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as nation's go. the vatican is tiny. but on the stage of world history, it's a giant the magnificent buildings of vatican city were built around the humble tomb of saint peter. even the 1st basilica on the site was almost as large as no true dom in paris. now, of course, the structure was over 120 meters long and $66.00 hiders wide. its dimensions were colossal valley. and the successor to the 1st basilica is even more impressive. st. peter's basilica was intended to be the largest church in the world, covering over 20000 square meters, the size of 3 soccer fields. it can hold 60000 worshippers. the vatican allows us to see what is normally closed, to prying eyes and 3 d animation immersed as us and the cities. amazing architecture join us as we bring the secrets of the holy city to light the the.

the vatican lies in the heart of italy, nestled in the city of rome. it is less than half a square kilometer in area, a 3rd of which is made up of gardens and parks excluding a few plots of land outside the city proper. the vatican is only a bit the size of monaco, the punitive stands at the head of the small nation, protected by 135 switched cards the, the vatican, maybe a micro nation. but it is the spiritual guiding light for one point. 3000000000 christians across the world, the if you think about it 2000 years ago,

there was nothing on nevada can help to understand how is city state with the norm is symbolic power was created from nothing or almost nothing. we have just started st. peter's basilica, more than 20000 visitors descend on the cathedral every day. to admire the architectural masterpiece, the lavish decor and the christian imagery news about the origins of saint peter's basilica light beneath its marble floors. at the exact spot where the famous 28 meter high bronze canopy stands, the if you were to dig down 10 meters, you would discover that the acropolis lay here before the cathedral was built

the or does that mean company means that the room in acropolis was laid out along a small road. these burial sites were located here on the hill. they were placed on the outskirts of the city because the ancient romans divided the living from the dead. the stream wave on the city was the realm of the living. and the dead lived outside it, a video possible at that time, this graveyard was actually outside the city of rome. its well preserved and still contains tombs, some of which are over 2000 years old. and near this necropolis is another building that played an important role for the vatican. down the hill from the cemetery. ember can legally had a roman arena built can equal dot equal to eat because they give the delta a venue that he then left his successors including euro. which is why it is also

known as the surface of curricula in neuro or not in the middle of the circus was 500 meters law, 100 meters wide and could holds up to 20000 spectators. it was the sight of a pivotal events in the story of christianity at the foot of this obelisk in the year 6480 after the great fire of rome and $64.00 a d. m for nero, decided to blame the christians and to set up a mixture of spite of execution. in this surface, he executed saint peter crucified upside down, and his friends are given the body of a 70 year old dead man, which they have to very quickly. and they buried him in a hole in the ground. this simple hole in the middle of the acropolis became a pilgrimage shrine for christians from all over the world. emperor constantine,

250 years later was the 1st roman emperor are to convert to christianity. he had a church built there, laying the foundation for what later became saint peter's basilica. the church that we know today is saint john latter and was the 1st church built. and that was followed by a series of other churches dedicated to saint peter, paul, lawrence cetera. the basilica, the constantine, built for saint peter was probably the most complex project. because the one requisite was that the 2 of saint peter stay where it was and become the central space at the church. this is an effort to preserve the exact spot of peter's tool, which is really beyond the ordinary. this unusual project to begin with, dismantling the circus of curricula, and nero only,

the obelisk and the middle remained after the stones were removed, the slope of the hillside in which the basilica was to be built, had to be levelled off. in order to do this, since peter's tomb was on a hillside, the engineers had to lop off the top of the hill in order to create a flat plateau. begonia for the uphill slope had to be excavated and the soil used in the silver slopes down here a little bit too. but it was stabilized off the southern metre, high retaining wall, display on the surface, on which the largest christian basilica the time could be built, get out, and it was easy enough to get on the bus the categories. of course, the structure was over 120 meters long and 66 meters wide. the transcript was 90 meters across the lagoons. another 60 or 70 meters were added in front of the

basilica for the atrium. that bit of a loss of your head of it, i mean that its dimensions are colossal, any kind of side or aided columns made of expensive marble getting the marble blocks from the imperial corps to rome? inquired complex, logistical planning in the late middle ages, when the basilica was almost a 1000 years old, it needed renovation. and numerous alterations had greatly changed its appearance. building with many sections added to it. unclear and maybe even on fits for religious ceremonies that were taking place there. should the original basilica be renovated and further altered or simply demolished? the church shows the 2nd option and plan and even more colossal building

they want to something that there would reflect a new power at the stage of the renaissance papacy in size, but also in its form in its aesthetic qualities. it needs to be grandiose. the dome of saint peter's basilica is a symbol of this grand year. from below, it looks as if it was built with consummate ease. but the reality was quite different. constructing the dome and the rest of the cathedral was an adventure to say the least. ceremony drawings by all the architects of have been involved in the project. so on to my time, slow the 4th time, my dear enough, but how to connect all these drawings and on the steins who is doing walks and what needs to watch. that is very difficult also to solve

the 1st pieces of the puzzle include an extraordinary pope julius, the 2nd, and a star of italian architecture to not to bermonte. together they began with saint peter's basilica project. the lay out does not resemble of black and cross as churches usually do, but takes the form of a greek cross with a central don't for smaller, neighboring domes and for towers. to design a greek cross project, which agrees with renaissance ideas of the ideal buildings and with spiritual ideas called being the center of the universe. because i'm going to try to virginia this was, i mean, innovative project bob. nothing like it has ever been done before. and so it required huge financial and material investments that had the purposeful and generous support in that you're going to face. bermonte models is still

a month end of the pansy on built in ancient times and only 2 kilometers from the vatican. the nearly 2000 year old building has survived because the architects of the time had mastered the use of concrete. the from monte adopted the shape of the pantheon down, but raised the dome of saint peter's by several dozen meters respected on zillow. sec. jase at saint peter's is a grandiose cathedral with a central floor plan. basically out of the gigantic don't rest on 4 pillars with 4 large purchase. i mean we not cheap. but when i said we made that even if it was technically difficult to build, picking us the structure not only had to be erected, but also had to last for a long time. so it had to be able to support its own ways to spend as well. as with

stan earthquake, storms and other one for seen events over the course of time, i did a multi path, particularly sonya she said 0 and you can know the important. let me work again on the new st. peter's basilica in 15 o 6, and remain the one of a con construction site for almost 120 years. wherever. this was certainly the largest construction site in the world at the time my money, but i didn't really know how to construct such a building. you not only needs brakes, limestone trap, regina and marble, but also materials such as iron lead and 10 cows. think about it. yeah. federal bureau, of course, this is also true for other cathedrals, but especially for st. peter's because it is so big. okay, on the open box deal with construction not only touched what is now the laws your region, but practically the whole of your all the best sums of funding were raised,

work progress slowly. hope julie is the 2nd, died 1513 and don't know until bermonte followed a year later by then the structural corps of saint peter's had been completed, including the 4 columns and their connecting arches. but construction of the tone had not even begun and it was not clear that could be built at all. the successors of julius the 2nd dental not to bermonte, now had to contend with the half finished. sho. if you think about the number of helps and the number of architects, it is a very long winded politics much longer than any other projects that any other pope undertook. the future of saint peter's remains uncertain. for 40 years. it was as if the project was cursed, architect after architect brought only sluggish progress. one of these rough buyout plan to transform the layouts into a latin cross with

a classical name. when he the 37, his plans died with him. rafael's successor, antonio, the son jello pondered a wouldn't model for 8 years without saying a single stone the 1st architect to bring momentum back to the project. despite his advanced years was michelangelo the almost out of desperation. hope all the 3rd somebody, michaelangelo when i wrote in, in november 15, 46 because all the other great masters had died out by the could be a master still achieve a stroke of genius that 72. would you live long enough to leave his mark on the building? and how would he go about building the huge down? these questions remain unanswered for the time being. like per month,

he wants to bills. i had this farrah done michelangelo at my, at the punch, and he said that it was built by angels and knots by man. these are the most difficult times to build, because the nature of the hemisphere wants to implode. michaelangelo again took up the montes original idea of a basilica with this central down. partly because perfect symmetry represented purity, and partly for reasons of cost. you couldn't just think of something completely out of the do you have to work with what was already standing because it wouldn't been far too expensive to tear down everything and then doing something. but michaelangelo wanted to set an example as an artist and master builder. his don't was to be the largest ever built to get a general michelangelo designed

a revolutionary donor. and it is basically a double jones with 2 dogs that sits on top of each other, but hardly touch will. they are separate from each other and the inner don't, there's the weight. i think it's walls are barely one meter thick. apple that will be specific. don't this 42 liters and diameter man. so this was very daring. i mean, get the idea behind michelangelo's double. don't me, is that the pair of the load and together going and reinforce each other because they are connected at the edge. you see the jammed, the land term that i saw for me say i did it in a lot on the don't wrists on a ring shape, september or drum which is clad with 15 meter high double columns at the top. michelangelo just didn't live to see that those jobs nice to

finish is the draw one. then we want a similar color. very strange when he died, a switch a suit and his building successor inherited a tam or without a no pressing who would finally achieve the seemingly impossible task of building the don't? michaelangelo successor was giacomo dana ford. and when he showed the pope his design, he knew exactly what sort of challenges awaited him. texas the fed positive today says, oh the full to how long is this guy? how parent behind michelangelo, 17 years to build the drum. so the poor to assess 10 years, which is a massive underestimate to build the signal, was done twice the height of the past successes that you have

to use to complete to erect the don't within such a short time frame, they look for to altered michelangelo's design fee replaced the hemisphere with a peak arch raising the dome, another 7 meters. he retained the idea of the double terms, but his shells with dicker and thanks to internal ribs, much more stable. essential. they posted only these, rid, this better, distribute ways to the load bearing surface. so the drum below. think about that. the 2nd advantage here is that the ribs connected with the 2 shells score so that they move together is the foundation of settles a level or in an earthquake quote. so they are a much stronger and more stable, wanting to increase the data poor to also had middle reinforcements built into the don't structure on all 3 of the chairs. and there are

3 metal rings in the door. and 4 more in the lantern discovery might mean that it is further reinforced by chains. iron plates and metal rods means the large amount of iron made it a very modern structure of the iron plays and especially important role for the lantern. at a 110 meters above the ground, it is completely exposed to the winds and so tends to vibrate us by loud. yeah. so would have to flex as much as possible. like to ask the guy that was used, you might say technical stroke of genius that made it possible to build a tone actually even higher than my concern. so i have plans, and this is also a cheap by his work because on site building 247 around the cool data piece. this is this the in 22 months. so

just on the success of the 2 year time limit the in 16 o. 312 years after the construction of the main dome, the new chief architect calling on my down know, had the oldest silica demolished. the. the name was built in its place, making saint peter's basilica, the largest church in the world. but the sun was massive and blocked the view of the dome from saint peter's square. to the separately from a functional point of view, everything was perfect. but michelangelo's design had been disfigured. i don't see, i should be up with you, that you could no longer see the don't, especially the chamber, which was a key element to the door. by that machine,

you were still maternal chose this type of facade because it resembled a palace facade and gave the impression that there was an institution within the cook. c o. x architect john lorenzo bettany was given the task of reducing the facade mass of appearance and bringing the dome back to the fore. on paper, the solution seemed relatively simple. but for vanity, it turned into a nightmare. branch was commissioned to build 2 towers on the facade that had been erected by and whether or not, but because the lines on which stopped part of the structure are standing, are quite marshy. the foundations were moving off to supports these towers. so when he starts to build these towers very quickly, cracks appear in the facades of saint peters have made clear about taxes v. this was not possible. despite this set back, benny would ultimately leave a deep impression. it was he who designed the best silicates interior from the

canopy over st. peter's tomb to the adornment of the don't support pillars and the church flooring. the a few years later he was entrusted with a task that would also shape the architecture of the vatican. he was commissioned to design saint peter's square and his design. bernini had envisioned a 3rd colony, intended to surprise visitors when they 1st saw the basilica from the piazza. but when pope alexander the 7th died, no pope after him was willing to commit to the expensive building project zone to the southern dines when the piazza is complete. it has already cost squealing. in fact, an estimate has been done for the cost of the building of the whole of some peaches

. the piazza is somewhere in the region of $9000000000.00 with it's spectacular design. st. peter's square is the most symbolic and famous gateway to the vatican city. state beyond the symbolic border. you are officially no longer in vatican, but in a town in territory, you crossed from one country to another without even realizing it, just by setting foot in the square. but there is another largely secret way in and out. this 800 meter long cord, or behind the arcades of saint peter's square is known as the past set to the board to go or the bar go passage. how was this tunnel created? what was it used for? was it there to spirit popes in danger out of the vatican? or was it used for dr. purposes? it was built as a covered passage,

which people would notice see what was going on inside it. and of course, all sorts of stories in the pipes going to meet the mistresses in cost us intangible. pull going to see the execution of somebody they particularly hated the vatican was not always surrounded by a wall. in fact, a transformative event had to occur before the pope decided he had to better protect himself. a 46 for cyrus. and this will take whole step on days that the thoughts on right that of, and to the city thoughts. they suck the stuff up in churches. it's certainly a terrible show to west some chris, this isn't a very important event. the history of asking because it triggers the building of

a wall, which has become in a 48. it took 4 years to complete the wall. today, only a few sections remain built in tale of roman breaks with some great folks to stay. but it's probably about 8 meters high, 2 and a half me just stick with towers along it. up to about 20 to 25 tons. and that will links cost. so sometimes you to the batch, gonna hill up behind some pages and then runs down the other side. for me, a long rectangle a strip which is the about 3 can. number 2 is low. in the 13th century and 800 meter long section was altered using this passe to the boat though, the pope could reach the nearby cost of sun on zillow fortress from the opposite

palace. it's a way of linking the vatican to customers in town 0. if i was going down into the street, the presence of the fortress of castillo sometimes draws a safe haven because people position in rome was always trusted. not certainly from the outside, but also by you know, right? some difficulties inside the city. this strategically important passage was modified again in the 15th century. the city wall was raised and the former battlements became a tunnel with defensive slits or in braziers on both sides. again, an open passage lay along the top. you could have soldiers above soldiers below and also soldiers can move freely on the cover and visibly along this low covered passageway. in the event of history of the vatican, the best set to the port of the twice proved its worth as

a lifeline. 1494 when alexander the 6th is threatened by the french king charles the 8th, and he causes down the process. so to customer for sandra, most famously in 1527. columbus has to flee the troops of the emperor of charles the 5th. because you have to imagine not just the pope, you know, kind of the process of but you know, a whole country called nose and bureaucrats. and this is probably a one is the same as, you know, chaos inside the past set. apart from these 2 tents, military episodes, very little is really known about what the passage was used for. but there are plenty of rumors about secret rendezvous. secret hidden nations are a feature of political life to pass that there is a source of glorified facts. this because it see chris may skirt off around

it and we will never read the following. the last attack and $1527.00 piece range for the vatican for 2 and a half centuries. during this time, further, architectural projects were completed. of course, work on saint peters, basilica continued, but other no less. astonishing buildings were also erected like this tower. it's called the toilet a day event, the tower of the winds and marks the 2nd highest point to the vatican. it was not field to watch for enemies, but to study the stars. but why was the vatican interested in astronomy? what influence did the tower have on the world's calendars? and why was a hole boards in the side of the tower?

the attorney opening was board in the south for assad. it's only about 4 centimeters in diameter. tickets ultimate, at 73 meters tall. the tower is visible from afar, but it's not open to the public. it was a record at the end of the 16th century with a very specific purpose of showing the tower of the winds. it was built between 15781580. and to confirm a calendar reform that the pope wanted to complete before the end of this month, difficult sodium on the now. so the fondest interest to the pope in question was gregory the 13th. and with this tower, he hoped to correct the old julian calendar, which had been introduced by julius caesar. it was not accurate enough and shifted the dates of religious holidays over the centuries. so in fact, the julian calendar doesn't work very well because it's an accurate and pretty go home. the julian year is about 11 minutes longer than the average solar year. it

gives me an easy 11 minutes accumulate over time. after about 120 years of the discrepancy amounts to a whole day behind the doors of a room on the 2nd floor. the traces left behind by the world famous astronomer ignacio donte are still visible. the high on the wall in the middle of a fresco is an oculus, a hole through which sun light falls. a line has been chiseled into the marble floor, a meridian running from north to south. fit, you know, the selected at the moment the sun reaches its highest point in the sky. a is position is projected onto this line is just said 30 in the sense entry into the various constellations can be marked on the line. so late, the only digital signatures which are the most important moments of the spring and

fall equinox, is in the summer and winter solstice. is it the the decisive test wasn't 1581 can actually see there's no record of this. but it said that pope gregory the 13th, came to this line on march 21st 158 by one to verify with his own eyes that this reform was necessary to the church. so click on that day, he observed the ray of sunlight falling through the monkey list. 5.2 meters above the floor. according to, if not so done these calculations, the spot of light should have been in the constellation of aries the 1st. so they took away. i mean, the sun was supposed to be at this position on the line at 12 noon. that's but it wasn't. indeed, you had already moved on considerably the 2 positions were 11 days a parts store. so this was in fact the difference between the theoretical equinox

and the actual because of the time what's the best law the calendar was performed the next year to compensate for the shift officials change to leap years were calculated and short in the month of october. so prim this simply struck 10 days from the calendar. the day after october, 5th, 1582 became october 15th zipcode. council sancho type the presentation in the tower of the winds or the gregorian tower only confirmed the earlier work of a scientific commission. but it staging symbolized to the pope's power. this hole would have far reaching consequences and the recording calendar would later dominate throughout the world. securing the by the reform naturally spread to catholic countries 1st. and it met with resistance and

protestant lands in england for the glory and calendar was introduced in 1752 took place on russia. for example. it took until 1918 and saudi arabia was one of the last countries to adopt it in 2016, under insights. everything that happened in the vatican was intentional. every work, every gesture had to demonstrate the churches greatness. and the same was true for the sistine chapel, only 200 meters from the gregorian tower. even before michelangelo arrived in the sistine chapel, it was already extraordinarily beautiful space. the chapel is a 40 meter long building, situated parallel to saint peter's cathedral. its architecture is like that of a military structure. long before new popes were elected in these rooms,

the sistine chapel was as good teach equally important building the at any given time, there would be a literature going on in that space. you would have the entire hierarchy of the church in one room. so the building was also constructed. so there was a certain amount of security for that reason. it was very easy to adapt the function of the sistine chapel to that site where future pontiff would be elected before michaelangelo set to work the chapel had already been decorated by painters like that would you know and bought the champion. michelangelo was asked to rework the ceiling to pick the 12 apostles. the commission was not ambitious enough for the uncompromising artist. the whole thing was crowned by a magnificent lapis last july,

blue sky flecked with golden stars. but the sealy began to flake and this man who never does things the way other people do, begin to in vision a declaration that would be on like anything anyone had ever seen before. the project was both an artistic and a technical challenge. more than a 1000 square meters of surface had to be painted 20 meters above the floor. the architects, though not to bermonte, had already designed scaffolding. but michelangelo rejected it. it would have to be fast into the ceiling and would have left holes in his work. the, the wooden scaffolding that michaelangelo designed was not suspended from the ceiling, but rested on tags placed above the windows of the chapel. the bridge on which the

artist worked, followed the curve of the ceiling. this may be extremely uncomfortable, work less strenuous. the bridge would allow him to always be at the same distance. so basically it's just an arm's length away. it's a painting, technically expired that he stand with his head thrown back. there were large prepared drawings of exactly what is going to go on that section of the ceiling. it would be applied either in sized or punched out and that would guide the end while he was working. for more than 3 years, michaelangelo font against muscle cramps migraines and a stiff neck. he illustrated scenes from the bible, incorporating the ceiling bolts into his work. and accomplished sculptor, he painted so organically that is figures seemed lifelike. when he had finished half the ceiling, the scaffolding was moved, so he could paint the other half,

even seeing as unfinished work was like a revelation. it was hailed as in masterpiece from the 1st moment, hopeless delighted. everyone was amazed by it. and it really, it affected art. in the immediate decades to come, michaelangelo made an exceptionally profound imprint on the sistine chapel. but his contribution to saint peters basilica was just as unforgettable. the temper he designed inspired his successor de la port a good place to don't mind tom, their name and then took over his vatican architect and design the magnificent piazza in front of saint peter's basilica. but for the past 350 years, the architectural history of the vatican has been quieter. the available real estate and the world small as nation is after all, in short supply the so

a lot of imagination was needed to build an archives. the don't is actually does that again, up a store like archives are stored on the remarkable, 80 kilometers of shelves. essentially a 100 where can documents covering half a square kilometer of space be stored? what do these documents contain? and why would the archives set to be secrets for over 400 years? the answers to these questions lie in the court de la de la pena. this treasury protects a vast number of historical documents and files. the building of 5000 square meter, 2 story concrete bunker, not far from the vatican, museums was designed to withstand fires and to conduct damaging moisture to the outside. the.

the architects constructed an additional room on each floor for the most valuable and sensitive documents. the temperature and humidity in the special rooms are kept absolutely constant. after all, some of these documents are over 1000 years old. the speak to the most popular documents date from the 13th century and are written in mongolian good. they are among the oldest extent, written documents. the files from the trial of galileo, galilee are also stored there and the documents for which luther was excommunicated in the 16th century. important documents from religious history and diplomatic files are kept there. among the carefully guarded treasures is a report on the trial of the knights, templar written on a 33 meter long parchments,

and this document from the 16th century is the petition. not the english king, henry, the 8th, for the enrollment of his marriage. it bears the seals and signatures of $81.00 aristocrats less sensitive documents, ordinary administrative files and diplomatic correspondence from all areas and countries are stored outside the special climate control rooms of the archive bunker. but the name vatican secret archive is misleading the thing that the german vatican secret archive which was used from the 17th century onwards, was derived from the latin terms. separate us from that box, which refers to the pope's personal archives and absolutely not to secret contents . it absolutely no buttons to avoid this confusion called frances change the name from vatican secret archive to vatican up a solid archive in 20. 19 i posted in

the stomach archive was founded in the 17th century. and the original storage rooms are still in use today. the volume of documents is immense and growing daily. the underground archive bunker was built in 1982. it is a gold mine for historians, but it's not accessible to everyone. the pope in office decides what can and cannot be viewed as hundreds of the archives were open to researchers under pub, leo, to 13, at the end of the 19th century as well. they don't get either rather ambivalent undertaking to open up the historical scholarship on the one hand and to defend church history from attack on the other. through them is read from one papacy to the next is the church has opened up more and more just showed me stuff. now the

archives are accessible up to 1958 the. the history of the vatican continues to be written day by day. and the most recent decades of its history have a special place on shelves behind, carefully locked grills there they wait to be analyzed by historians many years from now. the vatican continues to hold tremendous fascination. it's a unique and secret place. its architecture is extraordinary. the buildings and works of art, bear witness to the deep belief in a christian god, but also to struggles for power, money, and prestige reason enough for you ness. go to declare the entire territory a vatican, city, a world heritage site, the

or the force and at age the teen moist. okay. was left on the streets of nairobi. but don't sing how to sign to pop out. that experience has shifts me, you know we, that's to be us from when i on to the see how she's bias the next generation 3, tom and philanthropy free max in 30 minutes on the w. exciting podcast. know on tv, my fee is and with i'm going to be a good model that always you can defend yourself that you can start off with your

front brake understand what is it like to come out when you're married? how does on mental health impact a lot of life between east to west or the cross? is right in the middle of the world around germany. it's getting more dangerous. we de code what it means senior in 19 minutes on dw, the 1020 i went to a sick man's and 54 years old. he did everything he could to make me understand that i had to help him live because he has 2 children. he asked me to call claudia by searching his phone contact to tell her he wanted to say hello. instead, i had to tell count you and franco is gone. 5 years off to

close and we remember window road stood still stops march 8th on dw, or the business date of the news life from the bank. 5 and clashes reported between syria and government troops and supporters of the ousted form of president reports of bushes and executions. imagine one of the biggest challenges to the new government since a full of pressure on our side. also on the program, russian launch is full rocket and drove and strikes across the ukraine. keith, describe it as a massive attack photography and critical energy infrastructure. the i feel good.