well, this is of course an important issue when conducting a planning operation. i personally think that there are no nuclear weapons on a permanent basis, there are indeed carriers of nuclear weapons, well, they can be dual-purpose, and in the end, any aircraft is a court 24 it is is designed to deliver an atomic bomb any eh any eh iskander or caliber and theoretically can carry a nuclear warhead although i have not heard that they have been reliably tested anywhere to carry conventional is munitions specially munitions for calibers and iskanders, but i am not sure that they were not freely tested, so i think that well, of course, haha ​​22, what kind of 22 she tested with nuclear weapons, so i

think that if the pronosians, so we see in the crimea, there are 22, maybe iskanders can be brought in ships can have calibers and of course there are su-24s, but i don't think that the infrastructure of crimea allows to store nuclear weapons on a permanent basis, the two facilities that were there in balaklava and e.g. too it's risky, so i think that if nuclear weapons appeared in crimea, they appeared on a temporary basis, well, two flew here and there in nuclear, i'm older than iton, it's unlikely, it's very unlikely, and it flew too, or rather, it 's almost just ammunition there, but i also don't think that they even brought them together, but in the end, the russian statements were about the fact that they can do it, the fact is that the only thing that limits them is that this is not a very certain thing like the

global nuclear order, there are certain rules and regulations, they are not even always written down in treaties certain things just don't make it that's why i think the russians don't keep weapons there on a permanent basis, now i've been holding weapons on a temporary basis for a long time. maybe they imported them, but i also doubt it. well , what's up, sir, there's jacques, one more question, uh, we understand that uh, one way or another, but there are vowel rules yes, the treaties we have already had time to talk about, but surely is this again some kind of manipulation for mere mortals

like us? me very much often our tv viewers. and it is true that if someone, as they say, shoots a nuclear warhead at another continent, then other countries that have the appropriate arsenal will take some steps in response and whether it will be some conventional or non-conventional attack on the territory of the state which one will be the first to carry out this aggression, please well, if we are talking about the fact that nuclear or chemical or biological weapons have flown into ukraine, of course she will not answer, it will be automatic, there will be a reaction if we say will they attack russia if this is meant will there be a reaction to the fact that russia is using nuclear weapons against ukraine, well, this is a less certain question, but well, it was

announced at the second third of diplomacy on the part of the united states that there would be a reaction, and there was a statement even in such a simpler version, joseph's statement was transmitted at the ato summit in march , it was said that in the case of the use of even chemical biological culture in russia, there will be a collective reaction to which there is currently no simply in the war. it still seems to me that there is a red line, there is a certain red line, it is about the fact that until russia uses nuclear weapons against ukraine, there is no direct military participation in ukraine, in this war there is only assistance from weapons. if russia uses nuclear weapons, then such a restriction is lifted, and it is possible that certain restrictions on the supply of other types of weapons to ukraine will be removed. well, it is unlikely that it will be nuclear, but there certain missiles for this. it may be that this creates a certain supporting effect on russia. it knows that if it uses

nuclear weapons, there is a probability. direct participation in the free, it does not risk and does not use nuclear weapons. well, if of course russia is so stupid in russia that they will try to use nuclear-chemical or biological weapons against the united states on another continent, then of course russia will stop the existence of physical, we discussed here and this shipment of this frigate admiral gorshkov, who can carry church or zirconium with nuclear warheads to the patamak river, well, we determined that it flows, not not in new york. president of russia mr. medvedev on this matter, have you read it, but he threatens so much, do you understand the swede? well, the americans are not aware of nuclear weapons in this case,

our partners will not be afraid, no, no one collected gorshkov, they will not be afraid, well, it is not on him. i am here for weapons and action. what is the rule which was agreed on the so -called presidential nuclear initiatives of 1991 , they operate on the fleet does not have tactical nuclear weapons, if someone violates it, if russia violates it, it means that the united states will violate it. no, russia does not want it because on this new term, there are no nuclear weapons, there is a zircon missile. well, maybe it flies . maybe it flies for 1000 km. you fly faster than it does, for example, the american missile . goes through the world ocean - this means that it will be destroyed in the event of a threat even before it approaches the

distance of another object, because other countries have aircraft carrier groups in the oceans, planes fly there and fly and control the distance, the distance is not too much, so it is simple well it's a sham, it's a sham, it's a sham. just showing it means showing the flag , it doesn't mean anyone, for example, just showing the fear that russia is still present somewhere, but it doesn't create any real load. well , for now. ms. maryana's conversation, maybe your comments about nuclear weapons are actually quite a paradoxical situation, what are these nuclear weapons for? beginning with its introduction, so that somehow at

the end of the 1940s, such an understanding was created, if such an understanding was developed, that the weapons of the ancestors were used to fight and win wars, yes, nuclear weapons are special it is there in order not to fight with it, that is why it is a weapon of deterrence, that is, you asked and if there will be an answer, the answer must be promised, but not in order to launch in response yes, but in order to refuse the enemy to launch this first strike and this is such a balance of threats in which there is also another opinion in ukraine what is likely god forbid the use of nuclear weapons in ukraine will very quickly lead to the end of the war and the victory of ukraine because then no one will

consider russia as a civilized country in general as a state and not a terrorist group well, no one will be tseremo somewhere here obviously i agree with oleksiy here the question is how will the west respond to some such threat so if there really will be some tactical you uh tactical nuclear weapons are used on the battlefield of ukraine or against the city and some ukrainian, of course, we expect some very drastic reaction, very, very powerful, but what we don't know, we don't know that it could be an attack on the black sea fleet and it will be completely eliminated, it could be the elimination of the entire enemy group on our territory the country does not really know how, but the officials, if you read carefully, they do not specify these statements about the black sea fleet, some such proposals, it came from

some retired military high-ups there military officials, such as general potreus, maybe general hodges, yes, they said that then we all take off these boxing gloves, hmmm, these military targets are on the russian military targets on the territory of ukraine, at least they become such targets for nato, but official officials still they did not voice this, they maintain such a certain vagueness, yes, in these wordings, this is deliberate, partly because, well, so that russia would guess how serious this could all be, and also in order not to drive itself into a corner so that if suddenly it something uh something like that will happen so that there would be some options yes it would be possible to have

some elections yes no not so clear red lines you and i say so and it is absolutely correct as if the world is exclusively bipolar that there are two superpowers that possess nuclear but among our allies there are also happy owners of warheads who in this way protect themselves from acts of aggression, as we understand, and here is their position on this issue. well, i understand that these are not at all the arsenals that are the preserve of the russian federation. which can play your job. you mean france , great britain, but that means which can also become our union. well, not for ours. china is very cunning. it is expecting a position and allegedly officially supports russia. and rhetorically , but it is quite cautious in fact. well, i am

from a practical point of view, i think that china does n't like all this very much, but they also don't want to go directly to the west, and take the defensive side, that is, they are maneuvering. i'm more interested in somewhat disturbing the position of the so-called global south is somewhat disappointing, this is the same india, south africa, brazil, that is, such a large state that actually built its identity and all these discourses on the basis of anti-colonial e-e rhetoric and so on . this is the incitement of these uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh, this tension, and here suddenly there is really such an aggressive imperialist war, and many of them are silent only because in some of their

constructions, these colonial things are somehow uh-uh, western, always so, the west is to blame for them in their well-deserved, obviously, in their time, and in these colonial encroachments, but here, well, the russian federation is really a war of imperialist aggression, and few of them express themselves in this way, of course, many of these countries, both african and asian, are dependent, that is, they have quite close relations with russia, russia conducts its work there very clearly and including propaganda, but i am disappointed in their work, this could be a huge and such an opportunity for them to become a-ah-the american world actually and the muslim world. the arab world does not surprise you. well, there are so few allies of our strong ones. it is possible that we also did not have this

diplomatic effort at one time to expand the work there. the chinese are working very hard in africa, including in asia, in the arab countries, and russia is also very present there, and that's why if you look at the un as a forum, yes, there are quite a lot of such states that are held there, interesting are not the states that vote against there, how many are there, there are always some cuba, mikaragua there miran and syria, well, that’s what we can expect. and those states that are restrained are also the axis of restraint, and it needs to be shaken somehow, and i actually think, returning to the issue of nuclear weapons, that, god forbid, it would be better, of course not, but if, after all, russia would took such an absolutely insane step, and then even

the support of this southern, ah, global south, it is shaky, it is not a small topic, it will be a little on the side, but it is important if we have already mentioned the relevant international voting organizations and the axis of abstention as you noticed, i would just like to say that ukraine would be worth this axis periodically . then they actually voted against the state of israel and against them having a deterrent factor of the situation when they are surrounded by countries that are aggressively opposed to them .

israeli options for assistance and so on, the conversation between benjamin anatomiyagu and president zelenskyi, they wrote about the fact that ukraine allegedly wanted to trade something for itself, some kind of help for something positive for israel, positive even if we simply abstained from voting, but ukraine did not abstain and simply did not vote during on the one hand, you are a political scientist and, at the same time, an expert in charge of nuclear security, how do you see this situation? well, you know, i am now. you talk to israel ah but it's really here. hmm, it seems to me that at the beginning of the 90s, when ukraine was just getting back on its feet, as an independent state was building its diplomacy, it was looking for this place under the sun . we got out of this

totalitarian system, we are here with the whole bad empire, and now the international community will simply take us in its arms, we will be good and safe there, but everything turned out to be much more complicated, it turned out that we need this security there is no such thing as a magic formula. you didn’t sign a single document there. in general, you can rest if you want. as you pointed out , israel is a state that fights for its security every day, fights for it. building connections there, good connections with strategic partners, hmm, let's see what we will say there, israel is not , it is not, it is a member of nato, yes. they do not have any security agreement, security guarantees, officially with the usa. it is the main ally outside of nato, the united states, whose treaties are with ukraine there was a time when i was a big

supporter of ukraine actually putting emphasis on this. well, they did not give up their ambitions for nato, but first of all, this is an intermediate step - it is the main ally outside of nato. there are many such countries. it is not only israel, but also australia, new zealand, and a number of other countries have strategic partnership relations with the united states, ah, and well, actually , we need to work on such and such issues constantly, so the safety of unsigned pieces of paper, such as the budapest memorandum , depends on this. if you remember, thank you for the interesting conversation. ms. maryana was with us. well, let's talk further and continue our discussion . by the way, i would like to say that you are at harvard. what do you do, in particular, opportunity research? i

do not teach. and i have such a position. where do i have the privilege and the opportunity to conduct one's own research on nuclear safety. these are the issues that are now urgent and relate to the current situation in ukraine, in particular with nuclear and atomic energy, as well as the issue of escalation in the conflict as it is not possible to go as far as to bypass this nuclear border , but i will also remember that i last month published a monograph of my book, the history of the nuclear disarmament of ukraine, unfortunately it is now only in english . how can we evaluate from your point of view those steps in the 90s that we decided to take, they were met with applause by all our

partners to sign the budapest memorandum and so on, but time has not passed and we are where we are now in those circumstances which there are and there is a lot of criticism of the events of the 90s. well, that is why it is difficult to answer this question now because it is so painful, it is so controversial. in my opinion, as a historian and a researcher, i think that in ukraine, ukraine did the right thing then. so, it was the right, right step . we joined the international community in such a positive way. yes, now we trust each other, yes, trust and faith in the international institution, yes, faith in the gentleman's club . with cards that can be asked, do you know about gentlemen's clubs and cards? it seems to me that maybe so, but now it's a bit of a misconception

that well, if ukraine decided, well, how not to give up, not to give up these nuclear weapons of the 90s, they would remain the same the country that it is now, only without a plus, we had these nuclear weapons and we, accordingly, then russia would not have attacked. this seems to me to be a false, false understanding, and ukraine would be a different country. we would then, at least for a certain time, probably for quite a long time would end up in international isolation, yes, this is an international policy of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, russia has absorbed us and is stopping it , or in one way or another, let's also remember that, well, these are the military, for the time being, the military has different connections, yes, it's still the old general staff what was it, the people also did not always have a certain loyalty,

and let's say for those people who made up the armed forces of ukraine at the time, they were being built for them, nuclear weapons, it was not, it was not positive, it was like that, like that, like that a tentacle from moscow who was then present on the territory of ukraine in order to cut it off and somehow rework it in such a way that it could really be used in ukraine and that would correspond to the new strategic goals of ukraine, it was necessary to invest considerable funds and, accordingly, have a certain strategy and to be ready for the fact that we are being isolated, we will have to withstand it and persevere, but it cannot be said that it is impossible to do, after all, pakistan and india have armed themselves, they have developed their own nuclear weapons program, but it was not to brag about someone, it wasn’t just them, they endured it, they survived, and now they are generally accepted

normally. india is called democracy there quite conventionally. as far as i understand from china, i think that we still have a dictatorship, they are in india consider themselves the world's longest-lasting democracy , the oldest well, if you think about it, there are no such perfect democrats, so there are various excesses, but in general, the democratic system there is not without problems and so on, but there are others and another group of countries, for example, iran north korea, what is being done with them now, this country is under sanctions, these are the so-called rogue countries, that is, here we should unite and survive all this for a certain time. bodzherin, a nuclear security researcher from harvard university, was with us. thank you for your participation, and now

we will watch a small article about diplomatic successes of ukraine in the 22nd year, about diplomacy, we have already started a little, let's develop this topic, then we will return to the studio since the beginning of russia's full-scale attack on ukraine, partners did not believe that we would put up and with the first victories of the armed forces of ukraine , the position of western leaders has changed, now ukraine is fighting against russia with nato -standard weapons, foreign countries provide billions of dollars of support, and president zelensky is called the leader of the free world, the anti-russian coalition has more than 50 of the countries of the world that support ukraine and condemn the russian aggression, that is how many countries took part in the defense of the rammstein meeting for the comparison of 1943 the anti-hitler coalition was supported by 51 countries rammstein 8 will be held in january according to the plan, several more countries will join the format according to the minister of defense, no one is tired of ukraine, they have no partners

, today they very much want to continue to be partners in this victory, and on the contrary, they cheer for us and they oleksiy tells me clearly, we are proud and you inspire us , and we will be with you until the end of this war, until your victory, no matter what it is for us. on august 23, 2022, in kyiv, the second itself from the crimea platform, which was attended by almost 60 countries and organizations , representatives from africa and latin america joined for the first time, the de-occupation of crimea is increasingly heard in the materials of western changes nbc news reports that the usa is talking about the presence of military potential in ukraine to liberate the temporarily occupied peninsula, but washington while they fear that putin will start a nuclear war after such a step, after february 24, the eu introduced nine packages of sanctions against the russian federation, in particular, they set a maximum price for russian oil at $60, the sanctions have not yet

happened with the ban on russian gas, but russia itself stops its supply to unfriendly countries. that is, almost all civilized sanctions were imposed by more than one bloc. broke the records of syria, north korea and iran. on june 23, 27 member states of the european union said yes to granting ukraine the status of a candidate for accession . in the direction of full membership in the verkhovna rada, the laws on the media of national minorities and the competitive selection of judges to the constitutional court have already been adopted. in the spring, the eu will conduct an assessment of ukraine's compliance with the requirements of the european commission. the implementation of the seven recommendations is very important , first of all, for the modernization of ukraine itself and

the further process of european integration, but at the same time, this does not mean automatic the start of negotiations with the eu. as you know, this requires a unanimous decision of the council of the european union, which will be the first step for starting discussions with all as member countries, we appreciate the speed with which ukraine carries out reforms, but it is also important that these are high-quality decisions and appropriate laws so that they do not have to be changed later, we hope to move to the next stage of opening accession negotiations in 2023. and this is about 400 laws that need to be adopted progress will depend on reforms and the security situation after russia's attack, ukrainian seaports were blocked, kyiv could not export agricultural products, which caused some african countries to be on the verge of starvation 22 in july, thanks to the personal efforts of the un secretary general

antónio guterres and the president of turkey , erdogan, the movement of ukrainian ships was restored, the parties supported the grain initiative, which unblocked the work of the odessa chornomorsk and pivdenny ports. at the same time, ukraine refused to conclude an agreement directly with russia and signed it only with the un and turkey, despite constant shelling of ukraine by moscow and the kremlin's statements about withdrawing from this initiative. it is working until now, 544 vessels with almost 14 million tons of food have already been sent from ukraine to african countries asia and europe ukraine began to develop relations with african countries in october, for the first time the minister of foreign affairs dmytro kuleba went on an official visit to the countries of the continent, as a result, some african countries support ukraine during the un general assembly vote, and morocco hands over spare parts for t-72 tanks. this is the first military aid from the african country valery pashko

tv channel espresso well thank you to our colleagues for always meaningful stories this was a story about the diplomatic efforts of our country during 2022 well, there is news concerning tomorrow's service of the orthodox church of ukraine and the epiphany of the metropolitan in the kiev-pechersk lavra, this will truly be an event of historical scale, and the most important thing is that it will still happen because the uoc mp resorted to certain insinuations as usual and drew attention to the fact that the alleged leadership, the current leadership of the national museum, the kyiv-pechersk lavra knows nothing and has not received any, so to speak, requests from the ptu for the holding of the divine service, nevertheless, the second option was also applied, if it were to justify the fact that there is no ptu to share in to the kyiv-pechersk lavra, the moscow patriarchate stated that during the martial law, the contract for

the lease of churches on the territory of the lavra is climatically extended until the end of the war and even threatened with criminal liability for the admission of the head of the orthodox church of ukraine, metropolitan epiphany, to the territory of the shrine, well, first of all, for me as a human being very religious let's say it's not clear why it's er ukrainian citizen believers can't enter the territory of the kiev-pechersk lavra simply because it's the metropolitan of another church a strange and not very christian story, in my opinion, but god is with us, uh, in the end, the end of this story is dotted, but after all, there will be a christmas service . the ministry of culture gave permission, and the nature reserve signed a corresponding agreement, as reported by bbc news ukraine