics of the government's protest every evening clearing pro russian forces will eventually take over the country, making it slide into a dictatorship. how does the george's future close? the line with russia? is the european dream. in 75 minutes on

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old we can be the generation, the ends at feel good. malaria must die. so millions can live the this is the w news lies from the land. japanese like the next leader says he will drastically increase defense spending. the conservative stimulus mount says he'll change budget rules to re um, germany, and it concerns about america's commitment to its allies. the winter of sunday's election says he'll have a new government in place within weeks. we'll say coming up. the used garden part of the policy chief head still washington as a risk grows of the ukraine kaya tell us, will tell the trumpet administration. there can be no peace without keys at the negotiating table. and taiwan takes measures to protect its telecommunications