asians, these flowers, the woman who are bringing things together, um, buying this entire community. so yeah, definitely in the future this of most of the the metal scene is still dominated by men, but young women are closing the gap and can be stopped. being female is no longer an obstacle in the heavy middle. see the best example, double push, who's been part of it for, for decades. now, and we have a song that the 1st thing called time for justice and we chose it because i think it's very, very important worldwide. because in many countries, women in particular are not allowed to move freely. it's all and the music we make is mobile out there either. so there's still a lot a lot to do and yes, we'll keep fighting. we'll fight for the good, especially the women. they are rock hope, we can see each other,

we can support that each other. and the i see actually the future of math that we, my opinion belongs to the women, the, [000:00:00;00] the as nations go, the vatican is tiny. but on the stage of world history, it's a giant the magnificent buildings of vatican city were built around the humble tomb of saint peter. even the 1st basilica on the site was almost as large as no true

dom and paris. costing to the structure was over 120 meters long and 66 satisfied its dimensions. for colossal you'll need to sally. and the successor to the 1st basilica is even more impressive. saint peters basilica was intended to be the largest church in the world, covering over 20000 square meters, the size of 3 soccer fields. it can hold 60000 worshippers. the vatican allows us to see what is normally closed, to prying eyes and 3 d animation immersed as us in the cities. amazing architecture join us as we bring the secrets of the holy city to light. the vatican lies in the heart of italy, nestled in the city of rome. it is less than half

a square kilometer in area, a 3rd of which is made up of gardens and parts excluding a few plots of land outside the city proper. the vatican is only a bit the size of monica. the pontiff stands at the head of the small nation, protected by 135 swiss guards the vatican, maybe a micro nation. but it is the spiritual guiding light for 1300000000 christians across the world. if you think about it 2000 years ago, there was nothing on nevada can help to understand how was city state with the norm is symbolic power was created from nothing or almost nothing. we have just started

st. peter's basilica, more than 20000 visitors descend on the cathedral every day, or to admire the architectural masterpiece. the lavish decor and the christian imagery news about the origins of saint peter's basilica lie beneath its marble floors. at the exact spot where the famous 28 meter high bronze canopy stands. if you were to dig down 10 meters, you would discover that the acropolis lay here before the cathedral was built, the and then the company that that when acropolis was laid out along a small road. these burial sites were located here on the hill. they were placed on the outskirts of the city because the ancient romans divided the living from the

dead. the stream wave on the city was the realm of the living. and the dead lived outside it. d. e more simple. at that time, this graveyard was actually outside the city of rome. it's well preserved and still contains tombs, some of which are over 2000 years old. and near this, the acropolis is another building that played an important role for the vatican. down the hill from the cemetery ember can legally had a roman arena built to legal not able to eat because the venue that he then left his successors including neuro which is why it is also known as the surface of curricula in neuro or not in the middle the circus was 500 meters long, 100 meters wide and could hold up to 20000 spectators. it was the sight of

a pivotal event and the story of christianity. at the foot of this obelisk in the year 6480 after the great fire of rome and $64.00 a d. m for nero, decided to blame the christians and to set up a makeshift spot of execution. in this surface, he executed saint peter crucified upside down, and his friends are given the body of a 70 year old dead man, which they have to very quickly. and they buried him in a hole in the ground. this simple hole in the middle of the acropolis became a pilgrimage shrine for christians from all over the world. emperor constantine, 250 years later, was the 1st roman emperor to convert to christianity. he had a church built there, laying the foundation for what later became saint peter's basilica. the church that we know today is saint john latter and was the 1st church built. and that was

followed by a series of other churches dedicated to saint peter, paul, lawrence cetera. the basilica, the constantine, built for saint peter was probably the most complex project. because the one requisite was that the 2 of saint peter stay where it was and become the central space of the church. this is an effort to preserve the exact spot of peter's tool, which is really beyond the ordinary. this unusual project to begin with, dismantling the circus of curricula and nero only. the obelisk in the middle remained after the stones were removed, the slope of the hillside on which the basilica was to be built, had to be levelled off. in order to do this, since peter's tomb was on a hillside, the engineers had to lop off the top of the hill in order to create

a flat platter. this is on yeah, for the the uphill slope had to be excavated, find the serial, used to in the silver slope down here a little bit to the 5. it was stabilized at the 7 meter high retaining wall. this one, the surface on which the largest christian basilica, the time could be built around that. but it's easy enough to get on the bus the categories. of course, the structure was over 120 meters long and 66 meters wide. the transcript was 90 meters across the lagoons. another 60 or 70 meters were added in front of the basilica for the atrium. video. and i mean its dimensions were colossal. co signed the radiated columns made of expensive marble getting the marble blocks from the imperial quarries to rome, inquired complex, logistical planning. in the late middle ages,

when the basilica was almost a 1000 years old, it needed renovation. and numerous alterations had greatly changed its appearance. building with many se sections added to it on clear and maybe even on fits for religious ceremonies that were taking place or should the original basilica be renovated and further altered or simply demolished. the church shows the 2nd option and planned and even more colossal building. they wanted something that would reflect a new power at the stage of the renaissance papacy in size, but also in its form in its aesthetic qualities. it needs to be grandiose. the dome of saint peter's basilica is a symbol of this grand. you're from below,

it looks as if it was built with concent to these. but the reality was quite different. constructing the dome and the rest of the cathedral was an adventure to say the least ceremony drawings by all the architects of have been involved in the project. so bummed on to my design slow the 4th time. i'm not there enough, but how to connect all these drawings and on the stylist who is doing watch and what needs to watch that is very difficult puzzle to solve. the 1st pieces of the puzzle include an extraordinary pope julie as the 2nd and a star battalion architecture to not to put them onto together, they began with st. peter's basilica project. the layout does not resemble of latin cross as churches usually do, but takes the form of a greek cross with

a central don't. for smaller, neighboring domes, and for towers or mounted designs. a greek cross project, which agrees with renaissance ideas of the ideal buildings. and we say spiritual i dear is called theme the central universe because i'm going to type of again it. this was an innovative project. bob. nothing like it ever been done before. and so it required huge financial and material investments. it had the purposeful and generous important that you're going to face. bermonte models is still a month end of the pansy on built in ancient times and only 2 kilometers from the vatican. the nearly 2000 year old building has survived because the architects of the time had mastered the use of concrete. the from monte adopted the shape of the pantheon down,

but raised the doughnuts. saint peters by several dozen meters respected on zillow. sec. jase at saint peters is a grandiose cathedral with a central floor plan. you can basically add the gigantic don't rests on for killers with 4 large purchase. i mean, we let me change that when i said with method, even if it was technically difficult to build, picking us the structure not only had to be directed, but also had to last for a long time, soto, it had to be able to support its own ways to spend as well as with stan earthquakes, that storms and other one for seen events. over the course of time. i did remote that really soon as she said 0. and you can make the important let me work again on the new st. peter's basilica in 15 o 6, and remain the one of

a kind construction site for almost 120 years. wherever. this was certainly the largest construction site in the world at the time my money, but i didn't really know how to construct such a building. you not only needs brakes, limestone, trevor, teen and marble, but also materials such as iron lead and 10 cows. think about it. yeah. federal bureau, of course, this is also true for other cathedrals, but especially for st. peter's, because it is so big, i get an open volume with construction, not only touched what is now the laws your region, but practically the whole of your whole. the best sums of funding were raised, work progress slowly, hope julie as the 2nd died 1513 and don't know until bermonte followed a year later. by then the structural corps of saint peter's had been completed, including the 4 columns and their connecting arches. but construction of the don't

had not even begun and it was not clear if it could be built at all of the successors of julius the 2nd dental not to bermonte, now had to contend with the half finished. sho, if you think about the number of helps and a number of architects, it is a very long winded vortex, much longer than any other projects that any other pope undertook. the future of saint peter's remains uncertain for 40 years. it was as if the project was cursed, architect after architect brought only sluggish progress. one of these rough buyout plan to transform the layouts into a latin cross with a classical name. when he died 37, his plans done with him. raphael successor, antonio, the son jello pondered a wouldn't model for 8 years without laying a single stone the the 1st architect to bring momentum back to the project. despite his advanced years was michelangelo

the almost out of desperation. hope all the 3rd, some of the michelangelo when i rotate in november 15, 46 because all the other great masters had died out to get on the device that most people could be a master still achieve a stroke of genius, that's 72. what do you live long enough to leave his mark on the building? and how, what do you go about building the huge down? these questions remain unanswered for the time being. like for a month, he wants to bills a hand. this farrah done michelangelo admired the punch and he said that it was built by angels and not by man. these are the most difficult times to build because

the nature of the hemisphere want to implement microsoft. jello again, took up bermonte is the original idea of a basilica with a central don't. partly because perfect symmetry represented purity. and partly for reasons of cost. they couldn't just think of something completely out of the do. you have to work with what was already standing? because it would've been far too expensive to tear down everything and then doing something. but michaelangelo wanted to set an example as an artist and master builder. his don't was to be the largest ever built to get a general michaelangelo designed a revolutionary data. it is basically a double jones with 2 domes that sits on top of each other, but hardly touch will. they are separate from each other and the inner don't. there's the weight. i think it's walls are barely one meter thick. at apple autos.

this is the tell them is 42 liters and diameter man. so this was very daring. i mean get the idea behind michelangelo's double. don't me, is that the pair of the load and together and reinforce each other because they are connected at the edge. you see the jammed, the land term that advocates, so for me say i did it in a lot on the don't wrists on a ring shaped september or drum which is clad with 15 meter high double columns at the top. michelangelo doesn't live to see those jobs not to finish is the drum one then we want a little bit silica look very strange when he died. a so just so in his building successor inherited a time or without no pressing who would finally achieve the

seemingly impossible task of building the don't the michaelangelo successor was giacomo de la port. and when he showed the pope his design, he knew exactly what sort of challenge is a way to fix this. the fit has up to date as well. the full to how long is this guy? how parent behind to michelangelo, 17 years to build the drum. so the poor to assess 10 years, which is a massive underestimate to build 50 numerous stone, twice the height of a past 6. the says, you have to yes to complete, to erect the don't within such a short time frame. deal a port to altered michelangelo's design fee replaced the hemisphere with a peak arch. raising the dome,

another 7 meters to retain the idea of the double downs. but his shells would thicker and thanks to internal ribs much more stable represent. so they posted only these rid of this better distribute wave is to the load bearing surface. so the drum below think that up at the soonest. if the 2nd advantage is that the ribs connected with the 2 shells school so that they move together in the foundation, it settles a level or in an earthquake quote. so they are a much stronger and more stable, wanting to increase the data poor to also had middle reinforcements built into the don't structure on all 3 of the chairs. and there are 3 metal rings in the door. and 4 more in the lantern is that, i mean, it is further reinforced by chains, iron plates and metal rods means the large amount of iron made it

a very modern structure to the iron plays in this way. leslie important roll for the lantern. at a 110 meters above the ground, all it is completely exposed to the winds and so tends to vibrate us by lot. yeah. so would have to flex as much as possible. and i'd like to ask the guy that was used. you might say technical stroke of genius that made it possible to build a tone actually even higher than likely times will have plans. and this is also a cheap by his work because all fine building when to full set around the cool data please. this is vista in 22 months. so just on the success of the 2 year time limit in 16 o. 312 years after the construction of the main dome, the new chief architect calling on my down know,

had the oldest silica demolished. the. the name was built in its place, making saint peter's basilica, the largest church in the world. but the sun was massive and block the view of the don't. from saint peter's square, the to the separately from a functional point of view, everything was perfect. but michelangelo's design had been disfigured. i don't see a ship you ever did it. you could no longer see the dome, especially the timber, which was a key element to the door. by that machine, you were still maternal chose this type of facade because it resembled a palace facade and gave the impression that there was an institution within the took c o. x architect john, lorenzo bettany was given the task of reducing the besides mass of appearance and

bringing the dome back to the fore on paper. the solution seemed relatively soon though. but for benny, it turned into a nightmare. for any was permission to build some towers on the facade that had been erected by and whether or not, but because the lines on which stopped part of the structure are standing, are quite marshy. the foundations were moving off to supports these towers. so when he starts to build these towers very quickly, cracks appear in the facades of saint peters have made clear about tactics v. this was not possible. despite this set back, benny would ultimately leave a deep impression. it was he who designed the best silicates interior from the canopy over saint peter's tomb, to the adornment of the domes 4 pillars and the church flooring. the a few years later he was entrusted with a task that would also shape the architecture of the vatican. he was commissioned

to design saint peter's square and his design. bernini had envisioned a 3rd colony, intended to surprise visitors when they 1st saw the basilica from the piazza. but when pope alexander the 7th died, no pope after him was willing to commit to the expensive building project zone to the 7 dines when the piazza is complete. it has already cost squealing. in fact, an estimate has been done for the cost of the building of the whole lives of peaches. the piazza is somewhere in the region of $9000000000.00 with it's spectacular design. st. peter's square is the most symbolic and famous gateway to the vatican city. state beyond the symbolic border. you are officially no longer in vatican, but in

a town in territory. you cross from one country to another without even realizing it, just by setting foot in the square. but there is another largely secret way in and out. this 800 meter long cord, or behind the arcades of saint peter's square is known as the past set to the portico or the bar go passage. how is this tunnel created? what was it used for? was it there to spirit popes in danger? out of the vatican, or was it used for dr. purposes? it was built as a comfort passage, which people would not see what was going on inside it. and of course, all sorts of stories in the pipes going to meet the mistresses in cost us intangible. pull,

going to see the execution of somebody they particularly hated. the vatican was not always surrounded by a wall. in fact, a transformative events had to occur before the pope decided he had to better protect himself. a 46 for cyrus, and let's take all steph sundays. at the thoughts on right, that of, and to the city thoughts. they suck the stuff up in churches. it's certainly a terrible show to west some chris, this isn't a very important defend the history vaskins because it triggers the building of a wall, which has become in a 48. it took 4 years to complete the wall. today, only a few sections remain built in tale of bremen briggs with some great trucks of stuff. but it's probably about 8 meters high, 2 and a half inches thick,

with the towers along it up about $22.00 or $25.00 tons. and that will link cost, so sometimes you to the batch can hill up behind some pages and then runs down the other side. for me, a long rectangle a strip which is the about 3 can number to is low. in the 13th century, an 800 meter long section was altered. using this passe to the boat though, the pope could reach the nearby cost of cent on zillow fortress from the up a solid palace. it's a way of thinking about to come to cost us in town 0. if i was going down into the street, the presence of the fortress of castillo sometimes draws a safe haven because people position in rome was always dressed and no tiny from the outside. but also by, you know, right,

some difficulties inside the city. this strategically important passage was modified again in the 15th century. the city wall was raised and the former battlements became a tunnel with defensive slits or in braziers on both sides. again, an open passage lay along the top. you could have soldiers above soldiers below at also so just to move freely on the cover and visibly along this low carpet passage way in the eventful history of the vatican. the best set to the port of the twice proved its worth as a lifeline. 1494 when colleagues onto the 6th is distressing by the french king charles ca, and he hosses down the process. so to customer, for sandra, most famously in 1527,

columbus. the 7th has to flee the troops of, of the m for us thought charles the 5th. because you have to imagine, not just the pope gained on the process of but you know, whole country of cause knows and bureaucrats. and this is probably a one is the same as you know, chaos inside the best set to apart from these 2 tents, military episodes, very little is really known about what the passage was used for. but there are plenty of rumors about secret rendezvous. nations are a feature of political life to pass that there is a source of glorified facts, this because it secret mr. off around it. and we will never read the following. the last attack and $1527.00 piece range for the vatican for 2 and a half centuries. during this time, further, architectural projects were completed. of course, work on saint peters,

basilica continued, but other no less. astonishing buildings were also erected like this tower. it's called the toilet dave and the tower of the winds and marks the 2nd highest point to the vatican. it was not field to watch for enemies, but to study the stars. but why was the vatican interested in astronomy? what influence did the tower have on the world's calendars? and why was a hole boards in the side of the tower? the attorney opening was boarding, the sounds facade. it's only about 4 centimeters in diameter. tickets ultimate, at 73 meters tall. the tower is visible from afar, but is not open to the public. it was a record at the end of the 16th century with a very specific purpose of showing the tower of the winds. it was built between

1578 and 50 in a document to confirm a calendar reforms that the pope wanted to complete before the end of this bunch of tickets. so him on the nail sheet they, i'm the father of saying they just took the pope in question was gregory the 13th. and with this tower, he hoped to correct the old julian calendar, which had been introduced by julius caesar. it was not accurate enough and shifted the dates of religious holidays over the centuries. so in fact, the julian calendar doesn't work very well because it's an accurate and pretty go home. the julian year is about 11 minutes longer than the average solar year olds mean these 11 minutes accumulate over time. after about 120 years, that discrepancy amounts to a whole day off. behind the doors of a room on the 2nd floor, the traces left behind by the world famous astronomer ignacio done to you are still visible.

the high on a wall in the middle of a fresco is an oculus, a hole through which sunlight falls. a line has been chiseled into the marble floor, a meridian running from north to south fit, you know, selected at the moment the sun reaches the ties pointing, the sky is position is projected onto this line. is just that 30 in the sense entry into the various constellations can be marked on the line. thank you so late on digital signatures, which are the most important moments of the spring and fall equinox is in the summer and winter solstice. is it the the decisive test wasn't 1581 connection. you know that there's missing computers. no record of this. but it said that pope gregory the 13th, came to this line on march 21st 15 the by one to verify with his own eyes that this

reform was necessary to the church to success. only on that day, he observed the ray of sunlight falling through the auction was 5.2 meters above the floor. according to, if not so dantes calculations, the spot of light should have been in the constellation of aries the 1st, so they took away. i mean, the sun was supposed to be at this position on the line at 12 noon that's but it wasn't at lindsey you had already moved on considerably. it was a good position. the 2 positions were 11 days, a parts store when this was in fact the difference between the theoretical equinox and the actual equinox of the timeouts. the typical of best the calendar was performed the next year to compensate for the shift officials changed to leap. years were calculated and short in the month of october. so

pretty much the assembly struck 10 days from the calendar. the day after october, 5th, 1582 became october 5th channels of go council saunter type the presentation in the tower of the winds, or the gregorian tower only confirmed the earlier work of a scientific commission. but it staging symbolized at the pope's power. this hole would have far reaching consequences and the recording and calendar would later dominate throughout the world century to make for the reform naturally spread to catholic countries 1st. and it met with resistance and protestant lands in england. the glory and calendar was introduced in 1752 took place on the in russia for example, it took until 1918. and saudi arabia was one of the last countries to adopt it in 2016, under insights. everything that happened in the vatican was intentional. every work,

every gesture had to demonstrate the churches greatness. and the same was true for the sistine chapel. only 200 meters from the gregorian tower. even before michelangelo arrived in the sistine chapel, it was already extraordinarily beautiful space. the chapel is a 40 meter long building, situated parallel to saint peter's cathedral. its architecture is like that of a military structure. long before new popes were elected in these rooms, the sistine chapel was a strategically important building. at any given time, there would be a literature going on in that space. you would have the entire hierarchy of the church in one room. so the building was also constructed, so there was

a certain amount of security for that reason. it was very easy to adapt the function of the sistine chapel to the site where future pontiff would be elected before michaelangelo set to work the chapel had already been decorated by painters like better geno and bought the champion. michelangelo was asked to rework the ceiling to pick the 12 apostles. the commission was not ambitious enough for the uncompromising artist. the whole thing was crowned by a magnificent lapis last july, blue sky flecked with golden stars. but the sealy began to flake and this man who never does things the way other people do, begin to in vision a declaration that would be on like anything anyone had ever seen before.

the project was both an artistic and a technical challenge. more than a 1000 square meters of surface had to be painted 20 meters above the floor. the architects, though not to bermonte, had already designed scaffolding. but michelangelo rejected it. it would have to be fast into the ceiling and would have left holes in his work. the. the wooden scaffolding that michaelangelo designed was not suspended from the ceiling, but rested on tags placed above the windows of the chapel. the bridge on which the artist worked, followed the curve of the ceiling. this made extremely uncomfortable, work less strenuous the bridge would allow him to always be at the same distance. so basically it's just an arm's length away. the painting technically fired that he

stand with his head thrown back. there were large prepared drawings of exactly what is going to go on that section of the ceiling. it would be applied either in sized or punched out and that would guide the end. while he was working for more than 3 years, michaelangelo font against muscle cramps migraines and a stiff neck. he illustrated scenes from the bible, incorporating the ceiling bolts into his work. and accomplished sculptor. he painted so organically that is figures seemed lifelike. when he had finished half the ceiling, the scaffolding was moved, so he could paint the other half, even seeing as unfinished work was like a revelation. it was hailed as a masterpiece from the 1st moment, hopeless delighted, everyone was amazed by it. and it really, it affected art. in the immediate decades to come,

michaelangelo made an exceptionally profound imprint on the sistine chapel. but his contribution to saint peter's basilica was just as unforgetable. the temper he designed inspired his successor de la portent, who placed the dome on top, their name, and then took over his vatican architect and design the magnificent piazza in front of saint peter's basilica. but for the past 350 years, the architectural history of the vatican has been quieter. the available real estate and the world small as nation is after all, in short supply the so a lot of imagination was needed to build an archive. the, the only is actually that again, up a store like archives are stored on the remarkable, 80 kilometers of shelves. as to their hobbies, where can documents covering half

a square kilometer of space be stored? what do these documents contain? and why would the archives set to be secrets for over 400 years? the answers to these questions lie in the court de la de la pena. this treasury protects a vast number of historical documents and files. the building of 5000 square meter 2 story concrete bunker, not far from the vatican, museums was designed to withstand fires. and to conduct damaging moisture to the outside the, the architects constructed an additional room on each floor for the most valuable and sensitive documents. the temperature and humidity in the special rooms are kept absolutely constant. after all,

some of these documents are over 1000 years old. the takes the most popular documents date from the 13th century and are written in mongolian good. they are among the oldest extent, written documents. the files from the trial of galileo, galilee are also stored there and the documents for which luther was excommunicated in the 16th century. important documents from religious history and diplomatic files are kept there. among the carefully guarded treasures is a report on the trial of the knights, templar written on a 33 meter long parchments, and this document from the 16th century is the petition of the english king henry the 8th. for the enrollment of his marriage, it bears the seals and signatures of $81.00 aristocrats less sensitive documents, ordinary administrative files and diplomatic correspondence from all areas and

countries are stored outside the special climate control rooms of the archive bunker. but the name vatican secret archives is misleading the victim that she did turn in the vatican secret archive, which was used from the 17th century onwards, is derived from the latin terms. separate us from that box, which refers to the pope's personal archives, and absolutely not to secret contents of sorting of buttons to avoid this confusion called frances change the name from vatican secret archive. due to vatican of a solid archive in 2019, on that i posted in the stomach archive was founded in the 17th century. and the original storage rooms are still in use today. the volume of documents is immense and growing daily. the underground archive bunker was built in

1982. it is a gold mine for historians, but it's not accessible to everyone. the pope in office decides what can and cannot be viewed as hundreds of the archives were open to researchers under pub, leo, to 13. at the end of the 19th century, so they don't get either rather ambivalent undertaking to open up to historical scholarship on the one hand and to defend church history from attack on the other hand is reading from one papacy to the next is the church has opened up more and more detailed needs. now the archives are accessible up to 1958. the the history of the vatican continues to be written day by day. and the most recent decades of its history have a special place on shelves behind, carefully locked grills. there they wait to be analyzed by historians many

years from now. the vatican continues to hold tremendous fascination. it's a unique and secret place. its architecture is extraordinary. the buildings and works of art, bear witness to the deep belief in a christian god, but also to struggles for power, money, and prestige reason enough for you ness, go to declare the entire territory a body can city a world heritage site, the on the eco

india the seat is swallowing up the beaches. erosion is increasingly affecting the east coast via pony cherry. the construction on the movement of water. now the hope lies on the coastal protection projects to restore, understand, eco, india. in 30 minutes on d w, the news will tell you the story. we have a getting a visa is more difficult than finding gold hosted to use force and for the future in the stories industries that are being discussed across the country. news africa. in 90 minutes on

d w, there's a note on this, john can have his pay just to make the right decision to dw news on the ground. to follow the this is the deputy news. these are our top stores. hundreds of people have been killed in western syria following classes between government forces and supports as of as good leader bashaw aside, u. k. based see an observer truth, a human rights of scores of civilians from the countries. all the white minorities have been killed in revenge, attacked by 3. talk to a virgin olive height strong hold is the douglas is sides of it may be here as president, donald trump, the 2nd finds it easier to work with russia than you, craig, and the bottom. if susan wants to add,