you're up to date, but stay with us. after a short break, we have a documentary under think some of the secrets behind the holy city, the vatican of the call for life. thanks so much for your company by the state innovation green, the green revolution global. so listen to a whole lot of time. it's probably up to speed. if the carriers subscribe to the subscribe to plan, it's a good the

as nation's go, the vatican is tiny. but on the stage of world history, it's a giant, the magnificent buildings of vatican city were built around the humble tomb of saint peter. even the 1st basilica on the site was almost as large as no true dom in paris. now, of course, the structure was over 120 meters long, and $66.00 matters wide, its dimensions for colossal valley. and the successor to the 1st basilica is even more impressive. st. peter's basilica was intended to be the largest church in the world, covering over 20000 square meters, the size of 3 soccer fields. it can hold 60000 worshippers. the vatican allows us to see what is normally closed, to prying eyes and 3 d animation and versus us and the city's amazing architecture

join us as we bring the secrets of the holy city to light. the vatican lies in the heart of italy, nestled in the city of rome. it is less than half a square kilometer in area, a 3rd of which is made up of gardens and parks. excluding a few plots of land outside the city proper. the vatican is only a 5th, the size of monaco. the pontiff stands at the head of the small nation, protected by 135 swiss guards. the vatican may be a micro nation,

but it is the spiritual guiding light for 1300000000 christians across the world. the if you think about it 2000 years ago, there was nothing on nevada can help to understand how was city state with the norm is symbolic power was created from nothing or almost nothing. we have just started st. peter's basilica. more than 20000 visitors descend on the cathedral every day. to admire the architectural masterpiece, the lavish decor and the christian imagery news about the origins of saint peter's basilica light beneath its marble floors. at the exact spot where the famous 28 meter high bronze canopy stands. if you were to dig down 10 meters,

you would discover that the acropolis lay here before the cathedral was built. the company that the men acropolis was laid out along a small road. these burial sites were located here on the hill. they were placed on the outskirts of the city because the ancient romans divided the living from the dead. the stream wave on the city was the realm of the living. and the dead lived outside it. a video possible at that time this graveyard was actually outside the city of rome. it's well preserved and still contains tombs, some of which are over 2000 years old. and near this, the crop list is another building that played an important role for the vatican. down the hill from the cemetery. amber, a collegial, a, had a roman arena built to legal because they live built

a venue that he left his successors, including euro. which is why it is also known as the circus of curricula in neuro or not in the middle. the circus was 500 meters long, 100 meters wide and could hold up to 20000 spectators. it was the sight of a pivotal event and the story of christianity at the foot of this obelisk in the year 6480 after the great fire of rome and $64.00 a d. m for nero, decided to blame the christians and to set up a mixture of spite of execution. in this surface, he executed the saint peter crucified upside down, and his friends are given the body of a 70 year old dead man, which they have to very quickly. and they buried him in a hole in the ground. this simple hole in the middle of the necropolis became

a pilgrimage shrine for christians from all over the world. emperor constantine, 250 years later was the 1st roman emperor to convert to christianity. he had a church built there, laying the foundation for what later became saint peter's basilica. the church that we know today is saint john letter and was the 1st church field. and that was followed by a series of other churches dedicated to saint peter, paul, lawrence cetera. the basilica, the constantine, built for saint peter was probably the most complex project because the one requisite was the tomb of saint peter stay where it was and become the central space at the church. this is an effort to preserve the exact spot of peter's tool, which is really beyond the ordinary, this unusual project to begin with,

dismantling the circus of curricula and nero only, the obelisk and the middle remained after the stones were removed, the slope of the hillside in which the basilica was to be built, had to be levelled off in order to do this, since peter's tomb was on a hillside, the engineers had to lop off the top of the hill in order to create a flat plateau. begonia for the uphill slope had to be excavated and the soil used in silver slop downhill a bit too. but it was stabilized at the southern metre high retaining wall. this one, the surface on which the largest christian basilica, the time could be built and get out of the busy because a lot people get on the bus. the guys. yeah. of course. the structure was over 120 meters long and 66 meters wide. the trend sept was 90 meters across out on the

bombs, amazing where the gum laguna, another 60 or 70 meters, were added in front of the basilica for the atrium. video and i mean, i mean its dimensions were colossal, radiated columns and made of expensive marble getting the marble blocks from the imperial quarries to rome. inquired complex, logistical planning. in the late middle ages, when the basilica was almost a 1000 years old, it needed renovation. and numerous alterations had greatly changed its appearance. building with many sections added to it. i'm clear, and maybe even on fits for religious ceremonies that were taking place or should the original basilica be renovated and further altered or simply demolished? the church shows the 2nd option and plan and even more colossal building

they want to something that would reflect a new power at the stage of the renaissance papacy in size, but also in its form in its aesthetic qualities. it needs to be grandiose. the dome of saint peter's basilica is a symbol of this grand year. from below, it looks as if it was built with consummate ease. but the reality was quite different. constructing the dome and the rest of the cathedral was an adventure to say the least. ceremony drawings by all the architects that have been involved in the project so long to like to learn slow the 4th time monday, or know about how to connect all these drawings and the steins who is doing walks and what needs to watch. that is and very difficult also to solve

the 1st pieces of the puzzle include an extraordinary pope julie as the 2nd and a star battalion architecture. do not feel bermonte. together, they began with saint peter's basilica project. the layout does not resemble of latin cross as churches usually do, but takes the form of a greek cross with a central dome for smaller, neighboring domes, and for towers or mountain designs. a great cross project which agrees with renaissance ideas of the ideal buildings and with spiritual ideas, gold being the center of the universe or some other type of again, this was in the innovative project. bob, nothing like, is it ever been done before? and so it required huge financial and material investment. it had the purposeful

and generous support in that you're going to face bermonte model, his dough month, end of the pansy on built in ancient times and only 2 kilometers from the vatican. the nearly 2000 year old building has survived because the architects of the time had mastered the use of concrete. the from monte adopted the shape of the pantheon down, but raised the dome of st. peter's by several dozen meters. joseph joseph, john st. peter's is a grandiose cathedral with a central floor plan, basically out of the gigantic don't rest on for killers with 4 large purchase. i mean, we let you cheek up one by one. i think we made that even if it was technically difficult to build, picking us the structure not only had to be directed, but also had to last for a long time solar it has to be able to support its own ways to stand,

as well as with stan earthquake causes that storms and other unforeseen events. over the course of time, i did remote particularly sonya, she said 0 and you can know the important. let me work again on the new st. peter's basilica in 15 o 6, and remain the one of a con construction site for almost 120 years. wherever. this was certainly the largest construction site in the world at the time my money, what i didn't realize to construct such a building, you not only needs brakes, limestone track regina and marble, but also materials such as iron lead. and tim, okay, i'll think about it. yeah. federal bureau, of course, this is also true for other cathedrals, but especially for st. peter's because it is so big i. k, i know been involved with construction. not only touched on what is now the laws your region, but practically the whole of your all the best sums of funding were raised.

work progress slowly, hope julie as the 2nd died 1513 and don't know until bermonte followed a year later. by then, the structural corps of saint peter's had been completed, including the 4 columns and their connecting arches. but construction of the don't had not even begun. and it was not clear if it could be built at all. the successors of julie as the 2nd dental not to bermonte, now had to contend with the half finished show. if you think about the number of helps and the number of architects, it is a very long winded projects much longer than any other projects that any other problem on the, to the future of saint peters remains uncertain. for 40 years, it was as if the project was cursed, architect after architect brought only sluggish progress or one of these rough

buyout plan to transform the layouts into a latin cross with a classical name. when he died, the 37, his plans died with him. raphael successor, antonio, the son jello pondered a wouldn't model for 8 years without saying a single stone the the 1st architect to bring momentum back to the project. despite his advanced years, was michelangelo the almost out of desperation pope all the 3rd summon michelangelo, gwen. i rotate in november 15, 46, because all the other great masters had died out by the could the old masters still achieve a stroke of genius that 72 would you live long enough to leave his mark on the building? and how would he go about building the huge stone?

these questions remained unanswered for the time being. like per month, he wants to bills a hand. this farrah done michelangelo admired the punchy, and he said that it was built by angels and not by man. these are the most difficult times to build because the nature of the hemisphere wants to implode. michaelangelo again took up vermont a's original idea of the silica with this central down. partly because perfect symmetry represented purity, and partly for reasons of cost. you couldn't just think of something completely out of the to sort of he had to work with what was already standing because it wouldn't been far too expensive to tear down everything and then doing something. but michelangelo wanted to set an example as an artist and master builder. his don't

was to be the largest ever built to get on journal. michaelangelo designed a revolutionary delta. it is basically a double jones with 2 domes that sits on top of each other, but hardly touch it. they are separate from each other and the inner don't. there's a way that gets walls are barely one meter thick. apple that will be specific. don't this 42 liters and diameter man. so this was very daring. i mean get the idea behind michelangelo's double don't mean that the pair, the load and together one and reinforce each other because they aren't connected at the edge. you see the jammed the land time, but i may say i did it in a lot on the don't wrists on a ring shape, september or drum which is clad with 15 meter high double columns at the top. the click to launch their

lives to see those jobs. nomics to finish is the drum one. then we want a similar color. very strange. when he died, a switch assumed in his building, successor inherited a time or without of no pressing who would finally achieve the seemingly impossible task of building the don't michaelangelo successor was giacomo de la force. and when he showed the pope his design, he knew exactly what sort of challenges awaited him. 6 this the 5th half of the day and says, oh the poor to how long is this guy? how parent behind michelangelo is 17 years to build the drum. so the poor to assess 10 years, which is a massive or under to build the signal was done twice the height

of the past 6. the says, you have to to complete to a record to don't within such a short time frame, deal a port to altered michelangelo's design fee replace the hemisphere with a peak arch. raising the dome, another 7 meters to retain the idea of the double downs. but his shells would thicker and thanks to internal ribs much more stable represent. so they posted only these rid of this better distributed wave is to the load bearing surface. so the drum below think about that. the 2nd advantage here is that the ribbons connected with the 2 shells as well so that they move together is the foundation of settles a level or in an earthquake called so they are a much stronger and more stable ones here. it was the local stuff de la

portia. it also had middle reinforcements built into the don't structure on all 3 of the chairs. and there are 3 metal rings in the door. and 4 more in the lantern is that, i mean, it is further reinforced by chains, iron plates and metal rods means the large amount of iron made it a very modern structure of the iron plays and especially important role for the lantern. at a 110 meters above the ground, it is completely exposed to the winds and so tends to vibrate tasks out loud. yeah . so would have to flex as much as possible. i'd like to ask the guy that was he's, he might say technical stroke of genius that made it possible to build its own actually even higher than like sometimes what happens. and this is also a cheat by his what the old site still waiting for. the full set

around the cool delta pools. finishes vista in 22 months. so john, on the 6th as the 5th to yeah, time limit. the in 16 o. 312 years after the construction of the main dome, the new chief architects calling him, i don't know, had the oldest silica demolished the. the name was built in its place, making saint peter's basilica, the largest church in the world. but the sun was massive and blocked the view of the don't. from saint peter's square, the police definitely to your knowledge from a functional point of view. everything was perfect. but michelangelo's design had been disfigured. i don't see, i should be up with you that you could no longer see the don't especially the

timber, which was a key element to the don't on my that machine. you were still maturing. know, chose this type of facade because it resembled a palace facade. and gave the impression that there was an institution within the took c o. x architect, john, lorenzo bettany was given the task of reducing the facade mass of appearance and bringing the don't back to the for on paper. the solution seemed relatively simple . but for vanity, it turned into a nightmare. for any was commission to build some towers on the facade that had been erected by and whether or not, but because the lines which stopped parts of the structure are standing, are quite marshy. the foundations were moving off to supports these towers. so when he starts to build these towers fairly quick, the cracks appear in the facades of saint peters have made clear about tactics v. this was not possible. this in this set back, benny would ultimately leave

a deep impression. it was he who designed the best silicates interior from the canopy over saint peter's tomb, to the adornment of the don't support pillars and the church flooring. the, a few years later, he was entrusted with a task that would also shape the architecture of the vatican. he was commissioned to design saint peter's square. in his design, bernini had envisioned a 3rd colony, intended to surprise visitors when they 1st saw the basilica from the piazza. but when pope alexander the 7th died, no pope after him was willing to commit to the expensive building project zone to the senate dines when the piazza is complete, it has already cost squarely. and in fact,

an estimate has been done for the cost of the building of the whole of some pieces . the piazza is somewhere in the region of $9000000000.00 with it spectacular design. st. peter's square is the most symbolic and famous gateway to the vatican city, state. beyond the symbolic border, you are officially no longer in vatican, but in a town in territory, you crossed from one country to another without even realizing it, just by setting foot in the square. but there was another largely secret way in and out. this 800 meter long cord or behind the arcades of saint peter's square is known as the past set to the board to go or the bar go passage. how is this tunnel created? what was it used for? was it there to spirit pope's in danger? out of the back can or was it used for doctor purposes?

it was built as a covert passage, which people would not see what was going on inside it. and of course, all sorts of stories in the pipes going to meet the mistresses in cost us intangible to going to see the execution of somebody they particularly hated the vatican was not always surrounded by a wall. in fact, a transformative event had to occur before the pope decided he had to better protect himself. a 46 for cyrus and this tyco steel. and they said that phones on, right. they don't have to enter the city thoughts. they suck the stuff up in the churches. it's certainly a terrible show to west some chris, this isn't

a very important defend the history investigating because it triggers the building of a wall, which has become in a 48. it took 4 years to complete the wall. today, only a few sections remain built in tale of run and breaks with some great folks to stay. but it's probably about 8 meters high, 2 and a half me just stick with towers along it. up about 22 or 25 tons. and that will link cost. so sometimes you to the batch, gonna hill up behind some pages and then runs down the other side. for me, a little rectangular strip which is the bout 3 can. number 2 is low. in the 13th century, and 800 meter long section was altered. using this past say to the board though the

pope could reach the nearby cost of sons on zillow fortress from the up a solid palace. it's a way of linking about going to cost us in town 0. if i was going down into the street, the presence of the fortress of costa sometimes draws a safe haven because people position in rome was always dressed and not certainly from the outside, but also by in a riot. some difficulties inside the city. this strategically important passage was modified again in the 15th century. the city wall was raised and the former battlements became a tunnel with the offensive slits for him. bracers on both sides. again, an open passage late along the top. you could have soldiers above soldiers below and also soldiers can move freely on the cover invisibly. along this low covered passageway in the eventful history of the vatican,

the past set to the port of the twice proved its worth as a lifeline. 1494 when colleagues onto the 6th is stressed and by the french king charles the 8th, and he causes down the process. so to customer for sandra, most famously in 1527. columbus has to flee the troops of the emperor of charles the 5th. because you have to imagine not just the pope, you know, going down the process of but you know, whole country, car knows and bureaucrats. and this is probably a one is the same. chaos inside the best set to apart from these 2 tens, military episodes. very little is really known about what the passage was used for . but there are plenty of rumors about secret rendezvous.

the nations are a feature of political life. suppose that there is a source of glorified facts, this, but because it secret may square off around it. and we will never read the following the last attack and 1527 piece range for the vatican for 2 and a half centuries. during this time, further, architectural projects were completed. of course, work on saint peters, basilica continued, but other no less. astonishing buildings were also erected like this tower. it's called the taut a dave and the tower of the winds and marks the 2nd highest point to the vatican. it was not field to watch for enemies, but to study the stars. but why was the vatican interested in astronomy? what influence did the tower have on the world's calendars?

and why was a hole boards in the side of the tower? the attorney opening was bored in the south for assad, but it's only about 4 centimeters in diameter. tickets ultimate at 73 meters tall. the tower is visible from afar, but it's not open to the public. it was a record at the end of the 16th century with a very specific purpose. of showing the tower of the winds. it was built between 15781580. and to confirm a calendar reform that the pope wanted to complete before the end of this month. difficult so home. and they also, they, i'm the one i found was it just to the pope in question was gregory the 13th and with this tower, he hoped to correct the old julian calendar, which had been introduced by julius caesar. it was not accurate enough and shifted the dates of religious holidays over the centuries. so can all the nations, in fact,

the julian calendar doesn't work very well because it's an accurate and pretty go home. the julian year is about 11 minutes longer than the average solar year olds mean these 11 minutes accumulate over time. after about 120 years, the discrepancy amounts to a whole day. behind the doors of a room on the 2nd floor, the traces left behind by the world famous astronomer ignacio donte are still visible. the sky on a wall in the middle of a fresco is an oculus, a hole through which sunlight falls. a line has been chiseled into the marble floor, a meridian running from north to south fit, you know, selected at the moment the sun reaches its highest point and the sky is position is projected onto this line is still set in the sun's entry into the various constellations can be marked on the line so late,

the only digital signatures which are the most important moments of the spring and fall equinox, is in the summer and winter solstice. is it the the decisive test was in 1581 can actually know that there's, there's no record of this. but it said that pope gregory the 13th, came to this line on march 21st 158 by one to verify with his own eyes that this reform was necessary to the church check. on that day, he observed the ray of sunlight falling through the occupants. 5.2 meters above the floor according to make not so don't these calculations. the spot of light should have been in the constellation of aires the press, so they took away. i mean, the sun was supposed to be at this position on the line at 12 noon. that's but it wasn't linda, you had already moved on considerably. the 2 positions were 11 days,

a parts store. and this was, in fact the difference between the theoretical equinox and the actual equinox of the time of the simple vs. the calendar was performed the next year to compensate for the shift officials changed to leap. years were calculated and shortened the month of october to supplement. this simply struck 10 days from the calendar. the day after october, 5th, 1582 became october 15th zipcode. council assaulted the presentation in the tower of the wins or the gregorian tower. only confirmed the earlier work of a scientific commission. but it staging symbolized at the pope's power. this hole would have far reaching consequences and the recording and calendar would later dominate throughout the world century. the

reform naturally spread to catholic countries 1st and it met with resistance and protestant lands. in england, a gordon calendar was introduced in 1752 took place on russia, for example. it took until 1918. and saudi arabia was one of the last countries to adopt it in 2016. on the research. everything that happened in the vatican was intentional. every work, every gesture had to demonstrate the churches greatness. and the same was true for the sistine chapel. only 200 meters from the gregorian tower. even before michelangelo arrived in the sistine chapel, it was already extraordinarily beautiful space. the chapel is a 40 meter long building, situated parallel to saint peter's cathedral. its architecture is like that of

a military structure. long before new popes were elected in these rooms, the sistine chapel was a strategically important building. at any given time, there would be a litter team going on in that space. you would have the entire hierarchy of the church in one room. so the building was also constructed, so there was a certain amount of security for that reason. it was very easy to adapt to the function of the sistine chapel to the site where future pond tips would be elected before michaelangelo set to work the chapel had already been decorated by painters like that would, you know. and but the challenge michelangelo was asked to rework the ceiling to depict the 12 apostles. the commission was not ambitious enough for the uncompromising artist, the whole thing was crowned by

a magnificent lapis last july, blue sky flecked with golden stars. but the sealy began to flake and this man who never does things the way other people do, begin to in vision a declaration that would be on like anything anyone had ever seen before. the project was both an artistic and a technical challenge. more than a 1000 square meters of surface had to be painted 20 meters above the floor. the architects, though not to bermonte, had already designed scaffolding. but michelangelo rejected it. it would have to be fast into the ceiling and would have left holes in his work the the wouldn't scaffolding that michaelangelo designed was not suspended from the ceiling but rested on takes placed above the windows of the

chapel. the breach on which the artist worked, followed the curve of the ceiling. this made the extremely uncomfortable work, less strenuous the bridge would allow him to always be at the same distance. so basically it's just an arm's length away. it's a painting, technically expired. does he stand with his head throw the die? there were large prepared drawings of exactly what is going to go on that section of the ceiling. it would be applied either in sized or punched out and that would guide the end while he was working. for more than 3 years, michaelangelo font against muscle cramps migraines and a stiff neck. t illustrated scenes from the bible. incorporating the ceiling bolts into his work. and accomplished sculptor, he painted so organically that is figures seemed like like when he had finished

half the ceiling, the scaffolding was moved, so he could paint the other half, even seeing as unfinished work was like a revelation. it was hailed as a masterpiece from the 1st moment, hopeless delighted. everyone was amazed by it. and it really, it affected art. in the immediate decades to come, michaelangelo made an exceptionally profound imprint on the sistine chapel. but his contribution to saint peters basilica was just as unforgettable. the temper he designed inspired his successor de la port a good place to don't mind tom, their name and then took over his vatican architect and design the magnificent piazza in front of saint peter's basilica. but for the past 350 years, the architectural history of the vatican has been quieter. the available real estate and the world small as nation is after all,

in short supply the so a lot of imagination was needed to build an archive. the don't is actually have the vatican up a store like archives are stored on the remarkable, 80 kilometers of shelves yesterday. i mean where can documents covering half a square kilometer of space be stored? what did these documents contain? and why would the archives set to be secrets for over 400 years? the answers to these questions lie in the court de la de la mean. this treasury protects a vast number of historical documents and files. the building of 5000 square meter, 2 story concrete bunker, not far from the vatican, museums was designed to withstand fires and to conduct damaging moisture to the outside.

the. the architects constructed an additional room on each floor for the most valuable and sensitive documents. the temperature and humidity and these special rooms are kept absolutely constant. after all, some of these documents are over 1000 years old. the speak to the most popular documents date from the 13th century and are written in mongolian good. they are among the oldest extent, written documents. the files from the trial of galileo, galilee are also stored there and the documents for which luther was excommunicated in the 16th century. important documents from religious history and diplomatic files are kept there. among the carefully guarded treasures is a report on the trial of the knights, templar written on

a 33 meter long parchment and this document from the 16th century is the petition of the english king henry the 8th. for the enrollment of his marriage, it bears the seals and signatures of $81.00 aristocrats less sensitive documents, ordinary administrative files and diplomatic correspondence from all areas and countries are stored outside the special climate control rooms of the archive bunker. but the name vatican secret archives is misleading the system. the, the german vatican secret archive which was used from the 17th century onwards, is derived from the latin terms separate us from that box, which refers to the pope's personal archive and absolutely not to secret contents. in observing of buttons and to avoid this confusion coke branch has changed the

name from direct and secret archive to vatican up a solid archive in 20191 option i posted in the auto stoic archive was founded in the 17th century. and the original storage rooms are still in use today. the volume of documents is immense and growing daily . the underground archive bunker was built in 1982. it is a gold mine for historians, but it's not accessible to everyone. the pope in office decides what can and cannot be viewed as hundreds of the archives were open to researchers under pub, leo, to 13, at the end of the 19th century as well. they don't get either rather ambivalent undertaking to open up to historical scholarship on the one hand and to defend church history from attack on the other hand is read from one papacy to the next.

it is, the church has opened up more and more just as me. now the archives are accessible up to 1958 the. the history of the vatican continues to be written day by day. and the most recent decades of its history have a special place on shelves behind, carefully locked grills there they wait to be analyzed by historians many years from now. the vatican continues to hold tremendous fascination. it's a unique and secret place. its architecture is extraordinary. the buildings and works of art, bear witness to the deep belief in a christian god, but also to struggles for power, money, and prestige reason enough for you ness, go to declare the entire territory a vatican city, a world heritage site, the

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a lot of money. i can't help but wonder if anybody thinking about the future of this country with is at risk. the global voice of crisis unveiled jobs march 21st. on the w a business day. the leaders line from berlin, european union from paris for a clear and present danger. that's when the european commission president calls the u. s. shift towards russia or is aimed at freeing of billions of yours to rearm a confident that may no longer be able to rely on projection for washington. also coming up a survey shows germans mostly favors the defense, spending high foot for how long and withheld the .